Blood & circulation

STAYING HEALTHY
1. Describe the function of blood including transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, waste
products, hormones, antibodies and heat.
2. Name the parts of the blood and the function of each part
3. Describe the structure of each blood cell type
4. Describe the function of the heart as a “muscular pump that maintains the flow of blood around the
body.
5. Identify and label the parts of the heart and describe the function of each part.
6. Draw a diagram to show the movement of blood through the heart. Describe reason for double
system
7. Name the major blood vessels entering and leaving the heart and describe where they come from/
go to
8. Describe the structure and function of the three types of blood vessels found in the body
9. Define your pulse as “a wave of blood passing along an artery” and explain where it can be felt in
the body
10. Describe factors that affect heart/pulse rate
11. Describe the causes and symptoms of some heart and circulatory diseases - examples include
atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and varicose veins.
12. Label the parts of the breathing system and explain the function of each part.
13. Describe the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in breathing.
14. Explain the effect of exercise on breathing rate.
15. Describe and define the difference between breathing, gas exchange and respiration
16. Explain how to measure lung capacity and relate this to good respiratory function.

Tuesday, 27 April 2010

Living World (level 5)
• Life processes LW pro: Identify the key structural features and functions involved in the life processes of plants and animals. Describe
the organisation of life at a cellular level.
• Ecology LW eco: Investigate the interdependence of living things (including humans) in an ecosystem.
• Evolution LW evo: Describe the basic processes by which genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.

Speciﬁc Learning Outcome Suggested Learning Activities References

1. Name several • Read about the function of blood and discuss the function of blood Year 10 Study Guide
functions of blood emphasising the need for cells to be supplied with nutrients and oxygen and
have the wastes and carbon dioxide removed.

2. List the components • Students view cows blood under the microscope and draw the red blood cells. Slide 9 - 4 Sci2 p67
of blood and their • Students view Platelets, red and white blood cells on the projector screen and
functions describe their appearance. As an exercise they can compare and contrast the Slides 10 to 12
appearance of these structures

3. Compare the • Students dissect and view cross-sections of veins using the binocular
differences in microscopes. They compare and contrast these vessels
structure and • Cut and paste diagrams and complete close exercise on slide. Hipkins and Connor
function of blood Slide 16
vessels

4. Define ‘pulse’ and • Listen to a normal heart beat on the internet http://www.med.ucla.edu/
give examples of wilkes/intro.html
where it can be
located
• Take both the radial and the carotid pulse and compare the pulse rate of
boys and girls.
• Discuss the difference between pulse rates of boys and girls and other
features of heart rate.

5. Label a simple • Cut and paste a simple diagram of the human circulatory system into books. Year 10 Study Guide
circulatory system • Use slide 32 to describe the function of the circulatory system in terms of the
major structures. Slide 32

6. Describe the function • Students work through the worksheet, “The heart of the matter”
of the parts of the • Complete the cloze exercise summary
heart


7. Show the • With reference to a detailed OHT heart structure, students label the-se Slide 24 and 27 (OHT)
circulation of blood cross ction that is projected on the whiteboard
through the heart • Students dissect a sheep’s heart and identify the relevant structures
and name the
major blood vessels
and their function

8. Define • Brainstorm factors that students think will lead to coronary artery Reading Sheet: “What
artherosclerosis damage. is atherosclerosis”
• Read the handout sheet “What is atherosclerosis” and copy and
complete the notes as a cloze exercise.

9. Investigate factors • Read the sheet “Risk factors for heart disease” Reading sheet “Risk
that affect coronary • Complete the mind map on slide 35 factors for heart
arteries of the • Answer the questions on slide 36 disease”
heart and lead to Slides 35 & 36
heart disease

10. Identify factors that • Students read the sheet on training and pulse rate. They form buzz refer to sheet from
affect resting heart groups and discuss the questions handed out. Each group nominates a “Training, lactate &
rate recorder and a reporter and after the discussion their answers are pulse rate” from Peter
reported back to the class one group at a time. Janssen
• Use a datalogger to monitor resting heart rate. Students volunteer to
be subjects.
• Complete the cloze summary on resting heart rate. Slide 48

11. Describe how • Students use a heart rate monitor to record heart rate with time as
exercise affects the they exercise. This is plotted on a set of axes.
heart rate and • Exercise on Peter’s pulse Slides 49 & 50
explain the purpose • Compare fitness of two individuals Slide 51
of a raised heart
rate during exercise


12. Label parts of the • Choose from a list of labels to complete the labelled diagram of the Slide 53 to be re-
breathing system breathing system. Labels match structure and function developed.
and identify the
function of each
part

13. Describe the • Teacher demonstration: Bell jar breathing model Slide 53 to be re-
breathing process • Students explain why the balloons inflate and deflate developed.
• Cut and paste diagrams which summarise the breathing process. Bell jar
• Discuss the difference between breathing, gas exchange and breathing model.
respiration.

14. Describe how • Record breathing rate before and after exercise. Slide 57
exercise affects the • Discuss reasons for breathing rate needing to increase
breathing rate and
explain the purpose
of an elevated
breathing rate
during exercise

15. Determine a profile • Students work their way around a circus of activities that involves them
of health and taking measurements of each others resting ECG, Repiration rate
fitness that has an (before and after exercise), Heart rate (before, after and during
emphasis on exercise), lung capacity plus peak flow and blood pressure.
cardiovascular
fitness.

