This ppt gives a insight of use of Hydrogen fuels to reduce emissions in IC Engines

1. PPrrooff.. LL.. MM.. DDaass
CCeennttrree ffoorr EEnneerrggyy SSttuuddiieess
IInnddiiaann IInnssttiittuuttee ooff TTeecchhnnoollooggyy DDeellhhii
New Delhi - 110016

2.  Backbone of Transport sector for developing countries
 Threat of Twin Crises
 IC Engines: Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition
Engines
 Need of Low -Emission Alternative Fuels
 Transition to Hydrogen Economy

3. Prospective Alternative Fuels
 Hydrogen
 Compressed Natural Gas(CNG)
 Bio-Diesel
 Hydrogen Added Natural Gas
 Ethanol
 Methanol
 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
 Biogas
 Producer Gas
 BtL ( Biomass to Liquid)
 GtL ( Gas to Liquid)and CTL( coal –
to-liquid

4. NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Air quality
degradation
Air quality
degradation
Alternat
e Fuels
Stringent
Emission
Norms
Stringent
Emission
Norms
Reduced
Fossil fuel
Depletion
Reduced
Fossil fuel
Depletion
Reduced
Emission
and Smog
Reduced
Emission
and Smog
Increase
in oil
price
Increase
in oil
price
Lower
Operating
Cost
Lower
Operating
Cost
Reduced
Fuel
Import
Bill
Reduced
Fuel
Import
Bill

5.  Transport sector contributes around 14% towards
the global emissions of green house gases
 Carbon dioxide represents the largest proportion
of basket of greenhouse gas emissions
 The Road transport alone emits around 16% of
the global CO2 emissions

6. Source : CSE, New Delhi

7. EFFORTS TTOOWWAARRDDSS CCLLEEAANN
TTRRAANNPPOORRTT FFUUEELLSS IINN IINNDDIIAA
Government of India
Automobile Industries
Oil Industries
Academic Institutions
Zero Emission Vehicles

8. PPRROOGGRREESSSSIIVVEE SSTTEEPPSS
TTOOWWAARRDDSS CCLLEEAARR
TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT SSYYSSTTEEMM
GASOLINE
DIESEL
Higher octane number
85 to 90
Improved distillation
characteristics
ULSD<50mg/kg
Aromatic 11% wt
CNG HYTHANE
H2+CNG NEAT H2

9. HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEM GOAL:
Make Energy Use Part Of Earth’s Water Cycle
R E N E W A B L E H 2 E N E R G Y S Y S T E M
H 2 O
H 2
P L A N T
H 2 O
H 2 T R A N S P O R T
H 2 F C
C A R
P O W E R
R E N E W A B L E
E N E R G Y
H 2 S T O R .
H 2 D I S T .

10. HHYYDDRROOGGEENN
It’s abundant, clean, efficient, and can be derived from diverse
domestic /non-fossil resources.
Biomass Transportation
Hydro
Wind
Solar
.
Geothermal
Distributed
Generation
Nuclear
Oil
Coal
Natural
Gas
With Carbon Sequestration
HIGH EFFICIENCY
& RELIABILITY
ZERO/NEAR ZERO
EMISSIONS

11. Vision 2020
Indian scientist and engineers putting efforts to result in
creation of hydrogen energy
Infrastructure and Industrial base
 Specialized research centre
Institutional setup
Trained and qualified manpower
 Codes, standards, regulations, legislations
policy measures
Which would facilitate acceptance of hydrogen as fuel by
consumers

12. Two Measure Initiatives on Transport
and Power Generation
• Green Initiative for Future Transport (GIFT)
– It aims to develop and demonstrate hydrogen
powered IC engine and fuel cell based vehicles
• Green Initiative for Power Generation (GIP)
– It envisages developing and demonstrating hydrogen
powered IC engine/Turbine and fuel cell

13.  A. Green Initiative for Future Transport(GIFT)
◦ Demonstrate One Million Hydrogen vehicles
 700,000 two wheelers
 50,000 three wheelers
 50,000 cars and taxis
 100,000 buses and vans
 B. Green Initiative for Power Generation(GIP)
◦ Setup 1,000MW Hydrogen Based Power Generation capacity
 50MW small IC engine stand alone generators
 50MW stand alone fuel cell power packs
 400MW Gas Turbine Based Power Plants
 500MW Central Fuel Cell Power Plants
 C. Investment for Infrastructure and R&D: 25,000 crores
 D. To be achieved through Public Private Partnership
1 million vehicles will require about
7000 tonnes of H2/ day

14.  MNRE has supported a project for demonstrating Hydrogen(up to 30%) with CNG in
7 automobiles(3 buses, 2 cars and 2 three wheelers) to Society of Indian Automobile
Manufacturers(SIAM) in September, 2007
 This is first project of public-private partnership undertaken in Hydrogen energy
 SIAM, IOCL and OEMs(Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland, Eicher Motors, Mahindra and
Mahindra and Bajaj Auto) are participating in the project
 Existing Hydrogen-CNG dispensing station set up by IOC at Faridabad to be used for
filling hydrogen-CNG blends in the test vehicles
 Project would help in optimization of engine performance and blend ratio of Hydrogen
with CNG

