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Biochemistry
of Cells
        Bantulo
       Valenzuela
-Simplest bacterium to the human
being all use the same types of
biomolecules and they all use energy

- Activities within a cell are similar to
the transportation system of a city
Biochemistry
Chemical foundations of Biochemistry

  -Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of
     carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives

- cellular apparatus of living organism is made up of
                 carbon compounds

- the reactions of molecules are based on the reaction
             of their respective derivatives
Biochemistry
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that is the energy currency of the cell,
    contains both ester and anhydride linkages involving phophoric acid.
The Beginning of Biology : Origin of Life

-Earth and its water are the source and mainstay of life.

How and when did Earth come to be?

-Bigbang theory – widely accepted cosmological theory on how
Earth began

   - all matter in the universe was originally confined to a
comparatively small volume of space. Result of tremendous
explosion this “primordial fireball” started to expand with great
force.
   - the average temperature of the universe has been
decreasing ever since as a result of the explosion and lower
temperature forms stars and planet.
U ver se com
                    ni         posi t i on

Si m e : hydr ogen, hel i um l i t hi un
    pl                      ,

Rest of chem cal el em s ar e f or m i n 3 w
               i         ent             ed        ays:
1.) Ther monucl ear r eact i ons t hat nor m l y t akes
                                            al
pl ace i n st ar s

2.) Expl osi on of st ar s

3.) By act i on of cosm c r ays out si de t he st ar s si nce
                        i
t he f or m i on of gal axy.
           at

-Ver y l i t t l e or no f r ee (O exi st ed i n t he ear l y
                                  2)
st ages
- The gases ar e usual l y pr esent i n t he at m   ospher e of
ear t h: N 3, H
           H      2S, C , C 2, C 4, N H and H .
                       O O H         2, 2,         2O
Biochemistry
Biomolecules
Macromolecules

      - proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides
      - monomers (smaller molecules) that are linked to
produce marcomolecules called polymers
             - ex of monomers : amino acid, nucleotides,
monosaccharides

       - amino acid + amino acid (polymerization) = proteins
       - nucleotides + nucleotides = nucleic acids (RNA and
DNA)
      - sugar monomers + sugar monomers (polymerization)
= polysaccharides
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
-Proteins of the class called enzymes display catalytic activity which
increase the rates of chemical reaction compared with uncatalyzed.

- The specific sequence of the amino acid present determines the
properties of all types of proteins including enzymes.

- Present day cells, the sequence of amino acids in proteins is
determined by the sequence of nucleotides in nucleic acids.

-DNA serves as a coding material.

- Genetic code is the relationship between the nucleotide sequence in
nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence in proteins.
   -- information for the structure and function of all living things is
   passed from one generation to the next.
Biochemistry
The Biggest Biological Distinction (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes)

   Prokaryotes
          - karyon, kernel nuts, literally means “before the nucleus”
          - bacteria and cyanobacteria
          - single-celled organisms
          - small (1 to 3 angstrom)
   Eukaryotes
          - “true nucleus”
          - multicellular or single-celled
          - yeasts and paramecium ( single celled)
          - animals and plants (multicellular organisms)
          - large (10 to 100 angstrom)
Biochemistry
Organelles – part of the cell that has a distinct function which is
surrounded by its own membrane within the cells.
Biochemistry
Biochemistry

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Biochemistry

  • 1. Biochemistry of Cells Bantulo Valenzuela
  • 2. -Simplest bacterium to the human being all use the same types of biomolecules and they all use energy - Activities within a cell are similar to the transportation system of a city
  • 4. Chemical foundations of Biochemistry -Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives - cellular apparatus of living organism is made up of carbon compounds - the reactions of molecules are based on the reaction of their respective derivatives
  • 6. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that is the energy currency of the cell, contains both ester and anhydride linkages involving phophoric acid.
  • 7. The Beginning of Biology : Origin of Life -Earth and its water are the source and mainstay of life. How and when did Earth come to be? -Bigbang theory – widely accepted cosmological theory on how Earth began - all matter in the universe was originally confined to a comparatively small volume of space. Result of tremendous explosion this “primordial fireball” started to expand with great force. - the average temperature of the universe has been decreasing ever since as a result of the explosion and lower temperature forms stars and planet.
  • 8. U ver se com ni posi t i on Si m e : hydr ogen, hel i um l i t hi un pl , Rest of chem cal el em s ar e f or m i n 3 w i ent ed ays: 1.) Ther monucl ear r eact i ons t hat nor m l y t akes al pl ace i n st ar s 2.) Expl osi on of st ar s 3.) By act i on of cosm c r ays out si de t he st ar s si nce i t he f or m i on of gal axy. at -Ver y l i t t l e or no f r ee (O exi st ed i n t he ear l y 2) st ages - The gases ar e usual l y pr esent i n t he at m ospher e of ear t h: N 3, H H 2S, C , C 2, C 4, N H and H . O O H 2, 2, 2O
  • 11. Macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides - monomers (smaller molecules) that are linked to produce marcomolecules called polymers - ex of monomers : amino acid, nucleotides, monosaccharides - amino acid + amino acid (polymerization) = proteins - nucleotides + nucleotides = nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) - sugar monomers + sugar monomers (polymerization) = polysaccharides
  • 14. -Proteins of the class called enzymes display catalytic activity which increase the rates of chemical reaction compared with uncatalyzed. - The specific sequence of the amino acid present determines the properties of all types of proteins including enzymes. - Present day cells, the sequence of amino acids in proteins is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in nucleic acids. -DNA serves as a coding material. - Genetic code is the relationship between the nucleotide sequence in nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence in proteins. -- information for the structure and function of all living things is passed from one generation to the next.
  • 16. The Biggest Biological Distinction (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) Prokaryotes - karyon, kernel nuts, literally means “before the nucleus” - bacteria and cyanobacteria - single-celled organisms - small (1 to 3 angstrom) Eukaryotes - “true nucleus” - multicellular or single-celled - yeasts and paramecium ( single celled) - animals and plants (multicellular organisms) - large (10 to 100 angstrom)
  • 18. Organelles – part of the cell that has a distinct function which is surrounded by its own membrane within the cells.