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Amphibians:
     What do we know about them?




Gururaja KV, Ph.D.,
Research Scientist, IISc, Bangalore
gururajakv@gmail.com
Flow of the talk
   Introduction to Amphibians
   Uniqueness
   Systematics
   Research on them
   As Bioresources
Common sight in and around
    your house!




Duttaphrynus melanostictus Common Indian Toad
And near a lake!
Whom do you call amphibians?

    Those vertebrates that live both in water as well as
     land
    That means ...we too?




Photo credit:
http://divebarbados.net/Current%20Photos/Pictures/Green%20Turtle%201.jpg
http://www.kidcyber.com.au/IMAGES/hippoaggro_s.jpg
http://homepage.mac.com/wildlifeweb/reptile/gharial/gharial03tfk.jpg
In fact, amphibians are ...
   Dual lifers ...
    ◦ Two stages in life – a tadpole stage and an adult
      stage
    ◦ From Greek, Amphi – dual, bian – life forms
What’s unique in them?
   Generally, aquatic and terrestrial inhabitants,
    Some are arboreal, and some fussorial too
Metamorphosis

                            They metamorphose from
                            tadpole to adult




Life span: from 10 months
to 55 years
Ectotherms
   Body temperature externally maintained




                         Hiding away from Sun
Basking in Sun
Skin breathers
Anamniotes




   Eggs of a bird   Eggs of a frog
Ecosystem function

    prey and predator
So also for US ...
   Human Welfare
    ◦ Biocontroller of Pests
    ◦ Skin extract – pain killer: Bufotonin, Epibatidine, Anti
      microbial peptides
    ◦ Freeze tolerance
              Freezing North American Wood Frogs.flv
    ◦ Media for microbial culture
    ◦ Delicacy!!!
    ◦ Indicators of change in environment
    ◦ Culture, Rig Veda, verse 7, shloka103,
    ◦ Earthquake early warning system!!
    ◦ Biogeographic linkage ...
Amphibians indicate …
Factors                                  Process(es )
Climate change     Temperature and precipitation patterns are altered
                   so as to cause dis ruptions in micro or macro -
                   climatic co nditions
Habitat            Deforestation and agric ulture; drained a nd filled
modification       wetlands, land filling
Habitat            Roads, introduced species, and low pH dissect
fragmentation      habitats, crea ting barriers to dispersal.
Introduced         Introduc ed predators, prey on/or compete with
species            native amphibians.
UV-B radiation     UV-B damages and/or kills cells , causing egg
                   morta lity, lesions, malformations and increased
                   susceptibility to dis ease and low pH.
Chemical           Toxins cause direct mortality of eggs and a dults,
contamination      mimic endocrine harmones, reduce the prey bas e,
                   pesticidal effect; fluoranthene.
Acid               Toxins c reate barriers to dis persal and caus e high
precipitatio n and egg and larval mortality.
soil
Disease            Disease   often  causes     death   in   amphibians
                   (Chytridiomycosis)
Common Indian toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus
up to 16cm, noctornal, terrestrial, human habitation, water bodies
Ferguson’s toad, Duttaphrynus scaber
up to 5cm, noctornal, terrestrial, human habitation, water bodies
Malabar tree toad, Pedostibes tuberculosus, Endemic
up to 6cm, noctornal, arboreal, forest streams
Indian burrowing frog, Sphearotheca breviceps
up to 6cm, noctornal, fussorial, human habitation, water bodies
Ornate narrow mouthed frog, Microhyla ornata
up to 3cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, human habitation, water bodies
Red narrow mouthed frog, Microhyla rubra
up to 3cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, human habitation, water bodies
Karnataka night frog, Nyctibatrachus karnatakaensis Endemic
up to 9cm, noctornal, aquatic, forest streams
Castlerock night frog, Nyctibatrachus petraeus Endemic
up to 5cm, noctornal, aquatic and arboreal, forest streams
Aloysius skittering frog, Euphlyctis aloysii
up to 5cm, noctornal, aquatic, human habitation, water bodies
Common skittering frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
up to 6cm, noctornal, aquatic, human habitation, water bodies
Golden frog, Hylarana aurantiaca Endemic
up to 5cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, streams, paddy fields, ponds
Bronzed frog, Hylarana temporalis Endemic
up to 6cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, river, streams
Wrinkled cricket frog, Fejervarya caperata
up to 4cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, paddy fields, pools
Kudremukh cricket frog, Fejervarya kudremukhensis
up to 5cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, ponds, pools, water bodies
Reddish cricket frog, Fejervarya rufescens Endemic
up to 5cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, laterite rocks, ponds, pools
Indian bull frog, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus
up to 25cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, ponds, streams, paddy fields
Small torrent frog, Micrixalus saxicola Endemic
up to 4cm, diurnal, semi-aquatic, stream/river falls
Amboli bush frog, Pseudophilautus amboli Endemic
up to 3.5cm, noctornal, arboreal, shrubs, bushes, tree bark
Common tree frog, Polypedates maculatus
up to 6cm, noctornal, arboreal, tree trunks, bushes, walls
Malabar gliding frog, Rhacophorus malabaricus Endemic
up to 7cm, noctornal, tree trunks, shrubs, bushes
Bicolored frog, Clinotarsus curtipes Endemic south India
up to 6cm, nocturnal, semi-aquatic, reservoirs, streams, river
Fungoid frog, Hylarana malabarica Endemic
up to 7cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, ponds, pools, water bodies
Sahyadri minervarya frog, Minervarya sahyadris Endemic
up to 3cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, paddy fields, ponds, pools
Small leaping frog, Indirana semipalmata Endemic
up to 4cm, diurnal, semi-aquatic, stream beds, leaf litter, crevices
Know a few frog friends
Know a few frog friends …
Few more …
Gems from the Western Ghats
Few more…
Bamboo bush frog!
Evolution
 About 360 million years ago, late Devonian period




