اساسيات اللغه الانجليزيه

1. 
Sentence, Phrase and Clause
 
 -The sentence 1
‫ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل ) ﹸﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ(، ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ(. )ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل‬ü
‫ﺘ‬
.(‫: ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ‬finite verb ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬
(‫، ﻭﺒﺄﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ).( ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻼﻤـ ِ ﺍﺴـﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )؟‬Capital Letter ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺄﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺤﺭ ٍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟ‬ü
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺠ‬
.(!) ‫ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻼﻤ ِ ﺘﻌﺠﺏ‬
‫ﺔ‬
Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬
1. He sat. .‫ﻫﻭ ﺠﻠــﺱ‬
2. She plays football. .‫ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻌ‬
‫ﺏ‬
3. Are they dancing? ‫ﻫل ﻫﻡ ﻴﺭﻗﺼﻭﻥ؟‬
4. Ah , they have come! !‫ﺁﻩ، ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺘﻭﺍ‬
5. Read the lesson. . ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺩ ﺱ‬
 -Clause2
.(‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤ ﹰ، ﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﹼﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ü
‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬
1. ... because he was tired. .‫... ﻷﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺒﹰ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
2. When he arrived ... ... ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼل‬
 -Phrase  3

.‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭ ﻻ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ü
Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬
1. ... in the corner ... ... ‫... ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬
2. Reaching home, ... ... ،‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ‬
.(gerund ) (verbal noun) ‫ ﻓﻌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﺯﻤﻥ، ﻭﻫﻭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻓﻌل‬Reaching ) v
1

2. 
  

Complete sense Finite verb
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ (‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺤﺪود )ﻟﮫ زﻣﻦ‬
Sentence ‫ﺟﻤﻠـﺔ‬ b b
Clause ‫ﻋﺒـﺎرة‬ × b
Phrase ‫ﺷﺒﮫ ﺟﻤـﻠﺔ‬ × ×
.ٍ ‫ﻤﻠ ٍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ ﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ‬Clauses ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬Phrases ‫ﻤل‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﺸﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ×
Reaching home, he sat in the corner because he was tired. .‫ﺘﻌﺒﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺠﻠﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻤ ﺎ‬
Phrase Main Sentence Phrase Clause
Exercise No. 1 ‫ﺘﻤﺭﻴـﻥ‬
v Which of the following are sentences, clauses or phrases?
‫ﻤل؟‬ ِ ‫ﻤل ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺸﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ﹸﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﻩﺠ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
1. Open the window.
2. whom we saw.
3. at the grocer's.
4. across the street.
5. that he came.
6. through the window.
7. Come here.
8. as I was waiting.
9. from my father.
10. Where are my books?
11. Did you laugh?
12. Sit down.
13. near the new secondary school.
14. before he met you.
15. if I see him.
16. They watched T.V.
2

3. 
Kinds of Sentences 
-:‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ ﺇ‬ 
‫ﻥ ﺠ‬  u
Order ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻤﺭ‬ .3 Statement
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ (‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ )ﺇﺨﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭ‬ .1
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺠ‬
Exclamation ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﻌ‬ .4
‫ﺠﻴ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ Question (‫ﺅﺍل‬ ‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤ‬ .2
‫ﻴ ﺴ‬ ‫ﺠ‬
.‫ﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺴ ﹸﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ v
The Statement 
.‫ﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﹸﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﺎ، ﻭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ü
1. He watches TV. (‫ﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬ ) .‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬
2. He does not watch TV. (‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺔ‬ ) .‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬
 v
The Simple Sentence ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫1. ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺠ‬
The Compound Sentence ‫ﺭ ﹼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫2. ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻤ ﻜ‬ ‫ﺠ‬
The Complex Sentence ‫ﻌ ﹼﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫3. ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻤﻘ‬ ‫ﺠ‬
1. The Simple Sentence  
.‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ، ﻭ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻋل ﻭﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ ﺍﻟ‬‫ﹸﻌ‬
‫ﺘﺒ ﺠ‬ ü
Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬
1. The earth moves around the sun. .‫ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟ ﹼﻤﺱ‬
‫ﺸ‬
2. Samy has a car. .‫ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﹰ‬
‫ﺓ‬
3. Come. ("‫ﺘﻌﺎل.)ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻀﻤﻨﹰ ﻭ ﻫﻭ "ﺃﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺎ‬
4. Why did you come late? ‫ﺘﺄﺨﺭﹰ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺤﻀﺭﺕﹶ‬
‫ﻤ ﺍ‬
5. They didn't believe you. .‫ﺼﺩﻗﻭﻨﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﻡ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴ‬
Going home, he stopped by the grocery shop to buy some tea and rice.
6.
.‫ﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺫﻫﺎﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ، ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺒ ﹼﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺎﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻷ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻘ‬
.(‫ )ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ‬non-finite verbs ‫ﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠ ِ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺔ ﺴ‬ u
3

4. ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻥ‬
‫‪ :  ‬ﺇ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰ ‪‬ﻤ ﹰ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﹰ، ﺒل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﻌﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﺠﻼ‬ ‫‪  ‬ﻥ‬ ‫‪u‬‬
‫ُﺨﺭﻯ، ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ‪‬ﻤﻠ ٍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ٍ، ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴ ‪ ‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻌﻘﺩﺓ.‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬
‫‪2. The Compound Sentence‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﹸﻌ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﺭ ﹼﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻜﺜ ِ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ، ﻭ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ.‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻜ‬ ‫ﺘﺒ ﺠ‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ )ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ( ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴ ٍ ‪‬ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴ ٍ، ﻭ ﻴﺭﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﹰ ﺤـﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁـﻑ ﺍﻟﹼﻨـﺴﻴﻘ‪‬ﺔ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻡﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫‪ ،Coordinative Conjunctions‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻗﻠﻴ ٍ ﺇﻥ ﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ.‬
‫ل‬
‫‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﺭﻜﺒﺔ، ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻜ ٍ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل ‪‬ﺴﺘﻘل ﻤﺜل:‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫)‪a‬‬ ‫.‪She invited him‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺩﻋﺘ ‪ ) .‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ(‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫)‪b‬‬ ‫.‪She sent him her car‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺴﻠﹶﺕﹾ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ. ) ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ(‬
‫ﺠ‬
‫ﻭ ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺩﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ، ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ )‪ (b‬ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ )‪.(a‬‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫×‬
‫.‪c) Not only did she invite him but also she sent him her car‬‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﺘﺩ ‪  ‬ﻓﺤﺴﺏ، ﺒل ﺃﺭﺴﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﹰ.‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻪ‬
‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬
‫.‪The man woke up. He took a bath‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻘﻅ ﺍﻟ ‪ ‬ل. ﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﺫﹶ ﺤﻤﺎﻤﹰ. ) ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ(‬
‫ﺎ ﺠ‬ ‫ﺭﺠ‬
‫.1‬
‫.‪= The man woke up and he took a bath‬‬ ‫) ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ‪‬ﺭ ﹼﺒﺔ(‬
‫ﺠ ﻤ ﻜ‬ ‫= ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻘﻅ ﺍﻟ ‪ ‬ل ﻭﺃﺨﺫﹶ ﺤﻤﺎﻤﹰ.‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺠ‬
‫.‪Samy studied well. He didn't succeed‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ‪ ‬ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺠﻴﺩﹰ. ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ. ) ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ(‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺱ‬
‫.2‬
‫.‪= Samy studied well but he didn't succeed‬‬ ‫= ﺩﺭ ‪ ‬ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺠﻴﺩﹰ ﻭﻟﻜ ﹼ ‪ ‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ. ) ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ‪‬ﺭ ﹼﺒﺔ(‬
‫ﺠ ﻤ ﻜ‬ ‫ﺍ ﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺱ‬
‫‪You can go to the cinema. You can stay at‬‬ ‫‪‬ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ. ‪‬ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘـﻰ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺕ.‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬
‫.‪home‬‬
‫.3‬
‫‪= You can go to the cinema or you can stay‬‬ ‫) ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ(‬‫ﺠ‬
‫.‪at home‬‬ ‫= ‪‬ﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ. ) ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ‪‬ﺭ ﹼﺒﺔ(‬
‫ﺠ ﻤ ﻜ‬ ‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﹰ. ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻌﺠﺒﻴﻥ. ﻟـﻡ ﺘﺘـﺯﻭﺝ‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺍ‬
‫‪She was very beautiful. She had many‬‬
‫.‪admirers. She married none of them‬‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ. )ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ‪‬ﻤل ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ(‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺍ‬
‫.4‬
‫= ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﹰ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻌﺠﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻟ ﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ‪= She was very beautiful and she had many‬‬
‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺍ‬
‫.‪admirers but she married none of them‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺯﻭﺝ ﺃﺤﺩﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ. ) ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ‪‬ﺭ ﹼﺒﺔ(‬
‫ﺠ ﻤ ﻜ‬ ‫ﺍ‬
‫4‬

5. 
     
