2. -ARTERIAL INSUFFICIENCIES: most commonly situated on the foot, but may occur in other locations. -Caused by primary loss of vascular flow to an anatomical site, which leads to tissue death. -VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY: generally in the lower portion of the leg and can lead to ulceration of the skin. -Venous stasis may result from venous hypertension, venous thrombosis, varicose veins, or obstruction of a portion of the venous system. -Precise cause of ulcers caused by venous stasis has not been determined. -FIBRIN CUFF FORMATION is one theory- caused by increased capillary leakage of fibrinogen as a result of venous hypertension. -WHITE CELL TRAPPING – venous hypertension decreases capillary flow and removal of WBC. Trapped cells occlude capillaries leading to ischemic damage.

7. -NUROPATHIC (NEUROTROPHIC) ULCERS: - Ischemic injury can take place as a result of loss of sensory feedback. -An ulcer secondary to insensitivity is called a neuropathic ulcer . -Decreased sensation in the soles of the feet caused by diabetes mellitus may result in a patient who may not sense a pebble in their shoe. Blood flow to the area is reduced because of the pebble. -Pressure ulcers can also be the result of loss of sensory feedback, as in the case of spinal chord injury. -May also result from motor neuropathy, leading to anatomical deformity that cause pressure points.

9. -ABRASIONS are integumentary wounds caused by scraping away skin through contact with a rough object or surface. -AVULSION INJURIES include those injuries which much if not all of the skin and generally the subcutaneous tissue are separated from the underlying tissue. -DEGLOVING INJURIES result from avulsion injuries that occurrs on the hand or foot. -PUNCTURE WOUNDS is a hole in the skin created by a pointed object. -BURN INJURIES include electrical, flame, chemicals, and scalding. -ISCHEMIC SKIN DAMAGE may result in truama from loss of sensory feedback. Decreased sensation prevents a person from making appropriate adjustments to damaging situations.

10. - INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES are usually patchy sites of either acute or chronic inflammation referred to as dermatitis, includes itching and some scaling. Certain viruses can lead to warts or rashes. Bacteria, foreign bodies, and plugged sebaceous glands are causes of acne and other skin abscesses. -NEOPLASTIC SKIN DISEASES (skin cancer) includes basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma , and malignant melanoma Three most common types of cancer associated with the integument. - Exposure to sunlight is most common etiology for each of these cancers.

19. -Physicians carry out diagnosis and primary treatment of skin disease. -PTs and APTs need to recognize signs and symptoms of skin cancer so that they provide prompt medical referral. -Key warning signs for skin cancer: new skin growth, a sore that does not heal within 3 months, or a bump that is getting larger. -Melanoma detection is detected by alterations of growth in the skin or in a mole and may include changes in size, color, shape, elevation, surface appearance, or sensation.