1. Cells produce energy in the form of ATP through breaking down nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. ATP is constantly being used and replenished through different energy systems.
2. There are three main energy systems: the ATP-CP system which provides energy for up to 10 seconds; anaerobic glycolysis which takes over for 1-3 minutes; and the aerobic system which sustains energy for over 3 minutes through oxidative phosphorylation.
3. The aerobic system fully breaks down glucose or fatty acids to produce much more ATP than the other systems, using oxygen to facilitate reactions in the mitochondria and electron transport chain. This makes the aerobic system well-suited for longer,
2. Cells don’t get Energy directly from food, it must be broken down into:ATP-Adensosine TRIphosphateATP = a form of energy one can immediately use, it is needed for cells to function & muscles to contract
4. Nutrients that give us energy: Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Glucose Fatty acids Amino Acids Digestion Absorbed into the blood & transported to cells (muscle, liver & nerve) They are used to produce ATP or stored
5. Carbohydrates Eaten – Absorbed initially in the mouth Stomach – broken down in stomach Fully absorbed in small intestine by CHO receptors and transported to Liver
6. Glucose or Glycogen Glycogen is stored glucose. Initially by the liver then sent in blood to muscles, so stored in blood Liver releases glucose when needed [Glucogenosis via Cori Cycle]
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9. Conversion of excess glucose to fat Sustained high glucose intake in the diet leads to increased fat synthesis. If glucose intake continues after muscle and liver glycogen stores are saturated, the glucose is not excreted or wasted. It is converted to a fuel storage form which has an unlimited capacity i.e. triglycerides stored in adipose tissue. Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis.
10. Blood Sugar The blood sugar level is the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It is also known as plasma glucose level. It is expressed as millimoles per litre (mmol/l). Normally blood glucose levels stay within narrow limits throughout the day: 4 to 8mmol/l. But they are higher after meals and usually lowest in the morning.
14. The ATP Molecule a. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) P Adenosine P P b. The breakdown of ATP: P Adenosine P P Energy Energy for cellular function ATP = ADP + energy for biological work + P(ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate) ATPase = Enzyme
27. 0 sec 4 sec 10 sec 1.5 min 3 min + Strength – Power:power lift, shot put, golf swing Sustained Power:sprints, fast breaks, football Anaerobic Power – Endurance:200-400 m dash, 100 m swim Aerobic Endurance:Beyond 800 m run Immediate/short-term Aerobic-oxidativenon-oxidative systems system
34. The splitting of the Phosphate bond = Energy for workEx. Muscle Contraction, Moving hand from a hot stove, Jumping & Throwing
35. The Immediate Resynthesis of ATP by CP a. Creatine Phosphate (CP) Creatine P High energy bond b. CP = Creatine + energy for resynthesis of ATP +P Creatine P Energy c. ADP + energy from CP + P = ATP (reversal of ATP = ADP + P + energy for work) P Adenosine P P
36. ATP-CP Energy System CreatineKinase [CK] catalyzes the transfer of the phosphate from the the high energy compound creatine phosphate to re-synthesise ADP to ATP
37. For contractions to continue… ATP must be REBUILT This comes from the splitting of CP (Creatine Phosphate a Hi energy source, automatic) When ATP is used – it is rebuilt – as long as there is CP Energy released from CP breaking down, resynthesizes the ADP & P
38. REMEMBER – only small amounts of ATP are stored = only 2-3 sec. of Energy ATP-CP = 8-10 sec. of Energy The usefulness isn’t the AMOUNT of Energy but the QUICK & POWERFUL movements For longer periods of work = The Aerobic & Anaerobic Energy System must be utilized
40. AnaeorbicGlycolysis Add its most basic CHO – 18chemical steps- ATP resynthesis Pyruvate – Lactic Acid- Lactate+H1 Needs 2 ATPs – produces 4ATP’s
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42. Since glycogen is stored in the muscle & liver, it is available quickly This system provides ATP when ATP-CP runs out PFK = EnyzmePhosphofructokinasethe most important regulatory enzyme of glycolysis
43. The process to produce ATP is not as fast as ATP-CP, which makes muscle contraction slower When oxygen is not present the end product of glycolysisis lactic acid, which causes the muscles to fatigue Anaerobic Glycolisis is less efficient in producing ATP than Aerobic Glycolisis, BUT is needed for a large burst of energy lasting a few minutes
44. Without Oxygen Glucose = 2ATP + 2LA (digested component of carbohydrates) Glycogen = 3ATP + 2LA (the storage form of glucose)
45. ATP/PC and Anaerobic Glycolysis takes place in the Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is basically the substance that fills the cell
49. + lactate [lactic acid ] if NO oxygen is present
50. Also it produces one 2NAD moleculeswhich become 2NADH1 with 02
51. NAD and FAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are coenymes which carry H1 to 02 into the ECT NAD = Niacin [B3] FAD = Riboflavin [B2]
52. LACTIC ACID The graph above illustrates the two thresholds and also indicates the effects of training on the lactate curve. The blue line illustrates pre-training with the red post-training. The post-training curve has moved to the right indicating that the athlete can now exercise at a higher work rate at the different thresholds. By regularly monitoring the lactate curve (i.e. every 3-4 months), training intensities can be altered to reflect these improvements in performance.
54. LACTIC During prolonged intensive exercise (e.g. 800m race) the heart may get half its energy from lactic acid. It is converted back to pyruvic acid and used as energy by the heart and other muscles. It is thought that 70% of lactic acid produced is oxidised (buffered by bicarbonate and turned into CO2, 20% is converted to glucose (energy) in the liver. 10% is converted to protein. How long does it take to remove lactic acid? About 1 hour if cooling down with gentle exercise. It can take 2 hours or more if you don’t warm down with gentle exercise.
55. EPOC Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) is a measurably increased oxygen intake following strenuous activity rate of intended to erase the body's "oxygen debt."
58. Mitochondria “Power house of the cell” Mitochondria can vary greatly in both size (0.5 micrometers - 10 micrometers) and number (1 - over 1000) per cell
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61. Pyruvatenows gets broken down and turned into ActylCoA [transition reaction] This creates 2more NAD’s ActylCoA enter the Krebs Cycle (TCA) another two ATPs are produced along with 6 more NAD’s And 2 FAD’s Enzyme = Citrate synthase
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64. So far then. We have… 4 ATP’s [2 in glycolysis, 2 Krebs] 10 NADs [2 in glycolysis. 2 in transition and 6 in the Krebs] 2 FADs [Krebs cycle] So wheres are the other 34ATPs coming from?
65. electron transport chain An electron transport chain couples a chemical reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane, through a set of mediating biochemical reactions. These H+ ions are used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy intermediate in living organisms
66. With Oxygen Glucose + O2 = 38ATP + H2O + CO2 Fatty Acids + O2 = 129ATP Body Fat is a great source of ENERGY
67. O2 enters the system, stopping the breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid With oxygen, glycogen breaks down into: ATP + CO2 + H20 These byproducts are easier to get rid of CO2 is expelled by the lungs H20 is used in the muscle
68. FAT METABOLISM Lipolysis breakdown of trigyserides into free fatty acids [by enzyme – lipase] Once freed from glycerol, free fatty acids can enter blood and muscle fibre by diffusion.
69. Beta oxidation splits long carbon chains of the fatty into acetyl CoA, which can eventually enter the TCA cycle then ETC. 1molecule of fat produces 5times more than glucose – 129ATPS
