6. 180ppm increase in the air 30% of the Ocean acidified 30% increase in Soil Carbon 50% increase in biomass Methane Hydrates 10,000 - 100,000 GtC The Mismatch in Carbon Sources and Sinks World Fossil Resource Estimate 21st century emissions 8000 GtC 4 3 1 2 5 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times current rate of emission???? 1800 - 2000 Fossil Carbon Consumption to date
7. Energy, Wealth, Economic Growth EIA Data for 2002 Norway USA France UK Brazil Russia India China $0.38/kWh (primary)
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11. 10 - 30 TeraWatt Primary Energy of Carbon Neutral 2050
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14. Fossil Fuels Energy in 2100 need not be more expensive than today Environment Rather Than Resource Limit Carbon Capture and Storage - Untested Technology
16. Net Zero Carbon Economy Capture of distributed emissions CO 2 extraction from air Permanent & safe disposal CO 2 from concentrated sources electricity or hydrogen Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal
18. Storage Life Time 5000 Gt of C 200 years at 4 times current rates of emission Storage Slow Leak (0.04%/yr) 2 Gt/yr for 2500 years Current Emissions: 6Gt/year
20. CO 2 N 2 H 2 O SO x , NO x and other Pollutants Carbon Air Zero Emission Principle Solid Waste Power Plant
21. Air Extraction can compensate for CO 2 emissions anywhere Art Courtesy Stonehaven CCS, Montreal 2NaOH + CO 2 Na 2 CO 3
22. Hydrogen or Air Extraction Coal,Gas Fossil Fuel Oil Hydrogen Gasoline Consumption Consumption Distribution Distribution CO 2 Transport Air Extraction CO 2 Disposal
23. Hydrogen or Air Extraction Coal,Gas Fossil Fuel Oil Hydrogen Gasoline Consumption Consumption Distribution Distribution CO 2 Transport Air Extraction CO 2 Disposal Cost comparisons
24. Energy Source Energy Consumer H 2 O H 2 O O 2 O 2 Materially Closed Energy Cycles H 2 CO 2 CO 2 H 2 CH 2
25. C H O Fuels Oxidizer Combustion products Biomass CO Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas Town Gas Petroleum Coal Gasoline Benzene Carbon Hydrogen CO 2 H 2 O Oxygen Increasing Hydrogen Content Increasing Oxidation State Methane Free O 2 Free C- H
26. C H O Fuels Oxidizer Combustion products Biomass CO Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas Town Gas Petroleum Coal Gasoline Benzene Carbon Hydrogen CO 2 H 2 O Oxygen Increasing Hydrogen Content Increasing Oxidation State Methane Free O 2 Free C- H
27. C H O Fuels Oxidizer Combustion products Biomass CO Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Methanol Ethanol Natural Gas Town Gas Petroleum Coal Gasoline Benzene Carbon Hydrogen CO 2 H 2 O Oxygen Increasing Hydrogen Content Increasing Oxidation State Methane Free O 2 Free C- H