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‫דבר והיפוכו‬
             Doron Yablecovitch, MD
Department of Gastroenterology, Meir Medical Center
‫הצגת מקרה‬
                      ‫בת 46 נ+2‬
 ‫אשפוז עקב הקאות דמיות מרובות‬
‫חיוורת, טכיפנאית עם אורתוסטטיזם‬
 ‫,8.8 ‪53,000 ,PLT INR 1.7HB‬‬
     ‫אנזימי כבד ובילירובין תקינים‬
‫הצגת מקרה‬
   ‫בגסטרוסקופיה – דליות בפונדוס ,ושט תקין‬
                   ‫בוצעה הזרקת ‪Histoacryl‬‬
      ‫כעבור מספר שעות הקאות דמיות גדולות‬
   ‫הוכנס בלון‪ Blakemore‬עם הפסקת הדמם‬
‫נזקקה ל-11 9 ,‪ PC‬מנות‪ FFP‬ו-02 מנות ‪PLT‬‬
‫מחלות עבר‬
                 ‫‪Aplastic anemia‬בילדות‬
    ‫מגיל 52 תרומבוציטופניה סביב 000,001‬
    ‫בגיל 25 )לפני 21 שנים(‪Acute inf. wall MI‬‬
‫תרופות: ‪Losec, Deralin, Coumadin, Vit.D‬‬
‫5 שנים טרם הדימום‬
          ‫בבדיקתה: נמוש טחול +2 ס"מ‬
                     :‫בדיקות המעבדה‬
                  PLT = 65.000/ml
                 HGB = 11.5 g/dL
                      RETIC = 5%
                   LDH = 520 U/L
(Haptoglobin = 5.8 mg/dl (60-240 n
              Coombs - Negative
‫3 שנים טרם הדימום‬
‫אישפוז עקב כאבי בטן ב‪ LUQ‬ומותן שמאלי‬
     ‫החמרה בטרומבוציטופניה ובהמוליזה‬
                        ‫‪ CT SCAN‬בטן‬
‫לסיכום‬
Bleeding from gastric varices
               Past history
Splenic and portal vein thrombosis
Coombs negative hemolytic anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Acute inferior wall MI
Aplastic anemia
Paroxysmal
  Nocturnal
Hemoglobinuria
Paroxysmal nocturnal
   hemoglobinuria (PNH)
Prevalence 1 per 106
Men and women are affected equally
Average age at time of diagnosis 42 years
Diagnosis delayed on average by 3 years
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis

Flow cytometry - method of choice
Highly sensitive and specific
Best method for assessing clone size
Not affected by blood transfusions / lysis
Ham test, Sucrose lysis test
Clinical manifestations
Intravascular hemolytic anemia
(complement – dependent)
Cytopenia d/t bone marrow failure
Thrombophilia – thrombosis
Thrombosis in PNH
40%-50% of patients
Leading cause of mortality
Usually involve the venous system
Arterial thrombosis is also increased
Related to the clone size
Thrombosis in PNH
Sites of thrombosis:
 Hepatic vein (Budd - Chiari syndrome)
 Splenic vein
 Portal vein
 Mesenteric veins
 Cerebral veins
 Dermal veins
GI involvement in PNH
Recurrent bouts of abdominal pain
Cholelithiasis – bilirubin stones
Dysphagia
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
Tendency to Bleed           Thrombophilia




    • Thrombopenia       • Portal vein thrombosis
    • Bleeding varices   • Portal hypertension




To anticoagulate or not to anticoagulate?
Treatment of thrombosis
 Primary prophylactic anticoagulation –
 never proven to prevent thrombosis
 Acute thrombosis
 Indication for heparin
 Sometimes thrombolytic therapy
 (in acute Budd-Chiari syndrome)


Williams Hematology, 8th Marshall A. Lichtman 2008
Treatment of thrombosis
  Thrombocytopenia complicates treatment
      Relative contraindication
      Transfusions of platelets to a safe range
  Patients with thrombosis should be
  anticoagulated indefinitely




Williams Hematology, 8th Marshall A. Lichtman 2008
Historical management of
PNH – supportive treatment
Red cell transfusions
Iron supplementation
Folic acid supplementation
Steroids - limited efficacy, high toxicity
Bone marrow transplantation
Prognosis
Survival 50% at 15 years after diagnosis
15% - pancytopenia - aplastic anemia
1% - 5 % develop AML
Myelodysplastic syndrome
SOLIRIS (eculizumab) Humanized
  First in Class Anti - C5 Antibody
                                   Human Framework Regions




                          C
                              H1
                                      Hinge
                     CL




                                                      Complementarity Determining Regions
                                                      (murine origin)
                                     CH2




