The document discusses different paradigms in various fields of knowledge such as: - Miasmatic theory of disease which held that diseases were caused by bad air, later replaced by germ theory. - Euclid's deductive system in geometry which established logic and axioms. - Newtonian physics which developed predictive laws through observation and experimentation. - Cubism in art which moved from single perspective to exploring ideas. - Religious opposition to heliocentric models of the solar system proposed by Copernicus and Galileo due to certain scriptural interpretations. The understanding of the Earth's motion was achieved gradually over centuries.

1. Paradigms

10. Explanation: Observed mortality rates for cholera are very similar to what would be expected based on a predictive formula derived by William Farr (dotted line). Farr felt that the statistical relationship supported his miasma theory. Later it was shown that the finding was coincidental, with more access to contaminated drinking water at lower elevations

14. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BlPfszdQmc Type of Paradigm Areas of knowledge Example Deductive system Logic and Mathematics Euclidian geometry The geometry you learn at school is based on the work of Euclid, a famous Mathematician who lived in Alexandria in Egypt around 300 BC. Euclid's text Elements is the earliest known systematic discussion of geometry. It has been one of the most influential books in history, as much for its method as for its mathematical content. The method consists of assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, and then proving many other propositions (theorems) from those axioms. Although many of Euclid's results had been stated by earlier Greek mathematicians, Euclid was the first to show how these propositions could be fit together into a comprehensive deductive and logical system.

15. Type of Paradigm Areas of knowledge Example Scientific theory Natural Sciences Newtonian Physics The system of physics developed by Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is one of the greatest achievements in the history of science. Newton’s laws enable us to not only to make accurate predictions, but to explain such diverse phenomena as the fall of an apple or the movement of planets around the sun.

16. Gustave Courbet, ‘ Still Life with Apples and Pomegranate’ 1871-72 Juan Gris ‘Still Life before an Open Window: Place Ravignan’ 1915 Type of Paradigm Areas of knowledge Example Style or Art Movement The arts Cubism In the early 20 th Century Art went through a fundamental change. Artists began to move away from depicting the world from one viewpoint, from using naturalistic colours and from trying to create illusions of an observed reality. Photography could do this well and freed artists up to explore more the world of ideas.

19. Paradigms as knowledge filters Impossibility of seeing the world with ‘clean’ eyes. Paradigms can help us to organise our beliefs into more meaningful patterns, the danger is that they can act as knowledge filters. They can trap us into particular ways of looking at things and can close our minds to other ways of looking at things. Evolutionary biologist and Creationist will look at the same facts and draw different conclusions. “ To a person with a hammer everything looks like a nail” When you buy a certain car you begin to notice them everywhere When you are expecting a baby you see pushchairs everywhere