1. Table of Contents First Principles Relative contribution to learning Traditional curriculum sequence Task-centered curriculum sequence Pebble-in-the-Pond Design Knowledge object for whole task Knowledge Components Instructional strategies for components RESOURCES Information and Portrayal Demonstration Entrepreneur ?
2. A Task-Centered Instructional Strategy M. David Merrill Instructional Effectiveness Consultant Visiting Professor Florida State University Visiting Professor Brigham Young University Hawaii next
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4. First Principles of Instruction Activation Demonstration Application Integration Learning is promoted when learners activate relevant cognitive structures. Learning is promoted when learners observe a demonstration of the skills to be learned. Learning is promoted when learners apply their newly acquired knowledge and skill. Learning is promoted when learners integrate their new skills into their everyday life. Learning is promoted when learners do real-world tasks. Real-world Task more next
5. Developing task-centered instruction Start task Identify whole task Identify task progression Analyze component skill Design instructional strategy Design instructional interface Develop instruction Mentor instruction A Pebble-in-the-pond instructional development model Evaluate instructional design next Replay
9. Knowledge object for a whole-task Desired Consequence Task Task Task Task 5. How-to: Procedure for creating or selecting each artifact. 2. Kinds-of: Specific document or activity resulting from each task. 3. Kinds-of: Defining properties for each artifact. Portrayal shown in yellow Information shown in white Start More 4. Kinds-of: Ordering properties for each artifact. 6. How to: Example scenario for carrying out procedure. 1. How to: Series of tasks leading to desired consequence. next artifact artifact artifact artifact artifact
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11. Strategies for instructional outcomes Predict consequences or find conditions statement of conditions – Consequence If … then Demonstrate process statement of conditions – consequence if… then What happens perform task steps sequence demonstrate task steps – sequence How to classify examples definition examples non-examples definition Kinds of ------------------- name - location ------------------ name - location Parts of -------------------- Name information ------------------ name - information Information about Apply (do) info to portrayal Application Remember (ask) Information Recall Show Portrayal Demonstration Tell Information Presentation
12. Traditional Curriculum Sequence Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Presentation Practice or Test Final Project Start Animation next
13. Traditional Curriculum Example Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Start Animation The nature of entrepreneurship Business opportunities vs. business Ideas Determining business concept and resources Implement and manage the business Topic 5 Develop a business plan and start your own business Entrepreneurship Acquiring the necessary resources next
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15. A B C D E Opportunity Idea Resources Start business Acquire res. Start Entrepreneurship Manage bus. Task-Centered Instructional Strategy Example Present Example Teach component skills Demonstrate component skills Apply component skills Repeat Cycle for new businesses next Pig Farm Service Carpet Cleaning Retail Cell Phones Fiesta Restaurant Start your own business
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24. Resources First principles of Instruction Click on the button or title to go to resource Entrepreneurship Course (requires flash player on your computer) Click here to download flash player Knowledge Objects To view related presentations on-line click on the following hyperlinks: Netherlands Part 1 2006 Netherlands Part 2 2006 Netherlands Part 3 2006 Florida State University Presentation 2007