Early amphibian!!!




 Triadobatrachus           Beelzebufo ampinga
Systematics
• Globally: 6639 species
3 orders – Apoda (183species)
            Caudata (597)
            Anura (5859)
• India: 3 orders – 309 species; Apoda (33)
   Caudata (1), Anura (275)
                                                caudata




       apoda

                                        anura
Batrachology in India
   As of today 309 species, belonging to 14 families,
    55 genera (4.64% of 6638 species in the world),
    249 Species described from India (80.5%)

   1254 authors, single species description to as
    many as 43 species

   Since 2000, 82 new species (33%) with 47 papers
    on Taxonomy and taxonomy related issues, 12 on
    ecology, 6 on reproduction, 10 on others

   So Taxonomy ‘rules’ at present Indian
    Batrachology!!!
Habitat occupancy!
 Peak Frequency (kHz)




                        Snout vent length (mm)
Research in Batrachology
   Viviparity in caecilians




               Geneophis seshachari




                             Gower et al., 2008. J Evol Biol. 21(5):1220-6
Other issues…
   Frog skipping tadpole stage




              Gururaja and Ramachandra, 2006. Curr. Sci. 90(3):450-454
Other issues…




            Biju and Bossyut, 2003. Nature. 425: 711–714
India’s smallest frog




              Biju et al., 2007. Current Science 93(6): 854-858.
Skin extracts and pesticidal
impacts…




        1. Giri et al., 2006. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.06.011
        2. Sai et al., 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006615200
        3. Gurushankara et al., 2007. doi:10.1007/s00244-006-0015-5
Conservation and Management


Das, A., Krishnaswamy, J., Bawa, K. S., Kiran, M. C., Srinivas, V., Kumar, N. S., et al.
2006. Prioritization of conservation areas in the Western Ghats, India. Biological
Conservation, 133, 16−31.



Gururaja KV, Sameer Ali and Ramachandra TV. 2008. Influence of land-use
changes in river basins on diversity and distribution of amphibians. In:
Environment Education for Ecosystem Conservation
Advance wishes for
 SAVE THE FROG DAY
   (APRIL 30TH 2010)




 Thank you

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Amphibians: What do we know about them?