                                                Human IgG4 Heavy Chain
 Human IgG2 Heavy Chain
                                                Constant Regions 2 and 3
Constant Region 1 and Hinge
                                     CH3
Lectin Pathway                  Classical Pathway          Alternative Pathway
  Carbohydrate Structures On     -Antibodies Bound To Antigen     -Microbial Membranes
Pathogens / Damaged Host Cells        -Immune Complexes               -Bacterial LPS


MBL, MASP-1, MASP-2                C1q, C1r, C1s                      C3
      C4 + C2                         C4 + C2                     Factor B + D



                                      C3 convertases
                                      C4b2a, C3bBb

                                    C3                          C3a    -Weak Anaphylatoxin
     -Immune Complex And
    Apoptotic Body Clearance                 C3b
     -Microbial Opsonization


                                        C5 convertases
                                       C4b2a3b, C3bBb3b
                                                                       -Potent Anaphylatoxin
Target of Eculizumab                                            C5a    -Leukocyte
                                   C5       X                          Chemotaxis
                                                C6,C7,C8,C9            -Cell Activation

                                          C5b-9

                                     -Cell Activation
                                     -Cell Lysis
Eculizumab
Highly effective in reducing hemolysis
Decreases or eliminates need for
blood transfusions
Improves fatigue and quality of life
Reduces the risk of thrombosis
Reduction in thrombotic events
                                                             Principal Investigator: There were fewer thrombotic
                                                             events with eculizumab treatment than during the
          Thrombotic events (n)




                                                             same period prior to treatment




                                  Pre-eculizumab treatment          Eculizumab treatment




1
    Hillmen P et al. Blood 2007; 110: 4123-4128; 2Brodsky RA et al. Blood 2008; 111: 1840-1847;
‫בחזרה לחולה...‬
       ‫לאחר הדימום לא חודש הטיפול בקומדין‬
  ‫תרומבוציטופניה סביב -0002, 0 ללא דימומים‬
         ‫מתן דם כל 6-5 שבועות בגלל המוליזה‬

     ‫ב- 0102 הותחל טיפול ב ‪- Eculizumab‬‬
‫מספר שבועות לאחר מכן, ירידת ,‪ LDH‬הפחתה‬
   ‫בעירויי דם ושיפור משמעותי באיכות החיים‬
‫לסיכום‬
     ‫חולה עם יל"ד פורטלי על רקע ‪PNH‬‬
‫דילמה של טיפול בנוגדי קרישה בחולה עם‬
    ‫דימום, טרומבופיליה ותרומבוציטופניה‬
   ‫טיפול חדש ב-‪ Eculizumab‬ויתרונותיו‬
‫‪Thank you‬‬
‫תודה לד"ר יוקלה מהמכון המטולוגי בי"ח מאיר‬

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Doron yablekoviz_gastro_0111