15. Building Hydrogen Energy
IIT Delhi
August 18, 2004
Source: T.Nejat Veziroglu ,Hydrogen Energy Technologies, UNIDO

16. SSiinnggllee SSoolluuttiioonnss ttoo DDuuaall
IIT Delhi
--::HHyyddrrooggeenn::--
….“ I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel,
that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or
together will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and
light of an intensity of which coal is not capable………water
will be coal of the future”
August 18, 2004
PPrroobblleemmss
JULES VERNE
Mysterious Island (1876)
….“With a new national
commitment, our scientists
and engineers will overcome
obstacles to taking these cars
from laboratory to showroom,
so that the first car driven by
a child born today could be
powered by hydrogen and
pollution-free“…..
On Freedom Fuel
Energy
Crisis
….“ I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel,
that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly
or together will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat
and light of an intensity of which coal is not
capable………water will be coal of the future”
Environmental
Degradation
George Bush (2003)

17. Properties relevant to Engine Operation
Hydrogen
H2
IIT Delhi
Gasoline Diesel
August 18, 2004
Fuel
Methanol
CH3OH
Propan
e
C3H8
Methane
CH4
Ignition
energy
(mJ/kg)
20 250 200 250 300
Flame.
limits
(%)*
4-75 1-8 1-7 6-26 2-10 5-15
Auto-ignition
temp.(°C)
580 400 220 380 490 650
Flame
speed
(m/s)
2.7 0.35 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4

18. Configurations ffoorr HHyyddrrooggeenn UUssee iinn EEnnggiinneess
Neat Hydrogen
Hydrogen + CNG
Dual Fuelling
( Diesel + Hydrogen)
H2
Hydrogen Supplementation
(Petrol + Hydrogen )
FUEL CELL

19. Minimum Ignition Energy as a
Function of Equivalence Ratio for
Hydrogen and Methane

20. Striking a Balance : Mutually Conflicting Parameters
Gasoline

22. Source: NHEB Road map

24. Experimentally identified CCaauusseess ooff FFllaasshhbbaacckk
(i)Presence of Hot Particles in Cylinder
(ii)Hot Spots on Spark Plugs & on Cylinder Walls
(iii)Particulate matter in residual from oil
Typical to Multi-cylinder Engines
(i) Communication of Fresh charge with burning exhaust
gases from another cylinder
(ii)Very lean operation with presence of still-burning gases
from previous cycle—when intake valve opens

25. Back firing-Solid lines and Regular pressure trace with dotted lines

26. Spark Ignition EEnnggiinneess ::FFuueell IInndduuccttiioonn
TTeecchhnniiqquueess
Mixture formation Flow timings Supply pressure Comments
Continuous
Continuous flow A little above
carburetion (CC)
atmospheric
Unsuitable for neat
hydrogen but can be
adopted for HCNG blend
Continuous
manifold injection
(CMI)
Continuous flow Slightly greater
than
atmospheric
Not essentially different
from CC
Timed manifold
injection (TMI)
Flow commences after the
opening of the intake valve
but completed prior to IVC
1.4 - 5.5 kgf/cm2 Most appropriate
Low pressure
Direct cylinder
injection (LPDI)
Flow commences after the
intake valve closure and is
completed before significant
compression pressure rise
2.0 - 8.0 kgf/cm2 Requires tough thermal
environment
High pressure
Direct cylinder
injection (HPDI)
Flow commences at the end
of the compression stroke
Abnormally
high pressure
Uncontrolled combustion

27. IImmpprroovveedd TThheerrmmaall EEffffiicciieennccyy
Maximum
Thermal
efficiency close
to 44 % at lean
engine operation

28. Nearly Zero
Emissions
Lower NOx Emission
at 0.4< f < 0.6
Reference: L.M.Das, Exhaust Emission Characterization of Hydrogen-
Operated Engine System: Nature of Pollutants and Their Control Techniques,
Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Vol. 16, No. 11, pp. 765-775, 1991.

29. PRESSURE CRANK ANGLE DIAGRAM-H2

30. HYDRAULICALLY
OPERATED
INJECTION SYSTEM
CAM-ACTUATED INJECTION SYSTEM
Neat Hydrogen-fuelled
S.I. Engine Genset
TOTAL HYDROGEN S.I. ENGINE
GENSET USING ELECTRONIC FUEL
INJECTION SYSTEM
SIX CYLINDER HYDROGEN –
DIESEL DUAL ENGINE HYDROGEN FUELLED DIESEL
ENGINE

31.  The spontaneous fear reaction is probably attributable with
“hydrogen bomb” and Hindenburg fire.
 Hydrogen fires burn very rapidly and radiate very little heat,
and thus are relatively short lived. A person can be closer to
a H2 fire than a gasoline fire without being burned.
 Hydrogen being the smallest and lightest element in nature,
it diffuses rapidly to the surroundings to non-combustible
proportions.