  • 1. Amphibians: What do we know about them? Gururaja KV, Ph.D., Research Scientist, IISc, Bangalore gururajakv@gmail.com
  • 2. Flow of the talk  Introduction to Amphibians  Uniqueness  Systematics  Research on them  As Bioresources
  • 3. Common sight in and around your house! Duttaphrynus melanostictus Common Indian Toad
  • 4. And near a lake!
  • 5. Whom do you call amphibians?  Those vertebrates that live both in water as well as land  That means ...we too? Photo credit: http://divebarbados.net/Current%20Photos/Pictures/Green%20Turtle%201.jpg http://www.kidcyber.com.au/IMAGES/hippoaggro_s.jpg http://homepage.mac.com/wildlifeweb/reptile/gharial/gharial03tfk.jpg
  • 6. In fact, amphibians are ...  Dual lifers ... ◦ Two stages in life – a tadpole stage and an adult stage ◦ From Greek, Amphi – dual, bian – life forms
  • 7. What’s unique in them?  Generally, aquatic and terrestrial inhabitants, Some are arboreal, and some fussorial too
  • 8. Metamorphosis They metamorphose from tadpole to adult Life span: from 10 months to 55 years
  • 9. Ectotherms  Body temperature externally maintained Hiding away from Sun Basking in Sun
  • 11. Anamniotes Eggs of a bird Eggs of a frog
  • 12. Ecosystem function  prey and predator
  • 13. So also for US ...  Human Welfare ◦ Biocontroller of Pests ◦ Skin extract – pain killer: Bufotonin, Epibatidine, Anti microbial peptides ◦ Freeze tolerance Freezing North American Wood Frogs.flv ◦ Media for microbial culture ◦ Delicacy!!! ◦ Indicators of change in environment ◦ Culture, Rig Veda, verse 7, shloka103, ◦ Earthquake early warning system!! ◦ Biogeographic linkage ...
  • 14. Amphibians indicate … Factors Process(es ) Climate change Temperature and precipitation patterns are altered so as to cause dis ruptions in micro or macro - climatic co nditions Habitat Deforestation and agric ulture; drained a nd filled modification wetlands, land filling Habitat Roads, introduced species, and low pH dissect fragmentation habitats, crea ting barriers to dispersal. Introduced Introduc ed predators, prey on/or compete with species native amphibians. UV-B radiation UV-B damages and/or kills cells , causing egg morta lity, lesions, malformations and increased susceptibility to dis ease and low pH. Chemical Toxins cause direct mortality of eggs and a dults, contamination mimic endocrine harmones, reduce the prey bas e, pesticidal effect; fluoranthene. Acid Toxins c reate barriers to dis persal and caus e high precipitatio n and egg and larval mortality. soil Disease Disease often causes death in amphibians (Chytridiomycosis)
  • 15. Common Indian toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus up to 16cm, noctornal, terrestrial, human habitation, water bodies
  • 16. Ferguson’s toad, Duttaphrynus scaber up to 5cm, noctornal, terrestrial, human habitation, water bodies
  • 17. Malabar tree toad, Pedostibes tuberculosus, Endemic up to 6cm, noctornal, arboreal, forest streams
  • 18. Indian burrowing frog, Sphearotheca breviceps up to 6cm, noctornal, fussorial, human habitation, water bodies
  • 19. Ornate narrow mouthed frog, Microhyla ornata up to 3cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, human habitation, water bodies
  • 20. Red narrow mouthed frog, Microhyla rubra up to 3cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, human habitation, water bodies
  • 21. Karnataka night frog, Nyctibatrachus karnatakaensis Endemic up to 9cm, noctornal, aquatic, forest streams
  • 22. Castlerock night frog, Nyctibatrachus petraeus Endemic up to 5cm, noctornal, aquatic and arboreal, forest streams
  • 23. Aloysius skittering frog, Euphlyctis aloysii up to 5cm, noctornal, aquatic, human habitation, water bodies
  • 24. Common skittering frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis up to 6cm, noctornal, aquatic, human habitation, water bodies