16. Define respiration • Discuss respiration. Stress that it is a cellular process and using simple Slide 58
and write an ideas about cell structure explain the chemical change that takes
equation for this place.
reaction


Word search KEY WORDS

Y N I P N O T T S Y E R C W N
plasma R B O H O C R U R Z R W I O G
platelets
pulse A R K I I L K A N A Z E I E P
aorta
atrium L O R E T S E L O H C T T U R
artery L N R P A A P A C Q A H L R C
ventricle
pulmonary I C L T L L R A I L C M E X A
vena cava
cholesterol
P H Y O A A V I A C O J V A J
inhalation A I R S H A T H P N X A E R R
exhalation
trachea C K M Y N G X E A S U N N O K
bronchi
bronchiole
V A Q N I E V R L Y E S T H M
alveolus M U I R T A Y L J E C R R T J
diaphragm
thorax M G A R H P A I D V T S I W T
vein B R O N C H I O L E E S C F W
capillary
respiration A L V E O L U S S N P U L S E
U C H K C O E D Z A P E E F W

AEROBIC RESPIRATION (air-o-bick res-purr-ay-shun) – respiration that use oxygen.
ALVEOLI (al-vee-oh-lie) – air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (an-air-o-bick res-purr-ay-shun) – respiration that does not use oxygen.
AORTA (ay-ort-ar) – major artery that carries blood from the heart to the body.
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS (are-tear-ee-oh-skleer-oh-sis) – hardening of the arteries.
ARTERY (are-ter-ee) – blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
ATRIUM (ay-tree-um) – one of two chambers in the heart that collect blood.
BREATHING (bree-thing) – the physical movement of air in and out of the lungs.
BRONCHI (bronk-eye)– two tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs.
BRONCHIOLES (bronk-ee-oles) – narrow tubes in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi.
CAPILLARY (ka-pill-are-ee) – the smallest blood vessel with walls only one cell thick.
CILIA (sill-ee-a) – tiny hairs present on the surface of cells lining the airways.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (sir-kew-lar-tory sis-tim) – the blood, blood vessels and heart.
DEOXYGENATED (dee-ox-I-gin-ay-ted) – without oxygen.
DIAPHRAGM (dye-a-fram) – sheet of muscle separating the chest area from the abdomen that has an important role in breathing.
EXHALE (ex-hail) – to breathe air out of the body.
GAS EXCHANGE (gass ex-change) – the exchange that occurs in the lungs of oxygen for carbon dioxide.
HAEMOGLOBIN(he-mow-glow-bin) – a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
HEART (hart) – a muscle that pumps blood around the body.
INHALE (in-hay-l) – to breathe air into the body.
LARYNX (lar-inx) – voice box.
OXYGENATED (ox-i-gin) – containing oxygen.
PLASMA (plaz-ma) – pale yellow liquid part of blood.
PLATELETS (plate-lets) – a cell in blood involved in blood clotting.
PULMONARY (pull-mun-airy) – refers to the lungs.
PULSE (pole-z) – expanding and contracting of arteries as a wave of blood passes.
RED BLOOD CELLS (red blud cells) – cells that carry oxygen around the body.
RESPIRATION (res-purr-ay-shun) – a chemical process that occurs in cells and releases energy.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (res-purr-a-tory sis-tim) – the organs involved in getting air into the body and exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide.
TRACHEA (tray-key-a) – the wind pipe.
VALVES (valve-z) – flaps in a blood vessel that only allow blood to go one way.
VEIN (vay-n) – blood vessels that return blood to the heart.
VENA CAVA (vee-na car-va) – vein that carries blood that is returning from the body to the heart
VENTRICLE (ven-trick-kill) – one of two chambers in the heart that pumps blood.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (why-te blud cells)– cells involved in defence against disease-causing organisms.

Write the answers only in the back of your book

Term Definition GLOSSARY 1 Match the term with its definition

A. Aerobic respiration 1. two tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs
B. Alveoli 2. hardening of the arteries
C. Anaerobic
3. without oxygen
respiration
D. Aorta 4. narrow tubes in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi.
E. Arteriosclerosis 5. to breathe air out of the body
F. Artery 6. the physical movement of air in and out of the lungs
G. Atrium 7. major artery that carries blood from the heart to the body.
8. sheet of muscle separating the chest area from the
H. Breathing
abdomen that has an important role in breathing
I. Bronchi 9. respiration that use oxygen.
J. Bronchioles 10. one of two chambers in the heart that collect blood
K. Capillary 11. blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
L. Cilia 12. air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
M. Circulatory system 13. respiration that does not use oxygen
N. Deoxygenated 14. the smallest blood vessel with walls only one cell thick
O. Diaphragm 15. the blood, blood vessels and heart
P. Exhale 16. tiny hairs present on the surface of cells lining the airways

Term Definition GLOSSARY 1
Aerobic respiration respiration that use oxygen.
Alveoli air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
Anaerobic
respiration that does not use oxygen
respiration
Aorta major artery that carries blood from the heart to the body.
Arteriosclerosis hardening of the arteries
Artery blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Atrium one of two chambers in the heart that collect blood
Breathing the physical movement of air in and out of the lungs
Bronchi two tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs
Bronchioles narrow tubes in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi.
Capillary the smallest blood vessel with walls only one cell thick
Cilia tiny hairs present on the surface of cells lining the airways
Circulatory system the blood, blood vessels and heart
Deoxygenated without oxygen
sheet of muscle separating the chest area from the abdomen
Diaphragm
that has an important role in breathing
Exhale to breathe air out of the body