    v
Coordinative Conjunctions (‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺭ ﹼﺒﺔ )ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻨﺴﻴﻘ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺘ ﻴ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻜ‬ ‫ﺠ‬
‫اﻷداة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻷداة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
and ..‫../..ﻑ‬ ‫ ... ﻭ.. /..ﺜ‬nevertheless
‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
 ‫ﻭ ﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ/ ﻭ ﺒﺭﻏﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ/ ﺇﻻ ﺃ‬
but ‫ ﻟﻜﻥ‬in spite of that ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
both ... and ... ... ‫ ﻜل ﻤﻥ... ﻭ‬despite that ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬
and also ...‫ ﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬on the contrary ‫ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
as well as ‫ﺎ‬
‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ..ﺃﻴﻀﹰ.. / ﻭ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ‬or
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺃﻭ / ﻭ ﺇ ﹼ‬
not only ...but also ..‫ ﻟﻴﺱ.. ﻓﻘﻁ ، ﺒل.. ﺃﻴﻀﹰ‬otherwise
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻭ ﺒﺩﻴل ﺫﻟﻙ.../ ﻭ ﺇ ﹼ‬
besides ‫ﻭ ﻓﻀ ﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻼ‬ or else ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻭﺇﹼ‬
furthermore ‫ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ / ﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺓ‬ either ... or ... ...‫ﺇﻤﺎ....ﺃﻭ‬
moreover ‫ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬neither ... nor ... ..‫ﻻ....ﻭ ﻻ‬
likewise ‫ﺎ‬
‫ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘ ٍ ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ / ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ‬so
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬
again ‫ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﹰ / ﻤﺭ ﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﺓ‬thus
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬
yet ‫ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬hence ‫ﻤ ﻡ‬
 ‫ ﺜ‬‫ﻭ ِﻥ‬
still ‫ ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل‬then ‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺇﺫﹰ‬
however ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل‬therefore ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺒﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺀ‬
accordingly ‫ ﻭ ﺘﺒﻌﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬consequently
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠ ﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺔ‬
:‫ﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻤﺴ ِ ﺃﻨﻭﺍ ٍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻉ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ v
1. Coordinating Copulative ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺘﺯﺍﻭﺠ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ .1
2. Negative Coordinating Copulative ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻤﻨﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺘﺯﺍﻭﺠ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ .2
3. Coordinating Adversative ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺘﻀﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ .3
4. Coordinating Alternative ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ .4
5. Coordinating Illative ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ .5
1. Coordinating Copulative   
 
:‫" ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻲ‬and" ‫ﻁﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﻌ‬ü
‫ﺘ‬
and again further more
and also besides likewise
both...and moreover as well as
not only...but also
.‫ﺔ( ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﺘ ٍ )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻔ‬ ٍ ‫ﻤ ٍ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠ‬ü
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺔﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺠل‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
5

6. 
1. and ...‫...،...ﻓـ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ: ﻭ، ...ﺜ‬
‫ﻡ‬
.‫ ﻟﻌﻁ ِ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎل‬and ‫ ﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ü
‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
Ahmed went to school. Hany went to school. Nader went to school.
= Ahmed, Hany and Nader went to school. (compound)
a)
(‫= ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻭﻫﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﺒﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ. )ﻋﻁﻑ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
(‫ ﹸﻭﻀﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﹰ‬and  ♦
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
Samy went away. Samy bought a paper.
b)
= Samy went away and bought a paper. (compound)(‫= ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔﹰ.) ﻋﻁﻑ ﻓﻌل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل‬
The liquid was thick. The liquid was yellow.
c)
= The liquid was thick and yellow. (compound) (‫ﺎﺌل ﺴﻤﻴﻜﹰ ﻭ ﺃﺼﻔﺭﹰ.)ﻋﻁﻑ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫= ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺴ‬
He was the bravest. He was the strongest.
d)
= He was the bravest and the strongest. (compound) (‫= ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ.)ﻋﻁﻑ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ‬
I hope to succeed. He hopes to succeed.
e)
= I and he hope to succeed. (compound) (‫= ﺃﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻨﺄﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﺠﺢ.)ﻋﻁﻑ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻤﻴﺭ‬
Slowly he arrived home. Safely he arrived home.
f)
= Slowly and safely he arrived home. (‫= ﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺒﺒﻁ ٍ ﻭ ﺒﺄﻤﺎ ٍ.) ﻋﻁﻑ ﺤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎل‬
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺀ‬
 - v
‫(، ﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻨﻔﻲ‬and ‫ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ )ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰ )ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل(، ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ‬and ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺒـ‬ ‫1( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺠ‬
. or ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺴﺅﺍل ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺠ‬
.‫ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬and ‫ (، ﻭ ﺘﻅل‬and ‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﹰ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻜﺭ ِ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ )ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫2( ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺠ‬
Examples ‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ‬
The boy opened the door. The boy walked
into the room. .‫ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ. ﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻭﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﻟ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺩ‬
-
= The boy opened the door and walked into .‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫= ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﻟ‬
‫ﺩ‬
the room.(compound)
the ‫ـ ِ ﹶ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل‬ ‫ ﻭ‬and ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒـ‬ ‫ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ ، ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺘ‬the boy ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺤ ﺫﻑ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ×
.and ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ‬boy
Samy didn't go away. Samy didn't buy a paper. .‫ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ. ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ‬
- = Samy didn't go away or buy a paper.(compound) ‫= ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ ِ ﹶ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫، ﻭ‬and ‫ ﻟﻠﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺩ ﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ‬or ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺘﻴﻥ، ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟ‬ 
‫ﺤﺫﻑ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ×
.or ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬didn't ‫ ِ ﹶﺕﹾ‬ ‫(، ﻭ‬Samy) ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫، ﻷ‬or ‫ﻤﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺤﺫﻓ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
Samy didn't go away. Magid didn't stay home. .‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ. ﻟﻡ ﻴﺒ ﹶ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل‬
‫ﻕ‬
- = Samy didn't go away and Magid didn't stay home.
(compound) .‫= ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺒ ﹶ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل‬
‫ﻕ‬
6

7. ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﺎﻋل ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ‪‬ﺨﺘﻠﻔﹰ )‪ (Magid‬ﻭ )‪ (Samy‬ﻭ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺘﻴﻥ، ﻓﻠـﺫﻟﻙ ﺭﺒﻁﻨـﺎ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫×‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻑ ‪ and‬ﻭ ﻭ ِ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ ،and‬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻨﺤﺫﻓﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ )2(.‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬
‫.‪Samy went away. Samy bought a paper‬‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ. ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ.‬
‫-‬
‫)‪= Did Samy go away or buy a paper? (Question‬‬ ‫=ﻫل ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻯ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ؟‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ )‪ ،(Samy‬ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل( ﻨـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪or‬‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫×‬
‫ﺒﺩ ﹰ ﻤﻥ ‪ and‬ﻭ ﻨﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪.or‬‬
‫ﻻ‬
‫.‪Samy went away. Magid stayed at home‬‬
‫ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ. ﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل.‬
‫-‬ ‫?‪= Did Samy go away, and, did Magid stay at home‬‬
‫= ﻫل ﺨﺭﺝ ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل؟‬
‫)‪(Question‬‬
‫‪  ü‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﻴﻥ ‪‬ﺨﺘﻠﻑ ) ‪ Magid‬ﻭ ‪ ،(Samy‬ﻓﻠﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟـﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ ﻨـﻀﻊ ‪ and‬ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ.‬
‫..... ‪2. both .... and‬‬ ‫ﻜل ﻤﻥ .... ﻭ ....‬
‫ﺃ( ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺎﻫ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫.‪a) Ali is clever‬‬
‫.‪1. b) Ahmed is clever too‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺎﻫ ‪ ‬ﺃﻴﻀﹰ.‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬
‫)‪= Both Ali and Ahmed are clever. (compound‬‬
‫= ﻜ ﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺎﻫﺭﺍﻥ.‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫.‪a) Governments are interested in education‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻬﺘ ‪‬ﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ.‬
‫ﻤ‬
‫.‪b) Parents are interested in education‬‬
‫.2‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﻬﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ.‬
‫‪= Both governments and parents are interested in‬‬
‫)‪education.(compound‬‬ ‫= ﹸ ﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﻬﺘﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ.‬
‫ﻜﻼ‬
‫.... ‪3. as well as‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃ ‪... ‬ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ ....‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫‪ ü‬ﹸﻀﻴﻑ ‪ as well as‬ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ، ﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ِﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴـﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﹰ ﻗﺒـل‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺫ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
‫‪ as well as‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ.‬
‫.‪a) He speaks English‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯ‪‬ﺔ.‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬
‫.‪b) He speaks French‬‬
‫.1‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴ‪‬ﺔ.‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬
‫.‪= He speaks French as well as English‬‬
‫)‪(compound‬‬ ‫= ﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴ‪‬ﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃ ﹼﻪ ﻴﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯ‪‬ﺔ ً.‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬
‫.‪a) He is a doctor‬‬ ‫ﺃ(ﻫﻭ ﻁﺒﻴﺏ.‬
‫.‪b) He is a musician‬‬
‫.2‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻲ.‬
‫.‪= He is a musician as well as a doctor‬‬
‫)‪(compound‬‬ ‫= ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘ ‪ ‬ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃ ﹼ ‪ ‬ﻁﺒﻴﺏ.‬
‫ﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫.‪a) I am interested in music‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺃﻨﺎ ‪‬ﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ.‬
‫ﻤ‬
‫.‪b) My brother is interested in music too‬‬
‫.3‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺃﺨﻲ ‪‬ﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﹰ.‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬
‫‪= I, as well as my brother, am interested in‬‬
‫)‪music. (compound‬‬ ‫= ﺃﻨﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺨﻲ ‪‬ﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ.‬
‫ﻤ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ‪ am‬ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻷﻭل ) ‪ ( I‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﺜ ِ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ.‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫•‬
‫7‬

