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Database concepts
Database
   Container for data
   Repository for storing organized
   information in the form of files




                                      MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
   software package that handles the
database
  interface between the user and the
  database
  organizes data as a data model
   - infrastructure of data organization

                                  MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
Relational Data Model
  data is organized in the form of rows
and columns as in a table
  Table - referred to as a relation
  Rows - referred to as tuples / records
   Columns - referred to as fields /
attributes


                                   MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
Primary key
     A field or a group of fields that is the
  unique identifier for a table
     The primary key uniquely identifies
  each row of the table
     It contains unique value for each
  record


                                    MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
Database is a collection of related files
   Tables consist of organized related
information
  Each table is a collection of records
   Each record contains info about a specific
entity
  The info in each record is contained in fields
  A field is the basic unit of a db
  A field can contain text, numbers, dates or
even photographs                      MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
A data base system has 2 parts
           The back end
           The front end
Front-end interfaces with the user
Eg> Visual Basic


The back-end holds data
Eg> IBM DB2, MS SQL Server, Oracle,
Sybase, Informix, MS Access, Ingress etc
                                     MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
Structured Query Language(SQL)
  Enables you to create, operate and control
  relational databases
   Used for defining and manipulating
relational databases
  Non-procedural language
   Format free language (Tabs, carriage return
and spaces can be included anywhere in the
statement)
  Case insignificant
                                      MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
The language consists of the following components:
Data definition component/language:
   Consists of commands that define and destroy
objects like relations/tables, indexes, views etc
Eg> Create, alter, drop etc
Data manipulation component/language:
   Consists of retrieval, manipulation and update
directives
Eg> select, insert, delete, update etc
                                          MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
Data control component:
  Used for defining security and access control of the
database.
  Allows the user to grant access privileges.
Eg> grant : to grant privileges to other users
revoke: to revoke privileges
The commands are also known as Transaction control
commands
Transaction control language commands : Manage changes
made by DML commands.
Commit : to make the changes permanent
                                                 MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12

Rollback: to undo all changes.
SQL statements can be executed directly i.e interactively
or as part of an application program
Interactive SQL :
  Used to operate directly on a db to produce the required
output.
  Used by non-programmers




                                             MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
Embedded SQL :
   SQL statements embedded within the program
source code that is written in some programming
language / front end tool
  Used by programmers




                                          MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
Terminology
Cardinality : The number of tuples is called the
cardinality
Degree : The number of attributes is called the degree
Domain
   a pool of values from which specific attributes of
specific relations draw their values.
   just a data type;
   provides a set of values from which various
attributes in various relations take their actual values.
                                            MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
Primary key :
  a column or a group of columns in a table that
uniquely identifies records in the table.
  unique identifier for the table.
  contains unique value for each record.
Candidate key :
Attributes in a relation that can serve as primary
key are candidate keys as they are candidates for
the primary key position.
                                        MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
Alternate key :
A candidate key that is not the primary key is
called an alternate key.
Foreign key :
Column or a group of columns in a table that is
used to reference a primary key in another
table.




                                       MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
Terminology




              MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12

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Db Concepts1

  • 1. Database concepts Database Container for data Repository for storing organized information in the form of files MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 2. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM software package that handles the database interface between the user and the database organizes data as a data model - infrastructure of data organization MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 3. Relational Data Model data is organized in the form of rows and columns as in a table Table - referred to as a relation Rows - referred to as tuples / records Columns - referred to as fields / attributes MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 4. Primary key A field or a group of fields that is the unique identifier for a table The primary key uniquely identifies each row of the table It contains unique value for each record MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 5. Database is a collection of related files Tables consist of organized related information Each table is a collection of records Each record contains info about a specific entity The info in each record is contained in fields A field is the basic unit of a db A field can contain text, numbers, dates or even photographs MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 6. A data base system has 2 parts The back end The front end Front-end interfaces with the user Eg> Visual Basic The back-end holds data Eg> IBM DB2, MS SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, MS Access, Ingress etc MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 7. Structured Query Language(SQL) Enables you to create, operate and control relational databases Used for defining and manipulating relational databases Non-procedural language Format free language (Tabs, carriage return and spaces can be included anywhere in the statement) Case insignificant MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 8. The language consists of the following components: Data definition component/language: Consists of commands that define and destroy objects like relations/tables, indexes, views etc Eg> Create, alter, drop etc Data manipulation component/language: Consists of retrieval, manipulation and update directives Eg> select, insert, delete, update etc MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 9. Data control component: Used for defining security and access control of the database. Allows the user to grant access privileges. Eg> grant : to grant privileges to other users revoke: to revoke privileges The commands are also known as Transaction control commands Transaction control language commands : Manage changes made by DML commands. Commit : to make the changes permanent MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12 Rollback: to undo all changes.
  • 10. SQL statements can be executed directly i.e interactively or as part of an application program Interactive SQL : Used to operate directly on a db to produce the required output. Used by non-programmers MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 11. Embedded SQL : SQL statements embedded within the program source code that is written in some programming language / front end tool Used by programmers MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 12. Terminology Cardinality : The number of tuples is called the cardinality Degree : The number of attributes is called the degree Domain a pool of values from which specific attributes of specific relations draw their values. just a data type; provides a set of values from which various attributes in various relations take their actual values. MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 13. Primary key : a column or a group of columns in a table that uniquely identifies records in the table. unique identifier for the table. contains unique value for each record. Candidate key : Attributes in a relation that can serve as primary key are candidate keys as they are candidates for the primary key position. MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 14. Alternate key : A candidate key that is not the primary key is called an alternate key. Foreign key : Column or a group of columns in a table that is used to reference a primary key in another table. MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12
  • 15. Terminology MG/DB CONCEPTS/CL12