Term Definition GLOSSARY 2 Match the term with its definition

A. Gas exchange 1. containing oxygen

B. Haemoglobin 2. a cell in blood involved in blood clotting

C. Heart 3. the exchange that occurs in the lungs of oxygen for carbon dioxide

D. Inhale 4. cells that carry oxygen around the body.

E. Larynx 5. pale yellow liquid part of blood

F. Oxygenated 6. voice box

G. Plasma 7. a muscle that pumps blood around the body

H. Platelets 8. a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

I. Pulmonary 9. to breathe air into the body

J. Pulse 10. flaps in a blood vessel that only allow blood to go one way.

K. Red blood cells 11. refers to the lungs

L. Respiration 12. blood vessels that return blood to the heart
M. Respiratory system 13. expanding and contracting of arteries as a wave of blood passes
14. the organs involved in getting air into the body and exchanging oxygen for
N. trachea
carbon dioxide
O. valves 15. the wind pipe

P. vein 16. one of two chambers in the heart that pumps blood

Q. vena cava 17. cells involved in defence against disease-causing organisms

R. ventricle 18. a chemical process that occurs in cells and releases energy

S. white blood cells 19. vein that carries blood that is returning from the body to the heart


Term Definition GLOSSARY 2
Gas exchange the exchange that occurs in the lungs of oxygen for carbon dioxide

Haemoglobin a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

Heart a muscle that pumps blood around the body

Inhale to breathe air into the body

Larynx voice box

Oxygenated containing oxygen

Plasma pale yellow liquid part of blood

Platelets a cell in blood involved in blood clotting

Pulmonary refers to the lungs

Pulse expanding and contracting of arteries as a wave of blood passes

Red blood cells cells that carry oxygen around the body.

Respiration a chemical process that occurs in cells and releases energy
the organs involved in getting air into the body and exchanging oxygen for carbon
Respiratory system dioxide
trachea the wind pipe

valves flaps in a blood vessel that only allow blood to go one way.

vein blood vessels that return blood to the heart

vena cava vein that carries blood that is returning from the body to the heart

ventricle one of two chambers in the heart that pumps blood

white blood cells cells involved in defence against disease-causing organisms

Back of book WHAT DO I ALREADY KNOW? Label the diagrams

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(g)
(f)

(e)

GUT, HEART, STOMACH, LIVER, LUNG
PANCREAS, KIDNEY


LOCATION OF THE BODY’S ORGANS

1. Draw the outline
2. Draw in where you think the organs (from the previous slide) are.
(Use the pictures on the previous slide to show you the shape of each organ

Check your work with the teacher when you think you have ﬁnished


BLOOD -
FUNCTION

1. DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF BLOOD ...
INTERESTING FACTS

COPY & ANSWER THE QUESTIONS (BELOW) INTO YOUR EXERCISE
BOOKS
USE A COMPUTER TO RESEARCH ANSWERS
Start in class ---> Finish for homework
1. What volume of blood is contained in the body of an average adult male? 5L
2. At what rate is this blood circulated through the heart? 5 L min-1

3. What effect does smoking have on the way our blood Narrows the blood vessels
in legs and arms (mainly)
circulates through our body?
High blood pressure.
4. Name one blood-related disease and describe it briefly.
Leukemia, Clotting
disorders (haemophilia),
Copy and complete the notes
Anaemia.
Blood is important because it carries substances around the body.
• Heat is carried to the skin.
• Wastes to the kidneys

• Carbon dioxide to the lungs

• Food from the gut & stomach to the cells

• Hormones from the glands to the body organs

BLOOD -
BITS

Copy the notes (below) and use computers to help you to complete them

Mainly water (50%)

Straw
4% colored

1% other

White blood cells - fight

Platelets -

Red blood cells - carry
around the body


LOOKING AT BLOOD CELLS
Practical Do not copy this

Copy the aim and draw the method then follow this instruction

Practical: 4Sci2 p67

Also, look at the OHT of red blood cells set up on the projector

WHAT YOU MIGHT SEE, 500 X MAGNIFIED

1000 x MAGNIFIED


SICKLE CELL NORMAL CELL


Red blood cell

White blood cell


WHERE DID I COME FROM?


Extra for Experts HOW A CLOT FORMS

1. Study the diagram (left and below)
2. For homework find out what fibrin is
and write the definition in the space
below.
3. Research how aspirin works and
what it is used for and write a brief
paragraph to summarize your
findings

Fibrin is
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
Aspirin is used for people who have
had a __________ attack. It works
by __________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

BLOOD BITS - MIX & MATCH

Platelets

Cut out the pictures,
Red blood cells White blood cells descriptions & functions



Platelets


Donut shaped
(discs which have a hollow on each
side)
- this increases surface area



Platelets


Donut shaped
side)

Have no nucleus



Platelets


Donut shaped
side)

Red in colour

Have no nucleus



Platelets


Donut shaped
Granular (rough) in appearance
side)

Red in colour

Have no nucleus



Platelets


Donut shaped
side)

Larger than red blood cells
Red in colour

Have no nucleus



Platelets


Donut shaped
side)
Fewer in number than red blood cells
Red in colour

Have no nucleus



Platelets


Donut shaped
side)
Have a nucleus Red in colour

Have no nucleus



Platelets


Donut shaped
side)
Flat
Have no nucleus



Platelets


Donut shaped
side)
Irregularly shaped discs Flat
Have no nucleus



Platelets


Donut shaped
side)
Have no nucleus
Cell fragments


Platelets


Donut shaped
side)
Very small in size Have no nucleus
Cell fragments


Platelets


Donut shaped
side)
Carry oxygen Cell fragments


Platelets


Donut shaped
side) Can cause bacteria to clump so
- this increases surface area that antibodies can attack them
Carry oxygen Cell fragments


Platelets


Donut shaped
Can eat bacteria Carry oxygen Cell fragments


Platelets


Donut shaped
Can eat bacteria Carry oxygen Cell fragments Help blood to clot

Match these pictures, descriptions & functions
in a table such as the one shown (below)

Picture Descriptions Functions

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets


HAEMOGLOBIN

Haemoglobin is a very large molecule (a big
group of atoms joined together). In the
centre of the molecule there are iron atoms
which allow the molecule to carry oxygen
atoms (and some carbon dioxide).