8. ‫‪‬‬
‫.‪a) He is fond of swimming‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻟ ‪ ‬ﺒﺎﻟ ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤ ِ.‬
‫ﻊ ﺴ ﺔ‬
‫.‪b) His cousins are fond of swimming too‬‬
‫.4‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤ ِ ﻤﻭﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟ ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﹰ.‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫.‪= He, as well as his cousins, is fond of swimming‬‬
‫)‪(compound‬‬ ‫= ﻫﻭ ﻤﺜل ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤ ِ ﻤﻭﻟﻊ ﺒﺎﻟ ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤ ِ.‬
‫ﺴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫.‪a) His cousins are fond of swimming‬‬
‫.‪b) He is fond of swimming too‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋ ‪ ِ ‬ﻤﻭﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟ ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤ ِ.‬
‫ﺴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻪ‬
‫‪5. = His cousins, as well as he, are fond of‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻟ ‪ ‬ﺒﺎﻟ ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤ ِ.‬
‫ﻊ ﺴ ﺔ‬
‫)‪swimming. (compound‬‬
‫= ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋ ‪ ِ ‬ﻤﻭﻟﻌﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟ ‪‬ﺒﺎﺤ ِ ﻤﺜﻠ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴ ﺔ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻪ‬
‫... ‪4. not only .... but .... also‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ ... ﻓﻘﻁ ... ﺒل ... ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ ....‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫... ‪Or: not only .... but also‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ: ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ... ﻭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ ....‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫‪ ü‬ﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ.‬
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
‫‪ ü‬ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ، ﻭ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺤ ‪‬ﺙ ﺇﺒﺩﺍل )ﺃﻱ ﻴـﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل(، ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌل ‪‬ﺴﺎﻋﺩ، ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪ did‬ﺃﻭ ‪ does‬ﺃﻭ ‪ do‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴ ِ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل )ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴ ﹸﻌﻤﻠﺕ ‪ not only‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ، ﻓﺈ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )ﺃﻱ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل(.‬
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
‫‪ ü‬ﻭﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﹸﺫﻜﺭ ‪ not only‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل، ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺒﺩﺍل )ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل(..‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺃﻤﺜـــﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬
‫.‪a) She speaks English‬‬ ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯ‪‬ﺔ.‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬
‫.‪b) She speaks Spanish‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨ‪‬ﺔ.‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬
‫‪= Not only does she speak English but she‬‬
‫.1‬ ‫= ﺇﹼﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯ‪‬ﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ، ﺒل ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ.‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
‫)‪speaks Spanish also. (compound‬‬
‫‪Or = She not only speaks English but she‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ = ﺇﹼﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯ‪‬ﺔ، ﺒل ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
‫)‪speaks Spanish also. (compound‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ.‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻴ‬
‫‪ ü‬ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ‪ as well‬ﺒﺩ ﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ also‬ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﹼﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻴﺯ ٍ ُﺨـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺓﺃ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻟﺸﺨ ٍ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺸﻲ ٍ ﻤﺎ، ﻤﺜل:‬
‫ﺀ‬ ‫ﺹ‬
‫)‪Or: = Not only does she speak English but she speaks Spanish as well. (compound‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ = ﺇﹼﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯ‪‬ﺔ، ﺒل ﺘﺘﻜﹼﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨ‪‬ﺔ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ.‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎ ٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِ.‬
‫ل‬ ‫ﻡ‬
‫.‪a) He listens carefully in class‬‬
‫.‪b) He works hard at home‬‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠ ٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ ِ.‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺩ‬
‫.2‬
‫‪= He, not only listens carefully in class, but‬‬ ‫= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎ ٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻡ‬
‫).‪also, he works hard at home.(comp‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺠ ٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ ِ.‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺩ‬
‫‪ ü‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻤﻠ ِ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﺎﺒﻘ ِ ‪‬ﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ‪ as well as‬ﺒﺩ ﹰ ﻤﻥ ‪. .... not only .... but also‬‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺠ ﺔ ﺴ ﺔﻴ‬
‫)‪Or = He listens carefully in class as well as he works hard at home. (compound‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ = ﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ِ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃ ﹼﻪ ﻴﻌﻤ ُ ﺒﺠ ٍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ.‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل ﺩ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ل‬
‫8‬

