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Guido Wachsmuth




       Delft
                              Course IN4303, 2012/13
       University of
       Technology               Compiler Construction
       Challenge the future
Overview
today’s lecture

interference graphs

  •   construction during liveness analysis




                                              Register Allocation   2
Overview
today’s lecture

interference graphs

  •   construction during liveness analysis

graph colouring

  •   assign registers to local variables and compiler temporaries
  •   store local variables and temporaries in memory




                                                          Register Allocation   2
Overview
today’s lecture

interference graphs

  •   construction during liveness analysis

graph colouring

  •   assign registers to local variables and compiler temporaries
  •   store local variables and temporaries in memory

coalescing

  •   handle move instructions




                                                          Register Allocation   2
Overview
today’s lecture

interference graphs

  •   construction during liveness analysis

graph colouring

  •   assign registers to local variables and compiler temporaries
  •   store local variables and temporaries in memory

coalescing

  •   handle move instructions

pre-coloured nodes


                                                          Register Allocation   2
I
interference graphs




                      Register Allocation   3
Recap: Liveness analysis
terminology

              a ← 0


              b ← a + 1


              c ← c + b


              a ← 2 * b


              if a < N


              return c


                           Register Allocation   4
Recap: Liveness analysis
terminology

definition    a ← 0


              b ← a + 1


              c ← c + b


              a ← 2 * b


              if a < N


              return c


                           Register Allocation   4
Recap: Liveness analysis
terminology

definition    a ← 0


usage         b ← a + 1


              c ← c + b


              a ← 2 * b


              if a < N


              return c


                           Register Allocation   4
Recap: Liveness analysis
terminology

definition    a ← 0


usage         b ← a + 1


              c ← c + b


definition    a ← 2 * b


              if a < N


              return c


                           Register Allocation   4
Recap: Liveness analysis
terminology

definition    a ← 0


usage         b ← a + 1


              c ← c + b


definition    a ← 2 * b


usage         if a < N


              return c


                           Register Allocation   4
Recap: Liveness analysis
terminology

definition    a ← 0


usage         b ← a + 1


              c ← c + b


definition    a ← 2 * b

                                   live-in
usage         if a < N


              return c


                           Register Allocation   4
Recap: Liveness analysis
terminology

definition    a ← 0


usage         b ← a + 1


              c ← c + b


definition    a ← 2 * b
                           live-out

                                       live-in
usage         if a < N


              return c


                               Register Allocation   4
Recap: Liveness analysis
terminology

definition    a ← 0

                           live-in
usage         b ← a + 1


              c ← c + b


definition    a ← 2 * b
                           live-out

                                       live-in
usage         if a < N


              return c


                               Register Allocation   4
Recap: Liveness analysis
terminology

definition    a ← 0

                           live-in
usage         b ← a + 1


              c ← c + b


definition    a ← 2 * b
                           live-out

                                       live-in
usage         if a < N
                           live-out

              return c


                               Register Allocation   4
Recap: Liveness analysis
terminology

definition    a ← 0        live-out

                           live-in
usage         b ← a + 1


              c ← c + b


definition    a ← 2 * b
                           live-out

                                       live-in
usage         if a < N
                           live-out

              return c


                               Register Allocation   4
Recap: Liveness analysis
example

             a ← 0


             b ← a + 1


             c ← c + b


             a ← 2 * b


             if a < N


             return c


                           Register Allocation   5
Recap: Liveness analysis
example

             a ← 0


             b ← a + 1


             c ← c + b


             a ← 2 * b


             if a < N


             return c


                           Register Allocation   5
Recap: Liveness analysis
example

             a ← 0


             b ← a + 1


             c ← c + b


             a ← 2 * b


             if a < N


             return c


                           Register Allocation   5
Recap: Liveness analysis
example

             a ← 0


             b ← a + 1


             c ← c + b


             a ← 2 * b


             if a < N


             return c


                           Register Allocation   5
Recap: Liveness analysis
example

             a ← 0


             b ← a + 1


             c ← c + b


             a ← 2 * b


             if a < N


             return c


                           Register Allocation   5
Recap: Liveness analysis
example

             a ← 0


             b ← a + 1


             c ← c + b


             a ← 2 * b


             if a < N


             return c


                           Register Allocation   5
Recap: Liveness analysis
example

             a ← 0


             b ← a + 1


             c ← c + b


             a ← 2 * b


             if a < N


             return c


                           Register Allocation   5
Recap: Liveness analysis
example

             a ← 0


             b ← a + 1


             c ← c + b


             a ← 2 * b


             if a < N


             return c


                           Register Allocation   5
Recap: Liveness analysis
example

             a ← 0


             b ← a + 1


             c ← c + b


             a ← 2 * b


             if a < N


             return c


                           Register Allocation   5
Recap: Liveness analysis
example

             a ← 0


             b ← a + 1


             c ← c + b


             a ← 2 * b


             if a < N


             return c


                           Register Allocation   5
Recap: Liveness analysis
example

             a ← 0


             b ← a + 1


             c ← c + b


             a ← 2 * b


             if a < N


             return c


                           Register Allocation   5
Interference graphs
example

   a ← 0


   b ← a + 1


   c ← c + b


   a ← 2 * b


   if a < N


   return c


                      Register Allocation   6
Interference graphs
example

   a ← 0


   b ← a + 1

                      a              b
   c ← c + b


   a ← 2 * b
                          c

   if a < N


   return c


                              Register Allocation   6
Interference graphs
example

   a ← 0