Haemoglobin gives blood its red colour. When
someone is low in haemoglobin we say that
they are anaemic.

Oxygen is collected from the lungs and
delivered to the body tissues:


BLOOD -
VESSELS

Copy the notes & COMPLETE them

Arteries - have walls
- carry blood the heart
- have elastic fibres that withstand .
Veins - have walls
- carry blood to the heart
- do not need elastic fibres because the in veins is at a low
pressure
- rely on to make sure that blood flows back to the heart in
one direction only. also help blood return to the heart by
squeezing on veins
- Veins are found in the veins of calves, hands and arms as these
vessels carry blood against the force of gravity

Capillaries - are blood vessels that ensure that blood reaches every cell
- their walls are one cell thick so blood can pass through them easily
- they supply & and remove
and .
- have walls that are one cell thick

Answers I SEE RED, I SEE RED, I SEE RED!

1. Dash needs concentrated red cells because his body is not making red
cells.

2. Marcus needs chemicals in the plasma because he needs more factor
VIII.

3. Ignatius needs concentrated blood cells to replace the blood cells that
have been lost and concentrated plasma to maintain fluid balance.
After the operation he needs immunity proteins from plasma to help
fight infection.

4. Joan needs concentrated plasma as this will replace the fluids lost in
the burn blisters.


Interactive exercise ARTERY OR VEIN - WHICH IS WHICH?

A B

C


CIRCULATION


WHAT IS CIRCULATION??

• Circulation is the flow of blood around the
body.

• This is required to supply cells with nutrients
and oxygen.

• Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
through the small intestine and become
dissolved in the plasma.

• Oxygen is carried on haemoglobin.

• Circulation is required to remove wastes and
carbon dioxide from the cells. Carbon dioxide
is carried on haemoglobin.

• Wastes are dissolved in the plasma.


ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART. VEINS CARRY BLOOD
BACK TO THE HEART.


Artery

Vein

ARTERIES & VEINS ARE
CONNECTED BY A CAPILLARY
NETWORK

ARTERIES & VEINS ARE FOUND TOGETHER AROUND ORGANS


HEART AS
A PUMP

THE HEART AND THE TWO LOOP SYSTEM

The function of the heart is to ________
blood around the body.

Blood circulates through two loops.

• One loop involves the _________.

• The other loop involves the flow of
blood through body’s tissues and
_________ (these include the brain,
_____________ kidneys, and
________________ .


Blood pressure results from the
back pressure of the capillaries
on the arteries due to the
hearts contraction


hearts contraction

A healthy blood
pressure for an
adult is 120
over 80.


hearts contraction

A healthy blood
pressure for an
adult is 120
over 80.

120 mm Hg - max contraction

hearts contraction

80 mm Hg - heart
A healthy blood relaxes as blood
pressure for an flows into it.
adult is 120
over 80.

120 mm Hg - max contraction

Typical Blood
Pressures include ...


Typical Blood
Pressures include ... 80/45 in infants


Typical Blood

120/80 at age 30


Typical Blood

120/80 at age 30

140/85 at age 40 and over

Blood Pressure can
identify any disease
that...


Blood Pressure can
that...
1. widens blood
vessels


Blood Pressure can
that...
1. widens blood
vessels

2. narrows blood
vessels


Blood Pressure can
that...
1. widens blood
vessels

2. narrows blood
vessels
3. makes blood vessels
less stretchy


Blood Pressure can
that...
1. widens blood
vessels

2. narrows blood
vessels
3. makes blood vessels
less stretchy
4. effects the pumping
power of the heart


Video worksheet PUMPING LIFE - THE BLOOD & CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

continually
In order for blood to do its job it must ______________ flow throughout the body.

pump
The heart acts as a ____________ to drive blood through the circulatory system. It
muscle
can do this because it is nearly all _____________.

four atria
The heart has _________ chambers. The top chambers are called _________ and the
ventricles atrium
bottom chambers are called __________. The right _________ and the right
ventricle atrium ventricle
_____________ are connected and the left ___________ and left __________ are
right left
also connected but there is no connection between the _______ and ________ side

of the heart.

left
The right side of the heart appears on the ____________ from our point of view.

The right atrium accepts blood (that is low in ____________) from the body tissues
oxygen

and organs. It then passes into the right ____________. The right __________
ventricle ventricle

pumps blood to the capillaries of the lungs. Capillaries allow ___________ _________
carbon dioxide

to enter the lungs and pick up _____________ from the lungs.
oxygen

HEART,
VESSELS &
FUNCTIONS

___________________
carries blood to body
tissues & organs

_______________
carries blood back
to the heart from
_______________ the lungs
Carries blood to the
lungs Word list
Valves
_______________ Left atrium
carries blood back Right atrium
to the heart from Left ventricle
organs & tissues
Right ventricle
Septum
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
BLOOD VESSELS
& CHAMBERS OF Aorta
THE HEART Vena cavae


THE CUT AND PASTE HEART

PART 4


THE CUT AND PASTE HEART instructions

Cut out Part 1

Colour the white areas on the side labeled “right side” BLUE. The grey shaded areas
are the muscular wall. Paste Part 1 in the centre of a new page in your exercise book.