  • 1. ‫דבר והיפוכו‬ Doron Yablecovitch, MD Department of Gastroenterology, Meir Medical Center
  • 2. ‫הצגת מקרה‬ ‫בת 46 נ+2‬ ‫אשפוז עקב הקאות דמיות מרובות‬ ‫חיוורת, טכיפנאית עם אורתוסטטיזם‬ ‫,8.8 ‪53,000 ,PLT INR 1.7HB‬‬ ‫אנזימי כבד ובילירובין תקינים‬
  • 3. ‫הצגת מקרה‬ ‫בגסטרוסקופיה – דליות בפונדוס ,ושט תקין‬ ‫בוצעה הזרקת ‪Histoacryl‬‬ ‫כעבור מספר שעות הקאות דמיות גדולות‬ ‫הוכנס בלון‪ Blakemore‬עם הפסקת הדמם‬ ‫נזקקה ל-11 9 ,‪ PC‬מנות‪ FFP‬ו-02 מנות ‪PLT‬‬
  • 4. ‫מחלות עבר‬ ‫‪Aplastic anemia‬בילדות‬ ‫מגיל 52 תרומבוציטופניה סביב 000,001‬ ‫בגיל 25 )לפני 21 שנים(‪Acute inf. wall MI‬‬ ‫תרופות: ‪Losec, Deralin, Coumadin, Vit.D‬‬
  • 5. ‫5 שנים טרם הדימום‬ ‫בבדיקתה: נמוש טחול +2 ס"מ‬ :‫בדיקות המעבדה‬ PLT = 65.000/ml HGB = 11.5 g/dL RETIC = 5% LDH = 520 U/L (Haptoglobin = 5.8 mg/dl (60-240 n Coombs - Negative
  • 6. ‫3 שנים טרם הדימום‬ ‫אישפוז עקב כאבי בטן ב‪ LUQ‬ומותן שמאלי‬ ‫החמרה בטרומבוציטופניה ובהמוליזה‬ ‫‪ CT SCAN‬בטן‬
  • 7.
  • 8. ‫לסיכום‬ Bleeding from gastric varices Past history Splenic and portal vein thrombosis Coombs negative hemolytic anemia Thrombocytopenia Acute inferior wall MI Aplastic anemia
  • 9.
  • 11. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) Prevalence 1 per 106 Men and women are affected equally Average age at time of diagnosis 42 years Diagnosis delayed on average by 3 years
  • 13. Diagnosis Flow cytometry - method of choice Highly sensitive and specific Best method for assessing clone size Not affected by blood transfusions / lysis Ham test, Sucrose lysis test
  • 14. Clinical manifestations Intravascular hemolytic anemia (complement – dependent) Cytopenia d/t bone marrow failure Thrombophilia – thrombosis
  • 15. Thrombosis in PNH 40%-50% of patients Leading cause of mortality Usually involve the venous system Arterial thrombosis is also increased Related to the clone size
  • 16. Thrombosis in PNH Sites of thrombosis: Hepatic vein (Budd - Chiari syndrome) Splenic vein Portal vein Mesenteric veins Cerebral veins Dermal veins
  • 17. GI involvement in PNH Recurrent bouts of abdominal pain Cholelithiasis – bilirubin stones Dysphagia Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
  • 18. Tendency to Bleed Thrombophilia • Thrombopenia • Portal vein thrombosis • Bleeding varices • Portal hypertension To anticoagulate or not to anticoagulate?
  • 19.
  • 20. Treatment of thrombosis Primary prophylactic anticoagulation – never proven to prevent thrombosis Acute thrombosis Indication for heparin Sometimes thrombolytic therapy (in acute Budd-Chiari syndrome) Williams Hematology, 8th Marshall A. Lichtman 2008
  • 21. Treatment of thrombosis Thrombocytopenia complicates treatment Relative contraindication Transfusions of platelets to a safe range Patients with thrombosis should be anticoagulated indefinitely Williams Hematology, 8th Marshall A. Lichtman 2008
  • 22. Historical management of PNH – supportive treatment Red cell transfusions Iron supplementation Folic acid supplementation Steroids - limited efficacy, high toxicity Bone marrow transplantation
  • 23. Prognosis Survival 50% at 15 years after diagnosis 15% - pancytopenia - aplastic anemia 1% - 5 % develop AML Myelodysplastic syndrome
  • 24.
  • 25. SOLIRIS (eculizumab) Humanized First in Class Anti - C5 Antibody Human Framework Regions C H1 Hinge CL Complementarity Determining Regions (murine origin) CH2 Human IgG4 Heavy Chain Human IgG2 Heavy Chain Constant Regions 2 and 3 Constant Region 1 and Hinge CH3
  • 26. Lectin Pathway Classical Pathway Alternative Pathway Carbohydrate Structures On -Antibodies Bound To Antigen -Microbial Membranes Pathogens / Damaged Host Cells -Immune Complexes -Bacterial LPS MBL, MASP-1, MASP-2 C1q, C1r, C1s C3 C4 + C2 C4 + C2 Factor B + D C3 convertases C4b2a, C3bBb C3 C3a -Weak Anaphylatoxin -Immune Complex And Apoptotic Body Clearance C3b -Microbial Opsonization C5 convertases C4b2a3b, C3bBb3b -Potent Anaphylatoxin Target of Eculizumab C5a -Leukocyte C5 X Chemotaxis C6,C7,C8,C9 -Cell Activation C5b-9 -Cell Activation -Cell Lysis
  • 27. Eculizumab Highly effective in reducing hemolysis Decreases or eliminates need for blood transfusions Improves fatigue and quality of life Reduces the risk of thrombosis
  • 28. Reduction in thrombotic events Principal Investigator: There were fewer thrombotic events with eculizumab treatment than during the Thrombotic events (n) same period prior to treatment Pre-eculizumab treatment Eculizumab treatment 1 Hillmen P et al. Blood 2007; 110: 4123-4128; 2Brodsky RA et al. Blood 2008; 111: 1840-1847;
  • 29. ‫בחזרה לחולה...‬ ‫לאחר הדימום לא חודש הטיפול בקומדין‬ ‫תרומבוציטופניה סביב -0002, 0 ללא דימומים‬ ‫מתן דם כל 6-5 שבועות בגלל המוליזה‬ ‫ב- 0102 הותחל טיפול ב ‪- Eculizumab‬‬ ‫מספר שבועות לאחר מכן, ירידת ,‪ LDH‬הפחתה‬ ‫בעירויי דם ושיפור משמעותי באיכות החיים‬
  • 30. ‫לסיכום‬ ‫חולה עם יל"ד פורטלי על רקע ‪PNH‬‬ ‫דילמה של טיפול בנוגדי קרישה בחולה עם‬ ‫דימום, טרומבופיליה ותרומבוציטופניה‬ ‫טיפול חדש ב-‪ Eculizumab‬ויתרונותיו‬
  • 31. ‫‪Thank you‬‬ ‫תודה לד"ר יוקלה מהמכון המטולוגי בי"ח מאיר‬