  • 25. Golden frog, Hylarana aurantiaca Endemic up to 5cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, streams, paddy fields, ponds
  • 26. Bronzed frog, Hylarana temporalis Endemic up to 6cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, river, streams
  • 27. Wrinkled cricket frog, Fejervarya caperata up to 4cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, paddy fields, pools
  • 28. Kudremukh cricket frog, Fejervarya kudremukhensis up to 5cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, ponds, pools, water bodies
  • 29. Reddish cricket frog, Fejervarya rufescens Endemic up to 5cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, laterite rocks, ponds, pools
  • 30. Indian bull frog, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus up to 25cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, ponds, streams, paddy fields
  • 31. Small torrent frog, Micrixalus saxicola Endemic up to 4cm, diurnal, semi-aquatic, stream/river falls
  • 32. Amboli bush frog, Pseudophilautus amboli Endemic up to 3.5cm, noctornal, arboreal, shrubs, bushes, tree bark
  • 33. Common tree frog, Polypedates maculatus up to 6cm, noctornal, arboreal, tree trunks, bushes, walls
  • 34. Malabar gliding frog, Rhacophorus malabaricus Endemic up to 7cm, noctornal, tree trunks, shrubs, bushes
  • 35. Bicolored frog, Clinotarsus curtipes Endemic south India up to 6cm, nocturnal, semi-aquatic, reservoirs, streams, river
  • 36. Fungoid frog, Hylarana malabarica Endemic up to 7cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, ponds, pools, water bodies
  • 37. Sahyadri minervarya frog, Minervarya sahyadris Endemic up to 3cm, noctornal, semi-aquatic, paddy fields, ponds, pools
  • 38. Small leaping frog, Indirana semipalmata Endemic up to 4cm, diurnal, semi-aquatic, stream beds, leaf litter, crevices
  • 39. Know a few frog friends
  • 40. Know a few frog friends …
  • 42. Gems from the Western Ghats
  • 45. Evolution About 360 million years ago, late Devonian period Early amphibian!!! Triadobatrachus Beelzebufo ampinga
  • 46. Systematics • Globally: 6639 species 3 orders – Apoda (183species) Caudata (597) Anura (5859) • India: 3 orders – 309 species; Apoda (33) Caudata (1), Anura (275) caudata apoda anura
  • 47. Batrachology in India  As of today 309 species, belonging to 14 families, 55 genera (4.64% of 6638 species in the world), 249 Species described from India (80.5%)  1254 authors, single species description to as many as 43 species  Since 2000, 82 new species (33%) with 47 papers on Taxonomy and taxonomy related issues, 12 on ecology, 6 on reproduction, 10 on others  So Taxonomy ‘rules’ at present Indian Batrachology!!!
  • 48. Habitat occupancy! Peak Frequency (kHz) Snout vent length (mm)
  • 49. Research in Batrachology  Viviparity in caecilians Geneophis seshachari Gower et al., 2008. J Evol Biol. 21(5):1220-6
  • 50. Other issues…  Frog skipping tadpole stage Gururaja and Ramachandra, 2006. Curr. Sci. 90(3):450-454
  • 51. Other issues… Biju and Bossyut, 2003. Nature. 425: 711–714
  • 52. India’s smallest frog Biju et al., 2007. Current Science 93(6): 854-858.
  • 53. Skin extracts and pesticidal impacts… 1. Giri et al., 2006. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.06.011 2. Sai et al., 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006615200 3. Gurushankara et al., 2007. doi:10.1007/s00244-006-0015-5
  • 54. Conservation and Management Das, A., Krishnaswamy, J., Bawa, K. S., Kiran, M. C., Srinivas, V., Kumar, N. S., et al. 2006. Prioritization of conservation areas in the Western Ghats, India. Biological Conservation, 133, 16−31. Gururaja KV, Sameer Ali and Ramachandra TV. 2008. Influence of land-use changes in river basins on diversity and distribution of amphibians. In: Environment Education for Ecosystem Conservation
  • 55. Advance wishes for SAVE THE FROG DAY (APRIL 30TH 2010) Thank you