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Marinier Laird Cogsci 2008 Emotionrl Pres
- 1. Emotion-Driven Reinforcement Learning Bob Marinier & John Laird University of Michigan, Computer Science and Engineering CogSci’08
- 2. 2 Introduction • Interested in the functional benefits of emotion for a cognitive agent ▫ Appraisal theories of emotion ▫ PEACTIDM theory of cognitive control • Use emotion as a reward signal to a reinforcement learning agent ▫ Demonstrates a functional benefit of emotion ▫ Provides a theory of the origin of intrinsic reward
- 3. 3 Outline • Background ▫ Integration of emotion and cognition ▫ Integration of emotion and reinforcement learning ▫ Implementation in Soar • Learning task • Results
- 4. 4 Appraisal Theories of Emotion • A situation is evaluated along a number of appraisal dimensions, many of which relate the situation to current goals ▫ Novelty, goal relevance, goal conduciveness, expectedness, causal agency, etc. • Appraisals influence emotion • Emotion can then be coped with (via internal or external actions) Situation Goals Coping Appraisals Emotion
- 5. 5 Appraisals to Emotions (Scherer 2001) Joy Fear Anger High/medium High High Suddenness High High High Unpredictability Low Intrinsic pleasantness High High High Goal/need relevance Other/nature Other Cause: agent Chance/intentional Intentional Cause: motive Very high High Very high Outcome probability Discrepancy from High High expectation Very high Low Low Conduciveness High Control Very low High Power
- 6. 6 Cognitive Control: PEACTIDM (Newell 1990) Perceive Obtain raw perception Encode Create domain-independent representation Attend Choose stimulus to process Comprehend Generate structures that relate stimulus to tasks and can be used to inform behavior Task Perform task maintenance Intend Choose an action, create prediction Decode Decompose action into motor commands Motor Execute motor commands
- 7. 7 Unification of PEACTIDM and Appraisal Theories Perceive Environmental Raw Perceptual Change Information Motor Encode Suddenness Stimulus Unpredictability Motor Relevance Goal Relevance Commands Intrinsic Pleasantness Prediction Outcome Decode Attend Probability Causal Agent/Motive Action Stimulus chosen Discrepancy for processing Conduciveness Control/Power Intend Comprehend Current Situation Assessment
- 8. 8 Distinction between emotion, mood, and feeling (Marinier & Laird 2007) • Emotion: Result of appraisals ▫ Is about the current situation • Mood: “Average” over recent emotions ▫ Provides historical context • Feeling: Emotion “+” Mood ▫ What agent actually perceives
- 9. 10 Intrinsically Motivated Reinforcement Learning (Sutton & Barto 1998; Singh et al. 2004) External Environment Environment Actions Sensations Critic Internal Environment Appraisal Actions Rewards States Critic Process +/- Feeling Decisions Rewards States Intensity Agent Agent “Organism” • Reward = Intensity * Valence
- 10. 11 Extending Soar with Emotion (Marinier & Laird 2007) Symbolic Long-Term Memories Procedural Episodic Semantic Reinforcement Chunking Episodic Semantic Learning Learning Learning Short-Term Memory Appraisal Detector Decision Procedure Situation, Goals Visual Perception Action Imagery Body
- 11. 12 Extending Soar with Emotion (Marinier & Laird 2007) Symbolic Long-Term Memories Procedural Episodic Semantic Reinforcement Chunking Episodic Semantic Learning Learning Learning Appraisal Detector Feeling .9,.6,.5,-.1,.8,… Short-Term Memory Decision Feelings Procedure Situation, Goals Emotion Mood .5,.7,0,-.4,.3,… .7,-.2,.8,.3,.6,… Visual Perception Action Imagery Body Knowledge Architecture
- 12. 13 Learning task Start Goal
- 13. 14 Learning task: Encoding North Passable: false On path: false Progress: true East West Passable: false Passable: false On path: true On path: false Progress: true Progress: true South Passable: true On path: true Progress: true
- 14. 15 Learning task: Encoding & Appraisal North Intrinsic Pleasantness: Low Goal Relevance: Low Unpredictability: High East West Intrinsic Pleasantness: Low Intrinsic Pleasantness: Low Goal Relevance: High Goal Relevance: Low Unpredictability: High Unpredictability: High South Intrinsic Pleasantness: Neutral Goal Relevance: High Unpredictability: Low
- 15. 16 Learning task: Attending, Comprehending & Appraisal South Intrinsic Pleasantness: Neutral Goal Relevance: High Unpredictability: Low Conduciveness: High Control: High …
- 17. 18 Learning task: Tasking Optimal Subtasks
- 18. 19 What is being learned? • When to Attend vs Task • If Attending, what to Attend to • If Tasking, which subtask to create • When to Intend vs. Ignore
- 19. 20 Learning Results 12000 Median Processing Cycles 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Episode Standard RL Feeling=Emotion Feeling=Emotion+Mood
- 20. 21 Results: With and without mood 300 Median Processing Cycles 290 280 270 260 250 240 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Episode Feeling=Emotion Feeling=Emotion+Mood Optimal
- 21. 22 Discussion • Agent learns both internal (tasking) and external (movement) actions • Emotion allows for more frequent rewards, and thus learns faster than standard RL • Mood “fills in the gaps” allowing for even faster learning and less variability
- 22. 23 Conclusion & Future Work • Demonstrated computational model that integrates emotion and cognitive control • Confirmed emotion can drive reinforcement learning • We have already successfully demonstrated similar learning in a more complex domain • Would like to explore multi-agent scenarios