Cut out parts 2 and 3

Colour these RED. Glue the dotted edges (not the whole thing) and stick edges on top
of the numbers 2 and 3 on Part one.

Cut out parts 4, 5 and 6.

Colour these parts BLUE. Glue the arrowed edges (not the whole thing) and stick
edges on top of the numbers 4, 5 and 6 on Part one. Lift part 3 so part 6 lies
underneath it.

Cut out parts 7 and 8

Colour these parts YELLOW. Glue the arrow edges (not the whole thing) and stick
edges on top of the numbers 7 and 8 on Part one.

Cut out Part 9.

Colour this PINK. Glue the back of the tab and stick in your book so it covers all of
Part 1.

Once you have completed this exercise, label the blood vessels.

Practical HEART DISSECTION
1. The left side will feel thicker and more muscular. Using this knowledge, place the heart on the
dissection tray so that the left side is where you would expect to see it if you were looking at
a picture of your heart.
2. Draw and label your heart showing the blood vessels that enter and leave the heart. Also
draw and label the coronary arteries.

B

3. Make cuts A, B and C (in
A that order. Use the 3D
picture on the next slide to
C
help you to identify the
highlighted structures

Theory MY HEART FROM THE OUTSIDE H/O
Now label this


BLOOD
FLOW
(THROUGH THE HEART)


Use the diagram to
MY CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
complete these notes
• The right side of the heart receives blood from
all body ______ and ______. This blood is
dark in colour because it does not contain
much oxygen.
• Blood enters the right side of the heart through
the _____ ______ and into the ______
______ .It then passes into the right ventricle
which squeezes blood into the pulmonary
arteries.
• ___________ ________ carry blood to the
lungs.
• The lungs oxygenate the blood.
• The ________ ______ carry blood from the
lungs back to the heart where it enters the left
atrium. This blood is bright red in colour
because it is rich in oxygen.
• From the left atrium, blood passes into the
_______ _____________.
• The left ventricle squeezes blood into the
_________ which branches into smaller blood
vessels. These supply body tissues and organs
with oxygenated blood.

BLOOD VESSELS & FLOW THROUGH THE HEART

1. Cut and Paste the diagram of the human heart (below) into your book.
2. Use the “3D DIAGRAM” on OHT to help you to label this diagram using
the word list below. Use every word once only.

Word list Labels for arrows
Aorta
From body
Right ventricle
From lungs
Left ventricle
to lungs
Pulmonary artery
Vena Cava to body

Pulmonary vein
Valve tendon
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
Right atrium
Left atrium
semilunar valve


DISEASE

Staying Health Research Assignment Date due

A disease is a condition in which a tissue, organ or organ system does not function properly.
Atherosclerosis is one form of the disease arteriosclerosis and it affects part of the
circulatory system.
In your report you must answer the following questions: -
•

Name the part of the circulatory system this disease affects and how the disease affects
it
•

Describe the causes of the disease
•

Describe the symptoms a person with this disease might show
•

Discuss how the disease can be prevented and how it is treated.

You can present your report as either an A3 sized poster or a written/typed report of no
more than 2 A4 pages.

Your written work must be in your own words (no cut and paste from internet sites).
You must also include at least one diagram/picture that helps support your written
answers. Make sure it has either labels or a caption that links to your written work.

Include a bibliography at end of the written report or on the back of poster.
This will include:-
•

the title and author(s) of any books you use in alphabetical order
•

the web address of any world wide web sites used

Hint - start by looking up arteriosclerosis and then look for Atherosclerosis

ATHEROSCLEROSIS http://www.torrancememorial.org/carrisk.htm

1. Read the handout sheet entitled “What is Atherosclerosis?”
2. Copy and Complete the following notes:
• Also called “.......................... ..... ......... ..................... “ .
• Caused by a build up of ............ and ...................... on the inside walls of arteries.
• This can cause ...................... of the arteries and a ..................... in blood flow.
• Permanent damage to tissues and organs can occur if .............. supply is disrupted.
• If the coronary arteries are affected by atherosclerosis, they could become further
narrowed by substances in the blood and block altogether. THIS RESULTS IN A HEART
ATTACK.


Mind map RISK FACTORS FOR HEART DISEASE

1. Read the handout sheet entitled “Risk factors and Coronary Heart Disease?”
2. Copy & Complete the mind map below:

All Risk factors

Major

can be managed or controlled ( --> obesity)

Contributing

can be managed or controlled can not be managed or controlled
ACTIVITY: With these factors up on the white board; Students all stand. Go thru each factor. Students who think they
have it sit. By the end of the lesson...no one is standing ---> no one is safe from heart disease)



All Risk factors

Major

smoking


Contributing




All Risk factors

Major

smoking Cholesterol


Contributing




All Risk factors

Major

smoking Cholesterol diabetes


Contributing




All Risk factors

Major

smoking Cholesterol diabetes inactivity


Contributing




All Risk factors

Major



Contributing

stress




All Risk factors

Major



Contributing

stress alcohol




All Risk factors

Major



Contributing

stress alcohol age




All Risk factors

Major



Contributing

stress alcohol age gender




All Risk factors

Major



Contributing

stress alcohol age gender heredity


PULSE DEFINITION & FACTORS AFFECTING IT


WHAT’S IN A PULSE?
http://www.blaufuss.org/

http://www.med.ucla.edu/wilkes/intro.html
When the doctor listens to my heart using a stethoscope a “lud doog” sound is heard.
This is the sound of one beat. These sounds are from the valves in the heart
snapping shut.
Definition
The pulse is a wave of blood passing through an artery and it is the pressure
caused by the compression of blood that is felt when someone feels for a pulse.

