1. The impact of new drug launches on longevity: evidence from longitudinal, disease-level data from 52 countries, 1982-2001 Frank R. Lichtenberg Columbia University and National Bureau of Economic Research

3. U.S. economic growth, 20 th C. Nordhaus: “to a first approximation, the economic value of increases in longevity over the twentieth century is about as large as the value of measured growth in non-health goods and services”

4. Life expectancy at birth, world, 1950-2000

5. Life expectancy at birth, by region Unlike GDP, longevity is converging

17. Drug launch probability profiles: U.S. vs. Canada

21. Relationship between life expectancy and probability of survival to age 65, U.S., 1900-2000

23. 11 broad disease categories

24. Countries with most and fewest drug launches

26. Estimates of  NCE for different lags between stock of NCEs launched and longevity

27. Estimates of  NCE and  expend at different lag values

29. Contribution of NCE launches to increase in average life expectancy of the population since 1986

31. Micro evidence from a Medicaid program

34. Mortality rate declines as drug vintage increases

35. Actual vs. hypothetical mortality rates

36. Analysis by disease group

37. The Economics of Invention Incentives: Patents, Prizes, and Research Contracts Brian D. Wright American Economic Review 73, 1983, pp. 691-707.

40. Optimal number of firms

41. Optimal number of firms