9. 
a) They sold their factory. .‫ﺃ( ﺒﺎﻋﻭﺍ ﻤﺼﻨﻌﻬﻡ‬
b) They migrated to America.
3. .‫ﺏ( ﻫﺎﺠﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ‬
= Not only did they sell their factory but
they migrated to America also. (comp.) .‫= ﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻴﻌﻭﺍ ﻤﺼﻨﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ، ﺒل ﻫﺎﺠﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ‬
.‫ﺃ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬
a) Ahmed has passed his exam. .ٍ ‫ﺏ( ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﺼل ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤ ٍ ﻜﺎﻤﻠ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
b) Ahmed has obtained full mark.
= Not only has Ahmed passed his exam but ‫= ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ، ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ ﺤـﺼل‬
‫ﺎ‬
4.
also he has obtained full mark. (comp) .ٍ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤ ٍ ﻜﺎﻤﻠ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
Or = Ahmed, not only has passed his exam,
but also he has obtained full mark. (comp) ‫ﺃﻭ = ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻘﻁ، ﺒل ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ ﺤـﺼل‬
‫ﺎ‬
.ٍ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻤ ٍ ﻜﺎﻤﻠ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
a) He is innocent. .‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﺒﺭﻱﺀ‬
b) He is brave.
= Not only is he innocent but he is brave as .‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﹸﺠﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺸ‬
5.
well. (compound) .‫ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫= ﺇ ﹼﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﹰ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ، ﻭﻟﻜﻨ ُ ﹸﺠﺎ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﹼﻪ ﺸ ﻉ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
Or =He, not only is innocent but he is
brave as well. (compound)
a) They send him letters. .‫ﺭ ِﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴ ِ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻡ‬
‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻴ ﺴ‬
b) They send him money and explosives.
= Not only do they send him letters but .‫ﻔﺭﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭ ِﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴ ِ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻡ‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻴ ﺴ‬
6.
they send him money and explosives also. ‫ﻪ‬
ِ ‫ﺭ ِﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺭ ِﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎ ٍ ﻓﻘﻁ، ﻭﻟﻜ ﹼﻬﻡ‬ ‫= ﺃﹼﻬﻡ ﻻ‬
‫ﻨ ﻴ ﺴ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻴ ﺴ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
Or = They, not only send him letters but
they send him money and explosives also. .‫ﻔﺭﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻭ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤ‬
a) She may refuse to pay money.
b) She may call the police. .‫ﺃ( ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻓﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﹸﻘﻭﺩﹰ‬
‫ﻨ ﺍ‬
= Not only may she refuse to pay money but
7.
she may call the police also. (compound)
.‫ﺏ( ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱡﺭﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺸ‬
Or = She, not only may refuse to pay money .‫= ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﹸﻘﻭﺩﹰ ﻓﻘﻁ، ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟ ﱡﺭﻁﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﹰ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻨ ﺍ‬
but also she may call the police.(compound)
5. besides ‫ﻭ ﻓﻀ ﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻼ‬
a) The pens are new. .‫ﺃ( ﺍﻷﻗﻼﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬
b) The pens are cheap.
1. .‫ﺏ( ﺍﻷﻗﻼﻡ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ‬
= The pens are new, besides, they are
cheap. (compound) .‫= ﺍﻷﻗﻼﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﹼﻬﺎ ﺭﺨﻴﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻼ‬
a) Students study Arabic at school .‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬‫ﺃ( ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟ ﱡﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻁ‬
b) Students study Maths at school. .‫ﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬‫ﻴﺎﻀ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟ ﱡﻼﺏ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺭ ﻴ‬ ‫ﻁ‬
= Students study Arabic at school, besides,
they study Maths at school. (compound) ‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻭﻓـﻀ ﹰ ﻋـﻥ‬‫ﺴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒ‬ ‫= ﺍﻟ ﱡﻼﺏ ﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻁ‬
2.
.‫ﺴﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻡ ﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻫ ﺭ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺃ‬ ‫ﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ ﻭ‬ü
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬
.‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﺎﻨﺒ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬
9

