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IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




          Accessibility Challenges and
          Tool Features: An IBM Web
            Developer Perspective

                              Shari Trewin,
                      Brian Cragun*, Cal Swart,
                   Jonathan Brezin, John Richards
                    IBM Research / *IBM Human
                     Ability & Accessibility Center
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                    Web Content Evolution
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                    IBM Human Ability and
                      Accessibility Center
      •    Tools, techniques and training
      •    Unified technology-specific checklists
      •    Test processes
      •    Compliance tracking
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                             Developer Survey
                           11
                                    11
                         15                    1
                                           2

  8
                                                    1




 49 RIA developers from Rational, Lotus, Cognos, Websphere, Tivoli
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                                    Expertise
      • 7.3 yrs Web development experience
      • 4.1 yrs RIA/DHTML experience



      Accessibility                             Novice
                                       Expert

                                            Intermediate
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                                    Tools Used

 Automated
                                                  Assistive
 Test
                                                    Technology
 Tool

            11%                      62%         16%


                                                          None

                                                         8%
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




         Information on Requirements
      • 68% used IBM’s CI162 checklists and
        guidelines,
      • 35% referred to W3C Web pages describing
        accessibility standards, and
      • 14% reported using accessibility information
        found via Google searches.

      Other external sites included the Section 508
        standards, Java and Dojo documentation.
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




    Main Browser for Development

                                      Multi IE

                                                 Firefox
                                                 & IE

                                    Firefox
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




     Creating an Accessible Product
   Difficult aspects Cited by             Time consuming    Cited
   Design            30%                  aspects           by
   Using the test                   30%   Testing           30%
   tools                                  Technology        21%
   Finding                          27%   workarounds
   workarounds                            Retrofitting      18%
   Making time/                     21%   Setup             12%
   prioritizing                           False positives   12%
   Understanding                    12%   Cross-browser     9%
   requirements                           support
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                                    Limiting Factors
      • 78% wanted to do more on accessibility
        but were limited by:
             – Lack of time (48%)
             – Limitations in the technology (30%)
             – Lack of knowledge (15%)
             – Budget (15%)
             – Conflicts with other requirements (11%)
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                  Testing is Still Too Hard

                                    “Running [assistive
                                    technology] and [test tool]
                                    took the most time. Any
                                    coding done for
                                    accessibility was more
                                    straightforward than using
                                    the tools.”
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                              Trouble Using AT
                                     “The screen reader behavior was
                                     not entirely well-defined and
     Assistive Technology
                                     sometimes      inconsistent.  For
                 Browser             example, there were instances
                                     where it read twice and sometimes
                                     did not read at all (without
                    Web              apparent reason).”
                    App
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




              Hard to Pinpoint Problems
                                           AT
    “we don’t even know
                                            Browser
    if it is the browser,                     App
    Flash, or it is the
    technology that we
    are using is having
    the problem”                                          Application
                                                            state
                          Widgets
                                                      User-generated
                                                          content

            Technologies                         3rd party
                                    Templates   components
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                  Accessibility is a Moving
                          Target

      “[test tool and assistive technology] don't always work as well
      as they should. [assistive technology] does not yet take into
      account all the latest WAI-ARIA roles and specifications that
      we must follow. It can also be buggy and read things off
      incorrectly. [test tool] reports errors that are sometimes
      ambiguous and/or unnecessary.”
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




           What Do Developers Want?
      Suggested features:
             –   List of automatically detected problems
             –   Explanation of each problem observed
             –   Ability to pinpoint errors
             –   Visualization of experience of user with a disability
             –   Tight integration with development environment
             –   Checklist of manual checks
             –   Example solutions
             –   Ability to automatically test all possible states
             –   Ability to run a predefined interaction sequence
             –   Indication of problem severity
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                                    Tool Features
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                                    Tool Features

                                             Score is a weighted
                                               sum of positive
                                                 responses
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                                    Tool Features

                                             Most valued features:
                                              list of automatically
                                            detected problems and
                                                    explanation
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                                    Tool Features

                                            Experts gave higher
                                              overall ratings
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                                    Tool Features

                                            Accessibility experts
                                            valued visualization,
                                               others less so
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                                    Tool Features

                                                 Integration with
                                            development environment
                                                   not a priority
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                            Other Suggestions
      “would like a tool that would suggest adding
         ARIA roles and appropriate properties to html
         tags inside of [development environment]”
      “I would like to see a mapping tool that would
         map out your site based on the navigation of
         a person using accessibility tools. So we
         would check what they are reading and if they
         get where they need.”
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                                    Caveats
      • Small sample
      • Not a representative sample
             – of RIA developers, or IBMers
      • Accessibility expertise was self-reported
      • Under-reporting of information-finding
        problems
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                   Accessibility Test Tools
      • Developers want
             – more usable tools
             – list of problems and GOOD explanation
             – avoid false positives
             – ability to pinpoint errors
             – more automation

      • … not dynamic support features?
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




          Number of reponses
                               Visualize User Experience
                               15

                               10                                               expert
                                                                                intermediate
                               5                                                novice

                               0
                                    no   maybe     yes    important essential
                                          Value of this feature


“ … more useful than a product that tries to magically find problems.”
“… needs to be easy though. If this is extremely difficult to configure
  or perform most individuals won't do it or will perform the test too
  late.”
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                 Enhance Understanding
                                                    Highlight problems
 Suggest logical
sequence of steps




                                                    Offers solutions
Shows user’s                         Describes
   view                             what to check
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