Things you need to know
1. My pulse rate is the number of beats that my heart makes per minute.
2. The unit of pulse rate is __________ _____ _____________ (____) .
3. The average adult resting pulse rate is between 60 and 80 bpm
4. Newborns have a pulse rate of about __________.
5. Women have a ___________ pulse rate than men.
6. Recovery rate is the time it takes for a person’s heart rate to return to its resting
value once exercise has stopped. The lower the recovery rate, the greater the level
of fitness
7. A fit person also has a low resting pulse and takes a long time to reach maximum
heart rate

RECOVERY TIME

recovery time


Practical TAKING MY PULSE

There are at least 2 places where my pulse can be taken:
(a) at my wrist (radial pulse)
(b) at my neck (carotid pulse)

1. Take your pulse using both methods, each time counting the number of beats in 15
seconds and multiplying by 4. (What are the units of your answer? Are both of
your answers the same?)
2. Calculate your average pulse and write it into your book.
3. Record your class results in the following table

Class results

Average
Boys

Average
Girls


Practical FACTORS AFFECTING PULSE RATE

For each of the activities shown in the table (below) measure your pulse rate and
record this in your books in a table (as shown below)

Activity Pulse rate (bpm) Copy and answer the questions:

Sitting
Standing
Jogging
Step-ups/stairs

Questions

(a) Which activity that would give a lower pulse rate than standing
______________________________________________________________

(b) Trial your suggestion and record your result in the space in the table

(c) Explain why your pulse rate changes when you change from sitting down to each
of the other activities
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

HOW LONG-TERM EXERCISE AFFECTS THE RESTING PULSE RATE


OTHER FACTORS


WHO IS FITTER?

Pulse rate
Heart rate vs time graph for two individuals
(bpm)

Key:
Paul
Peter
200

150

100

50

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 time
(min)

Cut &
Copy & answer the following questions into your book Paste

Questions
1. What is Paul’s resting heart rate? ____________

2. At what time does the graph suggest that exercise started? __________

3. How long does it take Paul’s heart rate to reach a maximum? __________

4. What is Peter’s maximum heart rate? __________

5. For how long does Peter maintain his maximum heart rate? __________

6. At what time does the graph suggest that exercise stops? __________

7. How long does it take Paul’s heart rate to return to its resting value? __________

8. Explain why Peter is fitter than Paul.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________


SUMMARY - MY HEART AT REST

Copy and Complete the following notes:

• Resting heart rate is a measure of the overall .................... of an athlete. The

lower the better.

• Resting heart rate is best measured in the ................... so that

accurate comparisons can be made.

• Over several months of exercise resting heart rate can be ........................... .

• Resting heart rate can remain elevated a day or two after

a heavy workout or race as increased blood flow is required

to compensate for the low .................. level of recovering muscle cells.

• During a fever the resting heart rate ............. to compensate for

a ..................... in blood pressure caused by illness.


BREATHING
SYSTEM PARTS & FUNCTION


THE FLOW OF AIR Cut & Paste

1. Cut and paste the diagram (of the breathing system) into your
book.
2. Copy a flow diagram into your book that correctly represents the
pathway that air flows through as it enters the body (the format
of this diagram is shown below and the words needed to
complete it are in the box)

bronchiole, mouth, alveoli
bronchus, trachea

1. Cut & paste the picture of the trachea into your book.
2. The cartilage rings are like the ribs of a vacuum cleaner hose.
Copy and complete the sentence below next to your pasted
diagram

The trachea
Another name for the trachea is the __________________ . Cartilage
rings
Its walls are reinforced with cartilage rings. Cartilage is a soft yet stiff
material. The cartilage prevents the wind pipe from ____________
when we breathe in.

Alveoli

Use the pictures on the right to complete the
following sentence, describing the function of
the alveoli:

The ____________ is an air sac at the end of a
______________ . It is surrounded by a
________________ which carries blood from the
heart. ___________ ___________ passes
into the alveolus through the ____________
_____________. _______________ from the alveolus
passes into the capillary and this blood is carried back
to the _______________

The surface of the alveolar wall must be moist
so that gases can ___________ . This must
happen before they can pass into the blood
stream.


DID YOU KNOW? “Not having enough
pulmonary surfactant
causes respiratory
distress syndrome in
infants.”

A moist alveolar surface is important
but ... the water creates a lot of
surface tension
There is a special type of alveolar cell
called a type II cell which secretes a
substance called pulmonary surfactant.
This is a chemical which reduces the
surface tension of the water that lines the
alveolus.
Without this chemical it would be very
difficult to expand the alveolus so that air
could be dragged into them. The effort
required would be tremendous.
Taking deep breaths stimulates the
release of this chemical and allows
breathing to be more effective.

BREATHING
PROCESS

“Check out the bell jar” DIAPHRAGM

Glass tube
Ribs
Rubber bung

Balloon

Diaphragm

Rubber sheet (represents the diaphragm)

PULL DOWN

Observation


The diaphragm is a sheet of _______.
When the diaphragm __________ it
flattens out and __________ the
space inside the chest cavity. Air
rushes in to fill this space (you
breathe in). When the diaphragm
relaxes it arches up and __________
the space so air must leave the chest
cavity (you breathe out)

INTERCOSTALS

These are the muscles between the ribs. When you breathe in
the diaphragm contracts and flattens while these muscles
contract to ______ the rib cage.
When you breathe out the intercostals _________.


PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW Copy

• Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is a measure of the maximum
speed that air can be blown out from your lungs.

• It is useful for helping doctors to find out how serious
someone’s asthma symptoms are.

• The doctor has a record of the patient’s PEF when that person
is well.

• If the person arrives at the surgery complaining of problems
with breathing the doctor measures the PEF.

• A 15 to 20% drop in the person’s PEF shows that the problem
is significant.


HOW TO USE A PEAK FLOW METER

Step 3: “Make sure the indicator
is at the bottom of the meter

1. Stand up straight.
2. Make sure the indicator is at the bottom of the meter.
3. Take a deep breath filling your lungs completely.
4. Place the mouthpiece in your mouth; lightly bite with your teeth, and close your
lips on it.
5. Blast the air out as hard and as fast as possible in a single blow.
6. Record the number that appears on the meter.
7. Repeat these steps three times.
8. Record the highest of the three readings

My results:


BREATHING
RATE & FACTORS AFFECTING IT


Practical THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON BREATHING RATE Copy

My breathing rate is the number of times I inhale or exhale
in 1 minute.

My breathing rate

before exercise = breaths per minute

after exercise = breaths per minute

Notes “Copy and complete the following notes”

1. My breathing rate increases during exercise because ...

2. The process which uses the extra oxygen to make chemical
energy in the cells is called

3. During exercise this process occurs more


RESPIRATION


BREATHING, GAS EXCHANGE and RESPIRATION Copy

Breathing How air gets into and out of the lungs
Gas exchange How gases get into and out of the blood stream
Respiration How oxygen is used to make energy

Respiration
• Respiration is the process which occurs inside cells that uses glucose and oxygen
to make chemical potential energy. This energy can be used for growth and
movement.
• Carbon dioxide and water are products of respiration.

The equation which summarises respiration is:

Carried to cells by the blood Carried away from cells by the blood

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water

Breathed in Breathed out


STARTERS

MICROSCOPE PARTS

Your teacher will show you a microscope
and explain how it works
1. Cut and Paste the microscope picture into
your book
2. Label the picture using the list of parts
shown below.

Arm

List of microscope parts:
base, objective lenses, stage,
course focusing knob,
ﬁne focusing knob, eyepiece lens
light source, body tube,
stage clips.

Focus Knob, Mirror, Eyepiece lens, Condenser,
Objective lens, Stage

Use the words given to label the
diagram:

(a)
LABEL THE PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE

(b) (c)

(e) •
(f)

Use some of the same words to complete the sentences
below:

The (g)....................... is used to get a clear picture.

The (h)....................... is used to support the object you

are looking at.

The (i)...................... is used to reflect the light.

The (j)...................... is what you look through.

USING THE MICROSCOPE

A Change to the E Focus the microscope
big lens using the large knob

B Put a drop of water F Turn the lenses till
between the two you are on the
sheets of glass smallest.
G Put the sheets of
C Focus using the glass on the stage
small knob

H
Put a cover slip over
the top
D
Adjust the light
source

STEPS IN USING A MICROSCOPE

IN THE BACK OF YOUR BOOKS. Write out the steps that you would follow when you
use a microscope in the correct order. (the steps below are jumbled)

1. Change to the medium power objective and adjust using the fine
focus knob

2. Turn the light on.

3. Place the specimen on the stage

4. Check that the microscope is set to low power.

5. Plug the electrical lead of the microscope into the wall socket.

6. Adjust using the course focus knob

7. Adjust the amount of light entering the microscope by adjusting the
condenser.

8. Carry the microscope to the bench with one hand on the arm and the
other hand under the base of the microscope.

BLOOD BITS REVISION

Name three substances transported by the blood.
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
Use the following terms to complete the sentences below:

plasma, haemoglobin, red blood cells,
antibodies, white blood cells, platelets, oxygen

(a) There are 600 ……………………. to every one ……………………. in the blood

(b) The clear liquid in blood is called …………………………..

(c) The red colour of blood is caused by ………………………………

(d) White blood cells make ……………………… which destroy ‘germs’ in the blood

(e) Haemoglobin carries ………………………. around the body

(f) The cell fragments that make blood clots to heal wounds are called
………………………….

LABEL THE BLOOD VESSELS

Name of vessel
Word list
(you may use some words
more than once)

Valve
Vein
Strong muscular layer
Weak muscular layer
Thin wall
Outer layer
Lining of vessel
Artery
Capillary


QUESTIONS

1. Explain why capillaries have thin walls?

2. Explain why arteries have elastic fibres in their walls?

3. Explain why veins have valves?


THE HEART AND CIRCULATION

• The heart is labelled from the point of view of the
animal from which the heart is taken so the left side
of the heart is on the ............. side of the animal’s body.
• The left ventricle has thicker walls because ...........
• The human heart acts as a ....................
• It pumps blood to the lungs where blood is ......................
• Oxygenated blood returns to the heart and from
there it is pumped to the rest of the body.
(............. and ....................)
• Blood flows away from the heart through ....................
• Blood flows back to the heart through ....................
• The heart never stops pumping. It is made up of
a special muscle that never fatigues called
............... .................. .