   b ← a + 1

                      a              b
   c ← c + b


   a ← 2 * b
                          c

   if a < N


   return c


                              Register Allocation   6
Interference graphs
example

   a ← 0


   b ← a + 1

                      a              b
   c ← c + b


   a ← 2 * b
                          c

   if a < N


   return c


                              Register Allocation   6
II
graph colouring




                  Register Allocation   7
Graph colouring
example

   a ← 0


   b ← a + 1

                  a                b
   c ← c + b


   a ← 2 * b
                      c

   if a < N


   return c


                          Register Allocation   8
Graph colouring
example

   a ← 0


   b ← a + 1

                  a                b
   c ← c + b


   a ← 2 * b
                      c

   if a < N


   return c


                          Register Allocation   8
Graph colouring
example

   a ← 0


   b ← a + 1

                  a                b
   c ← c + b


   a ← 2 * b
                      c

   if a < N


   return c


                          Register Allocation   8
Graph colouring
example

   a ← 0


   b ← a + 1

                  a                b
   c ← c + b


   a ← 2 * b
                      c

   if a < N


   return c


                          Register Allocation   8
Graph colouring
example

 r1 ← 0


 r1 ← r1 + 1

                  a                b
 r2 ← r2 + r1


 r1 ← 2 * r1
                      c

 if r1 < N


 return r2


                          Register Allocation   9
Graph colouring
steps

simplify
        remove node of insignificant degree (fewer than k edges)

spill
        remove node with k or more edges

select
        add node, select colour




                                                             Register Allocation 10
Graph colouring
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c




                             Register Allocation 11
Graph colouring
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c



                                    a




                             Register Allocation 11
Graph colouring
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c

                                    c

                                    a




                             Register Allocation 11
Graph colouring
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c

                                    c

                                    a




                             Register Allocation 11
Graph colouring
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c



                                    a




                             Register Allocation 11
Graph colouring
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c




                             Register Allocation 11
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e




 j     k                 b         m




 h     g                 d         c



                             Register Allocation 12
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e




 j     k                 b         m




 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 13
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e




 j     k                 b         m

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 14
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e




 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 15
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 16
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e                                 j

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 17
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f
                                                      e

                    e                                 j

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 18
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours
                                                      f
                    f
                                                      e

                    e                                 j

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 19
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours                                b

                                                      f
                    f
                                                      e

                    e                                 j

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 20
Graph colouring                                       c

example with 4 colours                                b

                                                      f
                    f
                                                      e

                    e                                 j

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 21
Graph colouring                                       c

example with 4 colours                                b

                                                      f
                    f
                                                      e

                    e                                 j

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 22
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours                                b

                                                      f
                    f
                                                      e

                    e                                 j

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 23
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours
                                                      f
                    f
                                                      e

                    e                                 j

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 24
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f
                                                      e

                    e                                 j

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 25
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e                                 j

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 26
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e

                                                      d

 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 27
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e




 j     k                 b         m                  k

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 28
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e




 j     k                 b         m

                                                      h

 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 29
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e




 j     k                 b         m




 h     g                 d         c                  g



                             Register Allocation 30
Graph colouring
example with 4 colours

                    f



                    e




 j     k                 b         m




 h     g                 d         c



                             Register Allocation 31
Optimistic colouring
steps

simplify
        remove node of insignificant degree (fewer than k edges)

spill
        remove node of significant degree (k or more edges)