10. 
6. moreover ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
a) He lost his money. . ‫ﺃ( ﻓﻘﺩ ﹸﻘﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻨ ﻩ‬
b) He lost his shop.
. ‫ﻜﺎﻨ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻓﻘﺩ‬
‫ﺩ ﻪ‬
= He lost his money, moreover, he lost his
shop. (compound) . ‫ﻜﺎﻨ‬ ‫، ﻭ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ‫= ﻓﻘﺩ ﹸﻘﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺩ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻨ ﻩ‬
2. Negative Coordinating Copulative    
  
-:‫"، ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻲ‬nor" ‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﻌﻁﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻁﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬ü
‫ﺘ‬
1. neither ....... nor ... .. ‫ﻻ ..... ﻭﻻ‬
2. nor …. .... ‫ﻭﻻ‬
.‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ )ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ( ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ü
‫ﺠ‬
a) He can not read. .‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ‬
1. b) He can not write. .‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜ ﹸﺏ‬
‫ﺘ‬
= He can neither read nor write. (compound)
‫= ﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺃ ﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜ ﹸﺏ‬
‫ﺘ‬
a) He didn't come. .ِ ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄ‬
‫ﺕ‬
He didn't apologize
2. .‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﺫﺭ‬
= He didn't come, nor did he apologize.
(compound) .‫= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄ ِ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﺫﺭ‬
‫ﺕ‬
a) He will not gain the first prize. .‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬
b) He will not gain the second prize.
3. .‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬
= He will gain neither the first nor the second
prize. (compound) .‫= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯ ِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻻ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯ ِ ﺍﻟﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺓ ﺜ‬ ‫ﺓ‬
  - ü
‫ـﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻜـﺱ ﻤﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـل ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـل ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫(،ﻓﺈﹼ‬Neither ... ‫ﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﹼﻔﻲ )ﺃﻱ ﺒـ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺠ‬
.(‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ( ) ﺃﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟ‬nor ‫ ﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ‬Neither ‫)ﺃﻱ: ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﻤ‬
= Neither the first nor the second prize will he gain. (compound)
.‫ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯ ِ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭ ﻻ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯ ِ ﺍﻟ ﹼﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫= ﺇﹼ‬
‫ﺓ ﺜ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻪ‬
a) He didn't come early. .‫ﺒﻜﺭﹰ‬ ِ ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄ‬
‫ﺕﻤ ﺍ‬
b) He didn't stop talking either.
4. .‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﹰ‬
‫ﺎ‬
= He neither came early nor stopped talking. (comp.)
Or: = Neither did he come early nor did he stop talking. (comp.) .‫ﺒﻜﺭﺍ ً ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬ ِ ‫= ﻟﻡ ﻴﺄ‬
‫ﺕﻤ‬
a) He didn't buy anything. .‫ ﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺃ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘ ِ ﺃ‬
‫ﺭ ﻱ‬
b) He didn't sell anything.
5. .‫ ﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻊ ﺃ‬
‫ﻱ‬
= He neither bought nor sold anything. (compound)
Or: = Neither did he buy nor did he sell anything. (comp.) .‫ ﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺸﺘ ِ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﺒﻊ ﺃ‬
‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺭ‬
10

11. 
a) He does not understand the lesson. .‫ﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺩ‬
b) He does not answer the question either. .‫ﺅﺍل ﺃﻴﻀﹰ‬ ‫ﺠﺏ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬
= He neither understands the lesson nor answers the
6. .‫ﺅﺍل‬ ‫ﺠﺏ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺭﺱ ﻭﻟﻡ‬ ‫= ﻫﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺩ‬
question. (comp.)
Or: = Neither does he understand the lesson nor does he
answer the question.(comp.)
3. Coordinating Adversative  
 