AN INCREDIBLE JOURNEY
http://subscription.echalk.co.uk/index.htm


A MIXED BAG OF WORDS Use after teaching SLO’s 1 and 2

Match the term with its correct definition
Term Definition
1. oxygen A. blood proteins that act against foreign substances in the blood

2. carbon dioxide B. the speed with which something moves or changes

3. hormones C. the rectangular sheet of glass upon which a sample is placed in
preparation for it to be viewed microscopically
4. antibodies D. a colourless odourless gas produced by burning and respiration

5. circulates E. an optical instrument used for viewing very small objects

6. rate F. moves continuously around a closed circuit in the body

7. plasma G. a small thin slither of glass used to cover a sample that is being
viewed under a microscope
8. platelets H. the colourless part of the blood

9. cells I. disc - shaped fragments which have no nucleus. They are found
in blood and are involved in clotting
10. microscope J. the building blocks of living things

11. cover slip K. a colourless odourless gas that is essential for life

12. slide L. substances that stimulate cells into action


BLOOD BITS


THE BIG HEART CROSSWORD CHALLENGE


CLUES


ANSWERS


HEART PARTS

1. The heart is a hollow ball of muscle which sits to the left side of the chest
_____________.

2. The heart is connected to the lungs by the ____________ arteries and veins.

3. Arteries carry blood ______ from the heart and veins carry blood back to the
heart.

4. The pulmonary arteries supply the ________ with blood and the pulmonary veins
return blood from the ________ to the heart.

5. The heart has ________ chambers.

6. These are the left and right _________ and the left and right ___________.

7. The left and right sides of the heart are separated by a thick muscular wall.

8. _________ separate each atrium from each ventricle and ensure that blood flows
in the right direction as it flows through the heart.

9. Blood flow is powered by the ____________ of the atria and ventricles.

10. Atria contract to force blood into the __________. Valves close to prevent blood
flowing ________ ______ ___ _________.

11. The left ventricle consists of muscular walls that are ___________ than the right
ventricle because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

EXERCISES


Hwk 1


Hwk 2


OTHER
STUFF

THE HEART OF THE MATTER H/O:

“How the heart

pumps blood”

1.

Research the following

questions.
2.

Answer them as full

sentences on a sheet

of A4
3.

Hand your work in for

marking


QUESTIONS

(a) What is cholesterol, LDL and HDL?

(b) Describe what is meant by heredity?

(c) Explain how smoking makes it difficult for the heart
to get enough oxygen?

(d) Explain how hypertension increases the workload on the
heart.

(e) Discuss the difference between a major risk factor and a
contributing risk factor.


QUESTIONS

Answer the following questions as full sentences.

1. Explain in words how the breathing tubes branch. (Hint:
start from the trachea)

2. The trachea has rings of cartilage as part of its structure.
Explain the function of these rings of cartilage. (Hint: think
of a vacuum cleaner tube)

3. Alveoli have a large, moist surface area. Explain why this
is necessary. (Hint: use the words “sticking” and “diffuses”)


CRITERIA EVIDENCE Judgement

√ or x
Names the part of the can affect all large and medium-sized arteries, including the Need 2 A
circulatory system that is coronary, carotid, and cerebral arteries, the aorta, its branches, out of 3
and major arteries of the extremities
affected A grades

States how this is affected Atherosclerosis is patchy intimal plaques (atheromas) in A
medium-sized and large arteries; the plaques contain lipids,
inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, and connective
tissue.

Describes the cause of the Causal/Risk factors include dyslipidemia, diabetes, cigarette A
disease smoking, family history, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and
hypertension.

Describes symptoms Symptoms develop when growth or rupture of the plaque Must M
reduces or obstructs blood flow; symptoms vary by artery have
affected. (angina if coronary arteries affected)

Discusses how the disease Reduction of Causal/Risk factors: ie. correction of Must M
might be prevented dyslipidemia with sensible diet low in saturated fats and high in have
polyunsaturated fatty acids, controlling diabetes, stop cigarette
smoking, exercise, eating moderately, and controlling
hypertension.

Work is in the students own Must E
words have

There is at least one picture Need 2 A
or diagram out of 3
A grades
A bibliography is included A
The work is well presented A

Teacher resource READING ABOUT ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Atherosclerosis is patchy intimal plaques (atheromas) in medium-sized and large arteries; the
plaques contain lipids, inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, and connective tissue. Risk factors
include dyslipidemia, diabetes, cigarette smoking, family history, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and
hypertension. Symptoms develop when growth or rupture of the plaque reduces or obstructs blood
flow; symptoms vary by artery affected. Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by angiography,
ultrasonography, or other imaging tests. Treatment includes risk factor and dietary modification,
physical activity, antiplatelet drugs, and antiatherogenic drugs.

Atherosclerosis can affect all large and medium-sized arteries, including the coronary, carotid, and
cerebral arteries, the aorta, its branches, and major arteries of the extremities. It is the leading
cause of morbidity and mortality in the US and in most developed countries. In recent years, age-
related mortality attributable to atherosclerosis has been decreasing, but in 2005, cardiovascular
disease, primarily coronary and cerebrovascular atherosclerosis still caused almost 870,000 deaths
in the US (more than cancer and almost 9 times more than injuries). Atherosclerosis is rapidly
increasing in prevalence in developing countries, and as people in developed countries live longer,
incidence will increase. By 2020, atherosclerosis is expected to be the leading cause of death
worldwide.


DEVELOP INTO
A CLOSE
EXERCISE


DEVELOP INTO
Red Blood
cells are made

A CLOSE
inside bones
( the bone
marrow).
EXERCISE


Blood & circulation

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