select
        add node, select colour




                                                              Register Allocation 32
Optimistic colouring
example with 2 colours

                 d




             a           b




                 c




                             Register Allocation 33
Optimistic colouring
example with 2 colours

                 d




             a           b




                 c

                                    a




                             Register Allocation 33
Optimistic colouring
example with 2 colours

                 d




             a           b




                 c

                             potential spill          a




                                               Register Allocation 33
Optimistic colouring
example with 2 colours

                 d




             a           b



                                                      c
                 c

                             potential spill          a




                                               Register Allocation 33
Optimistic colouring
example with 2 colours

                 d




             a           b

                                                      b

                                                      c
                 c

                             potential spill          a




                                               Register Allocation 33
Optimistic colouring
example with 2 colours

                 d




             a           b

                                                      b

                                                      c
                 c

                             potential spill          a




                                               Register Allocation 33
Optimistic colouring
example with 2 colours

                 d




             a           b



                                                      c
                 c

                             potential spill          a




                                               Register Allocation 33
Optimistic colouring
example with 2 colours

                 d




             a           b




                 c

                             potential spill          a




                                               Register Allocation 33
Optimistic colouring
example with 2 colours

                 d




             a           b




                 c




                             Register Allocation 33
Spilling
steps

simplify
        remove node of insignificant degree (less than k edges)

spill
        remove node of significant degree (k or more edges)

select
        add node, select colour

actual spill

start over

                                                              Register Allocation 34
Spilling
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c




                             Register Allocation 35
Spilling
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c



                             potential spill          a




                                               Register Allocation 35
Spilling
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c

                                                      c

                             potential spill          a




                                               Register Allocation 35
Spilling
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c

                                                      c

                             potential spill          a




                                               Register Allocation 35
Spilling
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c



                             potential spill          a




                                               Register Allocation 35
Spilling
example with 2 colours



             a           b




                 c



                             actual spill          a




                                            Register Allocation 35
Spilling
example

           a ← 1


           b ← a + 1


           c ← b + 1


           a ← c + a


           return b




                       Register Allocation 36
Spilling
example

  a1 ← 1       a ← 1

  M[42] ← a1
               b ← a + 1


               c ← b + 1


               a ← c + a


               return b




                           Register Allocation 36
Spilling
example

  a1 ← 1       a ← 1

  M[42] ← a1
               b ← a + 1   a2 ← M[42]

                           b ← a2 + 1
               c ← b + 1


               a ← c + a


               return b




                                   Register Allocation 36
Spilling
example

  a1 ← 1        a ← 1

  M[42] ← a1
                b ← a + 1   a2 ← M[42]

                            b ← a2 + 1
                c ← b + 1
  a3 ← M[42]

  a4 ← c + a3   a ← c + a

  M[42] ← a4
                return b




                                    Register Allocation 36
Spilling
example

  a1 ← 1        a ← 1

  M[42] ← a1
                b ← a + 1   a2 ← M[42]

                            b ← a2 + 1
                c ← b + 1
  a3 ← M[42]

  a4 ← c + a3   a ← c + a

  M[42] ← a4
                return b




                                    Register Allocation 37
Spilling
example

  a1 ← 1        a ← 1

  M[42] ← a1
                b ← a + 1   a2 ← M[42]

                            b ← a2 + 1
                c ← b + 1
  a3 ← M[42]

  a4 ← c + a3   a ← c + a

  M[42] ← a4
                return b




                                    Register Allocation 37
Spilling
example

  a1 ← 1        a ← 1

  M[42] ← a1
                b ← a + 1   a2 ← M[42]

                            b ← a2 + 1
                c ← b + 1
  a3 ← M[42]

  a4 ← c + a3   a ← c + a

  M[42] ← a4
                return b




                                    Register Allocation 37
Spilling
example

  a1 ← 1        a ← 1

  M[42] ← a1
                b ← a + 1   a2 ← M[42]

                            b ← a2 + 1
                c ← b + 1
  a3 ← M[42]

  a4 ← c + a3   a ← c + a

  M[42] ← a4
                return b




                                    Register Allocation 37
Spilling
example

  a1 ← 1        a ← 1

  M[42] ← a1
                b ← a + 1   a2 ← M[42]

                            b ← a2 + 1
                c ← b + 1
  a3 ← M[42]

  a4 ← c + a3   a ← c + a

  M[42] ← a4
                return b




                                    Register Allocation 37
Spilling
example

           a ← 1


           b ← a + 1


           c ← b + 1


           a ← c + a


           return b




                       Register Allocation 38
Spilling
example

               a ← 1


               b ← a + 1


  b2 ← M[42]   c ← b + 1

  c ← b2 + 1
               a ← c + a


               return b




                           Register Allocation 38
Spilling
example

               a ← 1


               b ← a + 1   b1 ← a + 1

                           M[42] ← b1
  b2 ← M[42]   c ← b + 1

  c ← b2 + 1
               a ← c + a


               return b




                                   Register Allocation 38
Spilling
example

               a ← 1


               b ← a + 1   b1 ← a + 1

                           M[42] ← b1
  b2 ← M[42]   c ← b + 1

  c ← b2 + 1
               a ← c + a


               return b    b3 ← M[42]

