5. Objective To find the formula and proof of Ballot problem for many candidates.
6. In the case of two candidates (The Original Ballot problem)
7. Suppose is the ballots of the 1 st candidate. is the ballots of the 2 nd candidate, when . Define “1” as the ballot given to 1 st candidate. “ -1” as the ballot given to 2 nd candidate. In the case of two Candidates
8. The number of ways to count the ballots for required condition. The number of permutation of the sequence: such that the partial sum is always positive. The number of ways to walk on the lattice plane starting at (0,0) and finish at (a,b), and not allow pass through the line y=x except (0,0) = =
10. Reflection Principle “ Reflection principle” is use to count the number of path, one can show that the number of illegal ways which begin at (1,0) is equal to the number of ways begin at (0,1). It implies that, if we denote as the number of ways as required:
31. is the number of ways to count the ballots of the n candidates such that, while the ballots are being counted, the winner will always get more ballots than the loser. Definition Lemma 3 Formula for n candidates
37. 1. Think about the condition “never less than” instead of “always more than.” Development 2. What if we suppose that the ballots of the 3 rd candidate don’t relate to anyone else?
38.
39. Application In Cryptography Define the plaintext (code) used to send the data Increases the security of the system.
40. Reference Chen Chuan-Chong and Koh Khee-Meng, Principles and Techniques in Combinatorics , World Scientific, 3rd ed., 1999. Marc Renault, Four Proofs of the Ballot Theorem, U.S.A., 2007. Michael L. GARGANO, Lorraine L. LURIE Louis V. QUINTAS, and Eric M. WAHL, The Ballot Problem, U.S.A.,2005. Miklos Bona, Unimodality, Introduction to Enumerative Combinatorics, McGrawHill, 2007. Sriram V. Pemmaraju, Steven S. Skienay, A System for Exploring Combinatorics and Graph Theory in Mathematica, U.S.A., 2004.