it provides the architecture of Grid Technology, mainly focuses on the Globus and Gridbus architecture

2. Outline
Background
Globus architecture
Globus Toolkit
Gridbus Architecture
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3. Background
 Globus its self a community for open source software development
(OGSI) and relate documentation for the creation of grid technologies
 In 1998 first version of Globus Toolkit (GT) released, and version 2.0 was
released in 2002. It was developed by using C programming language, first
it was useful for LINUX platforms and it was not fully supported for
Microsoft platforms. (Lock, R 2002) (Russell Lock. 11 February 2002 "An
introduction to the Globus toolkit"). Globus Toolkit 2 consist of
components Grid Resource Allocation Management (GRAM), Grid File
Transfer Protocol (GridFTP) and Monitoring and Discovery Service
(MDS).
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4. Globus architecture
 The Globus project provides open source software toolkit that
can be used to build computational grids and grid based
applications. It allows sharing of computing power, databases,
and other resources securely across corporate, institutional and
geographical boundaries without sacrificing local autonomy.
 The core services, interfaces and protocols in the Globus toolkit
allow users to access remote resources seamlessly while
simultaneously preserving local control over who can use
resources and when.
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5. Globus architecture…
Figure: Globus architecture
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6. Globus architecture…
 The Globus Architecture has three main groups of services
accessible through a security layer.
 Resource management,
 Data Management ,and
 Information services.
Resource management: The resource management supports for:
Resource allocation, Submitting jobs, and Managing job status and
progress .
Information services: provides support for collecting information in the
grid and for querying this information, based on the Lightweight
Directory Access Protocol (LDAP).
Data management: provides support to transfer files among machines in
the grid and for the management of these transfers.
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7. Globus architecture…
 The local services layer contains the operating system services,
network services like TCP / IP , cluster scheduling services provided
by Load Leveler, job-submission, query of queues, and soon. The
higher layers of the Globus model enable the integration of multiple
or heterogeneous clusters. The core services layer contains the
Globus toolkit building blocks for security, job submission, data
management and resource information management. The high level
services and tools layer contains tools that integrate the lower level
services or implement missing functionality.
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8. Globus architecture…
 GSI Security Layer
 The GSI uses public key cryptography (also known as
asymmetric cryptography) as the basis for its functionality. Many
of the terms and concepts used in this description of the GSI
come from its use of public key cryptography.
The primary motivations behind the GSI are:
 The need for secure communication between elements of a
computational Grid.
 The need to support security across organizational boundaries
 The need to support "single sign-on" for users of the Grid
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9. Globus architecture…
 GSI Security Layer …
 Public Key Cryptography
 Digital Signatures
 Certificate
 Mutual Authentication
 Confidential Communication
 Securing Private Keys
 Delegation and Single Sign-On
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10. Globus architecture…
 GSI Security Layer …
 Public Key Cryptography: is cryptography in which a pair of keys is used to encrypt
and decrypt a message so that it arrives securely.
 Digital Signatures: Digital signatures are the public-key primitives of message
authentication.
 Certificate: is a user's Public Key, which has been signed and encrypted using the
private key of a well-known Certificate Authority.
 Mutual Authentication: Mutual authentication, also called two-way authentication, is a
process or technology in which both entities in a communications link authenticate each
other.
 Confidential Communication: protecting the information from disclosure to
unauthorized parties.
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11. Globus architecture…
 Globus Toolkit
 Three pyramids: Globus Toolkit has three pyramids of support built on
top of a security infrastructure, as illustrated in Figure. They are:
Resource management
Data management
Information services
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Fig: Globus
toolkit three pyramid

12. Globus architecture…
 Globus Toolkit…
 Resource management: The resource management pyramid provides support
for:
 Resource allocation
 Submitting jobs: Remotely running executable files and receiving results
 Managing job status and progress
 Information services: provides support for collecting information in the grid
and for querying this information, based on the Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP).
 Data management: provides support to transfer files among machines in the
grid and for the management of these transfers.
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13. Globus architecture…
 Components of Globus Toolkit
 Globus provides a component to implement resource management, data
management, and information services
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14. Globus architecture…
 Components of Globus Toolkit…
 GRAM/GASS : The primary components of the resource management
pyramid are the Grid Resource Allocation Manager (GRAM) and the Global
Access to Secondary Storage (GASS).
 MDS: Based on the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), the Grid
Resource Information Service (GRIS) and Grid Index Information Service
(GIIS) components can be configured in a hierarchy to collect the information
and distribute it.
 Grid FTP : is a key component for the secure and high-performance data
transfer. The Globus Replica Catalog and Management is used to register and
manage both complete and partial copies of data sets.
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15. Globus architecture…
 Components of Globus Toolkit…
 Grid Resource Allocation Manager (GRAM): is the module that provides the
remote execution and status management of the execution. When a job is submitted
by a client, the request is sent to the remote host and handled by the gatekeeper
daemon located in the remote host. Then the gatekeeper creates a job manager to
start and monitor the job. When the job is finished, the job manager sends the status
information back to the client and terminates. It contains the following elements:
 The globusrun command
 Resource Specification Language (RSL)
 The gatekeeper daemon
 The job manager
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16. Globus architecture…
 Components of Globus Toolkit…
 Monitoring and Discovery Service (MDS): provides access to static and
dynamic information of resources. Basically, it contains the following
components: DS):
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17. Globus architecture…
 Monitoring and Discovery Service (MDS)…
 Resource information: Resource information contains the objects managed by
MDS, which represent components resources .
 Grid Resource Information Service (GRIS): is the repository of local resource
information derived from information providers.
 Grid Index Information Service (GIIS): GIIS is the repository that contains
indexes of resource information registered by the GRIS and other GIISs.
 Information providers: The information providers translate the properties and
status of local resources to the format defined in the schema and configuration files.
 MDS client: The MDS client is based on the LDAP client command, ldapsearch. A
search for resource information that you want in your grid environment is initially
performed by the MDS client.
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18. Gridbus Architecture
 Grid technologies such as Globus provide capabilities and services required for
secure access and execution of a job on resources. However, to achieve the
complete vision of Grid as a utility computing environment, a number of challenges
need to be addressed.
 They include composition of analysis software as a distributed application, resource
brokering methodologies and strategies for scheduling data-driven applications,
data grid economy for data management, application service specification, and
accounting of resource consumption.
 The application development and deployment services need to scale from desktop
environment to global grids and need to support both scientific and business
applications
 Grid bus emphasizes the end-to-end qulaity-of-sevices driven by computational
economy at various levels – clusters, peer-to-peer networks, and the grid for the
management of distributed computational, data and application services.
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19. Gridbus Architecture…
Fig: Gridbus architecture
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20. Gridbus Architecture…
 Gridbus supports commoditization of Grid services at various levels:
 Raw resource level ( eg. Selling CPU cycles and storage resources )
 Application level ( eg: molecular docking operations for drug design
application )
 Aggregated services ( eg: brokering and reselling of services across multiple
domains )
 Gridbus provides software technologies that spread across the following
categories:
 Enterprise Grid middleware ( Alchemi )
 Service-level agreements based allocation of cluster resources ( Libra)
 Grid economy and virtual enterprise ( Grid Market Directory, Compute Power
Market )
 Grid trading and accounting services ( GridBank )
 Grid resource brokering and scheduling ( GridBus Broker )
 Grid workflow management ( GridBus workflow Engine )
 Grid Application programming interface ( Visual Parametric Modeller )
 Grid portals ( Gmonitor, Gridscape)
 Grid modeling and simulation ( GridSim)
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