1. INFORMATION SYSTEMS

2. THE DEFINITION OF DATA,
INFORMATION AND INFORMATION
SYSTEM.
• Data: data are the raw, unprocessed facts,
including text, numbers, images and sound. It is
not organised and has little value.
• Information is organised data that is valuable
and meaningful to a specific user.
• Information system: information system is a
collection of hardware, software, data, people
and procedures that collects data, processes data
and provides information.

3. THE USAGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN VARIOUS
FIELD.
 EDUCATION
• Keep track of students statistics and grades.
• Help students and teachers in online learning
and discussion.
• Store subject content.

4.  BUSINESS
• Carry our online buying and selling
• Help plan the delivery of goods and services.
• Make room booking and for checking the best
rates.
 MANAGEMENT
• See employee records
• Analyse products, services and product prices
• Process customer orders, organise production
times and keep track of product inventory

5. FIVE COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM:
Human, procedure, software, hardware and
data.
Component Definition
Data Data are the raw, unprocessed facts,
including text, numbers, images and sound.
Processed data is called information
Hardware Hardware is the equipment that processes
the data to create information. It includes
the keyboard, mouse, monitor, system unit,
and other devices. Hardware is controlled
by software

6. Component Definition
Software Software is series of instructions that tells a
computer what to do. The purpose of
software is to convert data into information
People People is anyone who communicate with
(human) computer system or utilizes the
information it generates such as customers,
employees, students, data entry clerks,
accountants and sales manager.
Procedure A procedure is operating instructions for
people (user) to follow when using
software, hardware, and data. Procedures
can be in the form of guidelines in the user
manuals.

7. Interrelation between Information System components.
Data
Hardware Procedure
Software Human

8. TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM
• Transaction Processing System (TPS)
• Management Information System (MIS)
• Decision Support System (DSS)
• Executive Information System (EIS)
• Expert System (ES)/ Artificial Intelligence (AI)

9. Information Usage
System
Executive Executive Information System is an
Information information system that provides strategic
System (EIS) / information tailored to the needs of top
Executive management. EIS is a highly interactive MIS
Support combined with DSS and AI that present,
System (ESS) summarize and analyze data from
organization's database. ESS is designed to
be easy to use. So an executive with little
spare time can obtain information without
extensive training
Decision A Decision Support System is an information
Support system that analyzes business data and
System (DSS) presents it so that users can make business
decisions more easily. DSS analyze data.

10. Information Usage
System
Management Management Information System is an
Information information system that produces
System (MIS) standardized reports in summarized
structured form. MIS summarizes data and
presents them in reports.
Transaction Transaction Processing System is an
Processing information system that helps an organization
System (TPS) keep track of daily operations and records
these events in database; e.g. sales, payroll,
reservations, shipping, and worker tracking.
TPS is simply records data.

11. Information Usage
System
Expert System A type of application program that makes
(ES)/ Artificial decisions or solves problems in a particular
Intelligence field by using knowledge and analytical rules
(AI) defined by experts in the field.

12. EIS Make decision
Top
management
DSS Analyze
Middle
management
MIS Summarize
Supervisor
TPS Record

13. Hierarchy of data
Data Meaning
bit A binary digit, the smallest piece of information
that a computer can hold.
A bit is always one of two values, written as 0 and
1
byte A byte is a series of 8 bits, which represent a
single character (number, letter or symbol)
field A field is a combination of one or more characters
or bytes. Each field is represented by a column in
the table. In database system fields are the
smallest units of information you can access and
each field name for examples name, address and
age.

14. Data Meaning
record A record is a collection of related fields. Each
record is represented by a row in the table.
file A file is a collection of related fields.
(table)
database A database is a collection of related files stored in
storage medium

16. THE DEFINITION OF DATABASE & DBMS
• Database: a database is structured collection of
data that is organized so that enables people to
add, find, sort, group, summarize, and print the
data.
• DBMS: is a software that can manage a
database. DBMS allows you to use a computer to
create a database; add, change, and delete data
in the database; sort the data in the database;
retrieve data in the database; and create forms
and reports using the data in the database. E.g.
Microsoft Access, MySQL, Oracle, DB2,
Informix, SQL Server, Visual Foxpro, Corel
Paradox, Kexi, OpenOffice.org Base.

17. BENEFITS OF USING DBMS
• Improve data integrity.
• Avoid data redundancy
• Data can be shared over a network, by a whole
organisation.
• Information can be accessed easily.
• Data security. Data are not accessible to
unauthorised users.

18. THE RELATION BETWEEN FIELD,
RECORD AND FILE.
• A file or table is a collection of records.
• Records are composed of files.

19. PRIMARY KEY & FOREIGN KEY
• Primary key: Primary key is a field that contains
a value uniquely identifies each record in the
table.
• Foreign key: A foreign key is a field in a
relational table that matches the primary key
column of another table.

20. THE IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY KEY
• The primary key ensures that no two records in a
database contain the same value for that field. It
is the field that uniquely identifies the record.
• For example IC Number field uniquely identifies
each student because no two students can have
the same IC number.

21. IDENTIFY THE PRIMARY KEY & FOREIGN
KEY FROM THE SAMPLE DATABASE.
FRIEND_INFO
FriendID {PK} PHONE_NUM
Name FriendID {FK}
Address Phone_Number
Date_of_birth

22. DATABASE OBJECTS
• Table
• Form
• Query
• Report
• Relationship

23. BASIC OPERATIONS IN DATA MANIPULATION:
• Update
• Insert
• Delete
• Modify
• Retrieve
• Sort
• Filter
• Search

24. PHASES OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
• Analysis
• Design
• Implementation
• Testing
• Documentation
• Maintenance