                           return b3



                                       Register Allocation 38
Spilling
example

               a ← 1


               b ← a + 1   b1 ← a + 1

                           M[42] ← b1
  b2 ← M[42]   c ← b + 1

  c ← b2 + 1
               a ← c + a


               return b    b3 ← M[42]

                           return b3



                                       Register Allocation 39
Spilling
example

               a ← 1


               b ← a + 1   b1 ← a + 1

                           M[42] ← b1
  b2 ← M[42]   c ← b + 1

  c ← b2 + 1
               a ← c + a


               return b    b3 ← M[42]

                           return b3



                                       Register Allocation 39
Spilling
example

               a ← 1


               b ← a + 1   b1 ← a + 1

                           M[42] ← b1
  b2 ← M[42]   c ← b + 1

  c ← b2 + 1
               a ← c + a


               return b    b3 ← M[42]

                           return b3



                                       Register Allocation 39
Spilling
example

               a ← 1


               b ← a + 1   b1 ← a + 1

                           M[42] ← b1
  b2 ← M[42]   c ← b + 1

  c ← b2 + 1
               a ← c + a


               return b    b3 ← M[42]

                           return b3



                                       Register Allocation 39
Spilling
example

               a ← 1


               b ← a + 1   b1 ← a + 1

                           M[42] ← b1
  b2 ← M[42]   c ← b + 1

  c ← b2 + 1
               a ← c + a


               return b    b3 ← M[42]

                           return b3



                                       Register Allocation 39
coffee break




               Register Allocation 40
III
coalescing




             Register Allocation 41
Recap: graph colouring
example

               f



               e




j     k                  b         m




h     g                  d         c



                             Register Allocation 42
Recap: graph colouring
example

               f



               e




j     k                  b         m




h     g                  d         c



                             Register Allocation 42
Recap: graph colouring
example

               f



               e




j     k                  b         m




h     g                  d         c



                             Register Allocation 42
Coalescing
better solution

                  f



                  e




 j     k              b         m




 h     g              d         c



                          Register Allocation 43
Coalescing
better solution

                  f



                  e




 j     k              b         m




 h     g              d         c



                          Register Allocation 43
Coalescing
better solution

                  f



                  e




 j     k              b         m




 h     g              d         c



                          Register Allocation 43
Coalescing
coalescing nodes

                   f



                   e




j/b    k                      m




 h     g               c/d



                        Register Allocation 44
Coalescing
conservative strategies

Briggs

  •      a/b has fewer than k neighbours of significant degree

  •      nodes of insignificant degree and a/b can be simplified

  •      remaining graph is colourable

George

  •      all neighbours of a of significant degree interfere also with b

  •      neighbours of a of insignificant degree can be simplified

  •      subgraph of original graph is colourable



                                                               Register Allocation 45
Graph colouring
steps

simplify
        remove non-move-related node of insignificant degree

coalesce

freeze
        turn move-related node of insignificant degree into non-move-related

spill

select

start over

                                                               Register Allocation 46
Coalescing
example

             f



             e




j     k          b         m




h     g          d         c



                     Register Allocation 47
Coalescing
example

             f



             e




j     k          b         m




h     g          d         c                  g



                     Register Allocation 48
Coalescing
example

             f



             e




j     k          b         m

                                              h

h     g          d         c                  g



                     Register Allocation 49
Coalescing
example

             f



             e




j     k          b         m                  k

                                              h

h     g          d         c                  g



                     Register Allocation 50
Coalescing
example

             f



             e




j     k          b          m                  k

                                               h

h     g              c/d                       g



                      Register Allocation 51
Coalescing
example

             f



             e




j/b   k                 m                  k

                                           h

 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 52
Coalescing
example

             f



             e

                                      c/d

j/b   k                 m                  k

                                           h

 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 53
Coalescing
example

             f



             e                        j/b

                                      c/d

j/b   k                 m                  k

                                           h

 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 54
Coalescing
example

             f
                                           f

             e                        j/b

                                      c/d

j/b   k                 m                  k

                                           h

 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 55
Coalescing
example
                                           m
             f
                                           f

             e                        j/b

                                      c/d

j/b   k                 m                  k

                                           h

 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 56
Coalescing
example
                                           m
             f
                                           f