.‫ﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ ﻫﻲ‬ü
‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺠ ﻤ‬
:‫ ﻟﻜﻥ"، ﻤﺜل‬but" ‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﻌﻁﻑ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻁﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬ü
‫ﺘ‬
but nevertheless
still in spite of that
yet despite that
however on the contrary
1. but ‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺎﻤﻊ ﺴﻴﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻫﻨ ِ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻻ ﺘﻘـﺼﺩﻩ، ﻭﻴﺤـ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻠ ﹰ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃ‬ ‫ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭل‬but ‫ﹸﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ♦
-: ‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬but ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ‬
. ‫ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒ ﹰ ﻤﻨ‬
‫ﺔ ﻪ‬
a) She was angry with him.
b) She gave him money. .‫ﺏ( ﺃﻋﻁﺘﻪ ﹸﻘﻭﺩﹰ‬
‫ﻨ ﺍ‬
= She was angry with him but she gave him money. (compound)
.‫، ﻭﻟﻜ ﹼﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻁﺘﻪ ﹸﻘﻭﺩﹰ‬ ‫= ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻀﺒ ﹰ ﻤﻨ‬
‫ﻨ ﺍ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻪ‬
2. still ‫ﻭﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل‬
a) They received the body. .‫ﹼﺔ‬ ‫ﺃ( ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺠﺜ‬
b) His mother thinks he is alive.
= They received the body, his mother still thinks he is .‫ ﺤﻲ‬ ‫ ﺃﹼ‬  ُ ‫ﺏ( ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻤﻪ ﻨﻪ‬
alive. (compound) .‫ ﺤﻲ‬ ‫ ﺘﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﹼ‬  ُ ‫ﹼﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل‬ ‫= ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺠﺜ‬
3. yet ‫ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
.‫ﻤﺭﻩ ُﺃﺭﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﹰ‬ (‫ﺃ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬
a) He is forty years old.
1. b) He is a bachelor. .‫ ﺃﻋﺯﺏ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺇﹼ‬
‫ﻨﻪ‬
= He is forty years old, yet , he is a bachelor.(comp.)
.‫ﻤﺭﻩ ُﺃﺭﺒﻌﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﹰ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﺯﺏ‬ =
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬
a) He worked hard. .ٍ ‫ﺃ( ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤل ﺒﺠ‬
‫ﺩ‬
2. b) He was fired. .(‫ﺴﹰ )ﺜﺎﺌﺭﹰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻤ ﺎ‬
= He worked hard, yet , he was fired. (comp.) .(‫ﺴ ﹰ )ﺜﺎﺌﺭﹰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤ‬ ‫= ﻫﻭ ﻋﻤل ﺒﺠ ٍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻤ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩ‬
11

12. 
4. however ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل‬
a) He became rather mad. .‫ﺃ( ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻨﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤ ٍ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
b) You can talk to him.
.‫ﺏ( ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻤﻌﻪ‬
= He became rather mad, however , he can talk
to him. (comp.) .‫= ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻨ ﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤ ٍ ﻤﺎ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎ ٍ، ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻤﻌﻪ‬
‫ل‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
5. nevertheless ‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
a) He was innocent. .‫ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﹰ‬
‫ﺎ‬
b) He was hanged.
1. .‫ﻌﺘﻘ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻤ ﻼ‬
= He was innocent, nevertheless , he was
hanged.(comp.) .‫ﻌﺘﻘ ﹰ‬ ‫= ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺭﻴﺌﹰ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻤ ﻼ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
a) They are enemies. .‫ﺃ( ﺇﹼﻬﻡ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻨ‬
b) They respect each other.
2. .‫ﺏ( ﻴﺤﺘﺭﻡ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬
= They are enemies; nevertheless, they respect each
other. (compound) .‫= ﺇﹼﻬﻡ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺤﺘﺭﻡ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬
‫ﻨ‬
a) Winter is cold. . ‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺸ‬
b) Summer is hot.
1. . ‫ﻴﻑ ﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺼ‬
= Winter is cold (but, yet, however) summer
is hot. (compound) . ‫ﻴﻑ ﺤﺎ‬ ‫ )ﻭﻟﻜﻥ، ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل( ﺍﻟ‬ ‫= ﺍﻟ ﹼﺘﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺸ‬
a) He was blind. .‫ﺃ( ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﻰ‬
b)He could find his way. . ‫ﺏ( ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘ‬
‫ﻪ‬
2. = He was blind (however, but, nevertheless)
he could find his way. (compound) ‫= ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﻰ )ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎل،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ،ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ( ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ‬
. ‫ﻴﺠﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻘ‬
‫ﻪ‬
6. on the contrary ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻨ‬
a) She does not hate him. . ‫ﺃ(ﺇﹼﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻜﺭﻫ‬
‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
b) She is fond of him.
.ِ ‫ﻐﺭﻤﺔ ﺒ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺇﹼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻨ ﻤ‬
= She does not hate him, on the contrary, she is
fond of him. (compound) .ِ ‫ﻐﺭﻤﺔ ﺒ‬ ‫ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﹼﻬﺎ‬ ‫= ﺇﹼﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻜﺭﻫ‬
‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻨ ﻤ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
4.Coordinating Alternative   
 
.‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ، ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻸﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ ﻫﻲ‬ü
‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺠ ﻤ‬
:‫"، ﻤﺜل‬or" "‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﻌﻁﻑ ﺒﺤﺭﻭ ِ ﻋﻁ ٍ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺼﻴﻠ ِ " ﺃﻭ‬ü
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻑ ﻑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
or or else
either ...... or otherwise
.‫ﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻭ‬ ‫ ﻭﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ ﻫﺫ ِ ﺘﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ‬ü
‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
12