              Accessibility Infrastructure
      • Workarounds are a major source of difficulty
      • Conforming to a standard should be sufficient
      • Need to work towards consistent, complete
        cross-browser implementations of standards
      • Invest in accessible widget libraries and
        platforms
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                                    Main Findings
      Tools are essential, but …
             – startup cost for testing is significant
             – Problem understanding is vital
             – false positives are a big problem
             – can’t pinpoint source of the problem
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools




                               Research Topics
      • Greater automation of accessibility tests
      • Ways to develop expertise through
        using the tools
      • Predict/simulate how assistive
        technologies will behave
      • Simple visualizations
      • Investigate false positives

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Accessibility Challenges and Tool Features: An IBM Web Developer Perspective

  • 1. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Accessibility Challenges and Tool Features: An IBM Web Developer Perspective Shari Trewin, Brian Cragun*, Cal Swart, Jonathan Brezin, John Richards IBM Research / *IBM Human Ability & Accessibility Center
  • 2. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Web Content Evolution
  • 3. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools IBM Human Ability and Accessibility Center • Tools, techniques and training • Unified technology-specific checklists • Test processes • Compliance tracking
  • 4. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Developer Survey 11 11 15 1 2 8 1 49 RIA developers from Rational, Lotus, Cognos, Websphere, Tivoli
  • 5. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Expertise • 7.3 yrs Web development experience • 4.1 yrs RIA/DHTML experience Accessibility Novice Expert Intermediate
  • 6. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Tools Used Automated Assistive Test Technology Tool 11% 62% 16% None 8%
  • 7. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Information on Requirements • 68% used IBM’s CI162 checklists and guidelines, • 35% referred to W3C Web pages describing accessibility standards, and • 14% reported using accessibility information found via Google searches. Other external sites included the Section 508 standards, Java and Dojo documentation.
  • 8. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Main Browser for Development Multi IE Firefox & IE Firefox
  • 9. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Creating an Accessible Product Difficult aspects Cited by Time consuming Cited Design 30% aspects by Using the test 30% Testing 30% tools Technology 21% Finding 27% workarounds workarounds Retrofitting 18% Making time/ 21% Setup 12% prioritizing False positives 12% Understanding 12% Cross-browser 9% requirements support
  • 10. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Limiting Factors • 78% wanted to do more on accessibility but were limited by: – Lack of time (48%) – Limitations in the technology (30%) – Lack of knowledge (15%) – Budget (15%) – Conflicts with other requirements (11%)
  • 11. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Testing is Still Too Hard “Running [assistive technology] and [test tool] took the most time. Any coding done for accessibility was more straightforward than using the tools.”
  • 12. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Trouble Using AT “The screen reader behavior was not entirely well-defined and Assistive Technology sometimes inconsistent. For Browser example, there were instances where it read twice and sometimes did not read at all (without Web apparent reason).” App
  • 13. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Hard to Pinpoint Problems AT “we don’t even know Browser if it is the browser, App Flash, or it is the technology that we are using is having the problem” Application state Widgets User-generated content Technologies 3rd party Templates components
  • 14. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Accessibility is a Moving Target “[test tool and assistive technology] don't always work as well as they should. [assistive technology] does not yet take into account all the latest WAI-ARIA roles and specifications that we must follow. It can also be buggy and read things off incorrectly. [test tool] reports errors that are sometimes ambiguous and/or unnecessary.”
  • 15. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools What Do Developers Want? Suggested features: – List of automatically detected problems – Explanation of each problem observed – Ability to pinpoint errors – Visualization of experience of user with a disability – Tight integration with development environment – Checklist of manual checks – Example solutions – Ability to automatically test all possible states – Ability to run a predefined interaction sequence – Indication of problem severity
  • 16. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Tool Features
  • 17. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Tool Features Score is a weighted sum of positive responses
  • 18. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Tool Features Most valued features: list of automatically detected problems and explanation
  • 19. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Tool Features Experts gave higher overall ratings
  • 20. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Tool Features Accessibility experts valued visualization, others less so
  • 21. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Tool Features Integration with development environment not a priority
  • 22. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Other Suggestions “would like a tool that would suggest adding ARIA roles and appropriate properties to html tags inside of [development environment]” “I would like to see a mapping tool that would map out your site based on the navigation of a person using accessibility tools. So we would check what they are reading and if they get where they need.”
  • 23. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Caveats • Small sample • Not a representative sample – of RIA developers, or IBMers • Accessibility expertise was self-reported • Under-reporting of information-finding problems
  • 24. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Accessibility Test Tools • Developers want – more usable tools – list of problems and GOOD explanation – avoid false positives – ability to pinpoint errors – more automation • … not dynamic support features?
  • 25. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Number of reponses Visualize User Experience 15 10 expert intermediate 5 novice 0 no maybe yes important essential Value of this feature “ … more useful than a product that tries to magically find problems.” “… needs to be easy though. If this is extremely difficult to configure or perform most individuals won't do it or will perform the test too late.”
  • 26. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Enhance Understanding Highlight problems Suggest logical sequence of steps Offers solutions Shows user’s Describes view what to check
  • 27. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Accessibility Infrastructure • Workarounds are a major source of difficulty • Conforming to a standard should be sufficient • Need to work towards consistent, complete cross-browser implementations of standards • Invest in accessible widget libraries and platforms
  • 28. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Main Findings Tools are essential, but … – startup cost for testing is significant – Problem understanding is vital – false positives are a big problem – can’t pinpoint source of the problem
  • 29. IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Research Topics • Greater automation of accessibility tests • Ways to develop expertise through using the tools • Predict/simulate how assistive technologies will behave • Simple visualizations • Investigate false positives