32. The hydrogen flame has begun to
subside, the gasoline fire is
intensifying. After 100 seconds, all
the hydrogen was gone and the
interior of the car was undamaged.
The gasoline car continued to burn
for a long time and was totally
damaged.
[Dr. Michael R. Swain 2001]
A picture from a video which
compared fire from a leak in a
gasoline engine car and the
same kind of leak from a
hydrogen car. The pictures are
taken at one minute after
ignition

33. HYDROGEN UTILISATION IN DIESEL ENGINE
 Auto ignition temperature of Hydrogen is 576o C-ignition by
compression alone –not possible even at a CR of 29 (Study at Cornell
Univ)
 Prof Ikegami’s work at Kyoto University
 Dual fuel operation - mode of diesel engine operation using
hydrogen
 Small horse power diesel engine – hydrogen-diesel operation in IITD
 Multicylinder Diesel engine --- 45% Energy substitution

34. Shri. Kariya Munda, The then Minister for Non – Conventional Energy
Sources discussing about the Hydrogen – operated S.I. Engine Genset
developed at I.I.T. Delhi during the “Demonstration of Hydrogen Operated
vehicles and other systems” held at New Delhi, in Feb.2004

35. Prof. T. N. Veziroglu and Ms. Ayfer Kayle having a closer look at
the Hydrogen-operated Genset developed in IIT Delhi

36. Prof. T. N. Veziroglu along with the Union Minister of Petroleum and Natural
Gas and other dignitaries visiting IITD stall during the International
Symposium of Fuels and Lubricants, New Delhi, India (2003)

37. Effect ooff cchhaarrggee DDiilluueennttss
No
Diluent
Water:2640 ppm
Heleium:10% Nitrogen:30%

38. *Water was found to be the best diluent
permitted up to 66% full load energy
substitution by hydrogen
* Avoided engine knock considerably
*brought down the exhaust smoke density
and NOx emission level

39. In 2006 IITD submitted the feasibility study report to
UNIDO which was then selected from amongst 12
International feasibility studies that it had funded
Subsequently UNDO-ICHET collaborated with IITD in
setting up the consortium with scope to demonstrate
hydrogen technology
Exhaustive Lab tests were carried in collaboration with
Mahindra over a span of four years and the results have been
transformed into 15 hydrogen powered 3- Wheelers

40. 1. Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD)
2. UNIDO-India
3. Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M)
4. Air Products (AP)
5. India Trade Promotion Organization (ITPO) Delhi

41. HHyyddrrooggeenn ooppeerraatteedd TThhrreeee
WWhheeeelleerr-- PPaasssseennggeerr VVeerrssiioonn
Demonstrated in Auto Expo
2010
Hydrogen ooppeerraatteedd TThhrreeee
WWhheeeelleerr-- PPaasssseennggeerr VVeerrssiioonn
Demonstrated in Auto Expo
2010
His Excellency Mr Binali Yildirim
Minister of Transport Republic of
Turkey, is discussing with
Prof.L.M.Das about the newly
designed passenger version.

42. Kick-off Meeting PPhhoottooggrraapphhss
on 12th March 2009

43. HHyyddrrooggeenn ooppeerraatteedd TThhrreeee
WWhheeeelleerr-- PPaasssseennggeerr VVeerrssiioonn
Demonstrated in Auto Expo
2010
Hydrogen ooppeerraatteedd TThhrreeee
WWhheeeelleerr-- PPaasssseennggeerr VVeerrssiioonn
Demonstrated in Auto Expo
2010
His Excellency Mr Binali Yildirim
Minister of Transport Republic of
Turkey, is discussing with
Prof.L.M.Das about the newly
designed passenger version.

45. Critical Operating Parameters Optimized
during Lab Tests for 3W Vehicular Engine
• Duration of Injection
• Start of injection
• Ignition Timing
• Emissions – NOx
• Torque

47. Performance Characteristics

50. IIT Delhi M&M Air Products
Engine Optimization
Performance,
Durability
Validation
Field Trials,
Vehicular
Optimization and
Maintenance
Fuelling Station
Hydrogen Supply

51. Ms Rita Menon, Chairman-cum-MD of the IPTO at at DELHY
3W Inauguration
Ms Ayumi Fujino, UR, UNIDO India at DELHY 3W Inauguration
Prof. L.M.Das, IIT-Delhi, at DELHY 3W Inauguration
Dr. Pawan Goenka, President M&M, at DELHY
3W Inauguration

52. Official inauguration was held on 9th January 2012 in Pragati Maidan, New
Delhi

53. Dr. K. Yumkella, Director General of UNIDO
having joy Ride in DELHY 3W

58. Mission Mode project sponsored by MNRE
to
IIT Delhi
and
Mahindra and Mahindra

61. IIT-Delhi professor tames hydrogen for engines.mp4

63. …..The woods are lovely dark and deep
but I have promises to keep.
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep…….
Robert Frost
LOOKING AHEAD……..

64. Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi