bio101

1. egg FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS MITOSIS MITOSIS sperm n n 2n 2n 2n 2n zygote haploid (n) n = 23 2n = 46 diploid (2n) SPERMATOGENESIS OOGENESIS Metamorphosis and maturation Primary spermatocyte Primary oocyte zygote egg Secondary oocyte Meiosis II is completed after entry of sperm spermatids sperm Secondary spermatocytes First polar body Second polar body fusion of sperm nucleus and egg nucleus sperm nucleus 2n 2n 2n n n n n n n n n Meiosis I Meiosis II Meiosis I Fertilization cont'd Meiosis II Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5. Homologous Chromosomes a. sister chromatids homologous pair chromosome chromosome Nonsister chromatids duplication duplication centromere kinetochore paternal chromosome maternal chromosome b. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

8. Overview of Meiosis n = 2 n = 2 2n = 4 2n = 4 MEIOSIS I Homologous pairs synapse and then separate. centrioles sister chromatids synapsis nucleolus centromere chromosome duplication MEIOSIS II Sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes. Four haploid daughter cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

13. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

15. Crossing Over A B b B C c C D D D A A a b B b c C c d d d a a nucleoprotein lattice sister chromatids of a chromosome sister chromatids of its homologue chiasmata of nonsister nhromatids 1 and 3 Bivalent forms b. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 a. c. d. Crossing-over has occurred Daughter chromosomes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Courtesy Dr. D. Von Wettstein

16. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

18. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

19. Independent Assortment Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

20. Recombination Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © American Images, Inc/Getty Images

24. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

25. Meiosis I & II in Plant Cells (Cont.) Prophase I Chromosomes have duplicated. Homologous chromosomes pair during synapsis and crossing-over occurs. Metaphase I Homologous pairs align Independently at the metaphase plate. Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate and move toward the poles. Prophase II Cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair. Metaphase II Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase II Sister chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes. kinetochore MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II Animal Cell at Interphase centrosome has centrioles Plant Cell at Interphase 2n = 4 n = 2 n = 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Ed Reschke

26. Meiosis I & II in Plant Cells Telophase I Daughter cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair. Interkinesis Chromosomes still consist of two chromatids. Telophase II Spindle disappears, nuclei form, and cytokinesis takes place. Daughter cells Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells. MEIOSIS I cont'd MEIOSIS II cont'd n = 2 n = 2 n = 2 n = 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Ed Reschke

27. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

29. Meiosis Compared to Mitosis Prophase I Synapsis and crossing-over occur. Metaphase I Homologous pairs align independently at the metaphase plate. Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles. Prophase Metaphase Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. Anaphase Sister chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes. MEIOSIS I MITOSIS 2n = 4 2n = 4 Telophase I Daughter cells are forming and will go on to divide again. Telophase Daughter cells are forming. Sister chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes. Two diploid daughter cells. Their nuclei are genetically identical to the parent cell. Four haploid daughter cells. Their nuclei are genetically different from the parent cell. MEIOSIS I cont'd MEIOSIS II MITOSIS cont'd Daughter cells Daughter cells n = 2 n = 2 n = 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

30. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

31. Meiosis I Compared to Mitosis

32. Meiosis II Compared to Mitosis

36. The Human Life Cycle egg FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS MITOSIS MITOSIS sperm n n 2n 2n 2n 2n zygote haploid (n) n = 23 2n = 46 diploid (2n) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

37. Gametogenesis in Mammals Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SPERMATOGENESIS OOGENESIS Metamorphosis and maturation Primary spermatocyte Primary oocyte zygote egg Secondary oocyte Meiosis II is completed after entry of sperm spermatids sperm Secondary spermatocytes First polar body Second polar body fusion of sperm nucleus and egg nucleus sperm nucleus 2n 2n 2n n n n n n n n n Meiosis I Meiosis II Meiosis I Fertilization cont'd Meiosis II

39. Changes in Chromosome a. b. pair of homologous chromosomes 2n 2n 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n - 1 normal normal pair of homologous chromosomes Meiosis I Meiosis II Fertilization Zygote nondisjunction nondisjunction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2n - 1 2n - 1

41. Trisomy 21 a. b. extra chromosome 21 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © Jose Carrilo/PhotoEdit; b: © CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers

43. Changes in Sex Chromosome a. Turner syndrome b. Klinefelter syndrome Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: Courtesy UNC Medical Illustration and Photography; b: Courtesy Stefan D. Schwarz, http://klinefeltersyndrome.org

45. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

47. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

48. Types of Chromosomal Mutation c. Inversion d. Translocation b. Duplication a. Deletion + a b c d e f g a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g a b e f g l m n o p q r a b c d e f l m n o p a b c d e f g a b c d e f g b c d e f g g h q r d e a c d Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

49. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

50. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

51. Types of Chromosomal Mutation deletion lost a. b. + h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: Courtesy The Williams Syndrome Association

52. Types of Chromosomal Mutation translocation a. b. a b c d e f g h s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h s t u v w x y z Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: American Journal of Human Genetics by N. B. Spinner. Copyright 1994 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center

54. egg FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS MITOSIS MITOSIS sperm n n 2n 2n 2n 2n zygote haploid (n) n = 23 2n = 46 diploid (2n) SPERMATOGENESIS OOGENESIS Metamorphosis and maturation Primary spermatocyte Primary oocyte zygote egg Secondary oocyte Meiosis II is completed after entry of sperm spermatids sperm Secondary spermatocytes First polar body Second polar body fusion of sperm nucleus and egg nucleus sperm nucleus 2n 2n 2n n n n n n n n n Meiosis I Meiosis II Meiosis I Fertilization cont'd Meiosis II Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.