             e                        j/b

                                      c/d

j/b   k                 m                  k

                                           h

 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 57
Coalescing
example

             f
                                           f

             e                        j/b

                                      c/d

j/b   k                 m                  k

                                           h

 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 58
Coalescing
example

             f



             e                        j/b

                                      c/d

j/b   k                 m                  k

                                           h

 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 59
Coalescing
example

             f



             e

                                      c/d

j/b   k                 m                  k

                                           h

 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 60
Coalescing
example

             f



             e




j/b   k                 m                  k

                                           h

 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 61
Coalescing
example

             f



             e




j/b   k                 m

                                           h

 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 62
Coalescing
example

             f



             e




j/b   k                 m




 h    g          c/d                       g



                  Register Allocation 63
Coalescing
coalescing nodes

                   f



                   e




j/b    k                      m




 h     g               c/d



                        Register Allocation 64
IV
pre-coloured nodes




                     Register Allocation 65
Recap: Calling Conventions
CDECL

caller                                                push   21
                                                      push   42
   •     push parameters right-to-left on the stack   call
                                                      add
                                                             _f
                                                             ESP 8
   •     clean-up stack after call

callee

   •     save old BP                                  push   EBP

   •     initialise new BP                            mov
                                                      mov
                                                             EBP
                                                             EAX
                                                                   ESP
                                                                   [EBP + 8]
   •     save registers                               mov    EDX   [EBP + 12]

   •     return result in AX
                                                      add
                                                      pop
                                                             EAX
                                                             EBP
                                                                   EDX


   •     restore registers                            ret

   •     restore BP

                                                             Register Allocation 66
Recap: Calling Conventions
STDCALL

caller                                                push 21
                                                      push 42
   •     push parameters right-to-left on the stack   call _f@8


callee

   •     save old BP
   •     initialise new BP                            push   EBP

   •     save registers                               mov
                                                      mov
                                                             EBP
                                                             EAX
                                                                   ESP
                                                                   [EBP + 8]
   •     return result in AX                          mov    EDX   [EBP + 12]

   •     restore registers
                                                      add
                                                      pop
                                                             EAX
                                                             EBP
                                                                   EDX


   •     restore BP                                   ret    8




                                                             Register Allocation 67
Recap: Calling Conventions
FASTCALL

caller                                                  mov ECX 21
                                                        mov EDX 42
   •     passes parameters in registers                 call @f@8

   •     pushes additional parameters right-to-left on the stack
   •     cleans up the stack

callee
                                                        push   EBP

   •     save old BP, initialise new BP                 mov
                                                        mov
                                                               EBP ESP
                                                               EAX ECX
   •     save registers                                 add    EAX EDX

   •     return result in AX
                                                        pop
                                                        ret
                                                               EBP


   •     restore registers
   •     restore BP

                                                               Register Allocation 68
Pre-coloured nodes
representing registers

nodes

  •     register = pre-coloured node

  •     no simplify, no spill

  •     coalesce possible

edges

  •     all registers interfere with each other

  •     explicit usage of registers

  •     call and return instructions influence liveness



                                                          Register Allocation 69
V
summary




          Register Allocation 70
Summary
lessons learned

How can we assign registers to local variables and temporaries?

  •   perform liveness analysis
  •   build interference graph
  •   colour interference graph

What to do if the graph is not colourable?

  •   keep local variables in memory

How to handle move instructions efficiently?

  •   coalesce nodes safely



                                                  Register Allocation 71
Literature
learn more

Andrew W. Appel, Jens Palsberg: Modern Compiler
Implementation in Java, 2nd edition. 2002


Lal George, Andrew W. Appel: Iterative Register Coalescing.
POPL 1996


Lal George, Andrew W. Appel: Iterative Register Coalescing.
TOPLAS 18(3), 1996




                                                  Register Allocation 72
Outlook
coming next

imperative and object-oriented languages

  •   Lecture 11: Register Allocation today
  •   Lecture 12: Garbage Collection Nov 13

compiler components & their generators

  •   Lecture 13: Scanning Nov 20
  •   Lecture 14: LL Parsing Dec 04
  •   Lecture 15: LR Parsing Dec 11

exam preparation

  •   Question & Answer Jan 08


                                              Register Allocation 73
copyrights




             Register Allocation 74
Register Allocation 75
Pictures
attribution & copyrights

Slide 1:
   Colors #2 by Carmelo Speltino, some rights reserved

Slide 40:
   Tchibo by Dominica Williamson, some rights reserved

Slide 76:
   Romantic Pigeon Date by Harald Hoyer, some rights reserved




                                                                Register Allocation 76

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Compiling Imperative and Object-Oriented Languages - Register Allocation

Notes de l'éditeur

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  187. round-up on every lecture\n\nwhat to take with you\n\ncheck yourself, pre- and post-paration\n
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