2. First Aid Provider
First Aid: ‘ Emergency care provided for injury or
sudden illness before professional emergency medical
treatment becomes available’.
Initial Responsibilities of A First Aider:
Recognizing a medical emergency.
Making the decision to help.
Identifying hazards and ensuring personal safety.
Activating the EMS system
Providing supportive, basic first aid care.
3. Legal Considerations
Everyone has the right to refuse help.
When person is unresponsive, the concept of ‘implied
consent’ is adapted.
A parent/guardian should be asked before providing
care to a child. In their absence consent is legally
implied.
It is important to remain with the person once first aid
care has been initiated.
4. Personal Safety
Emergency Scenes often are unsafe.
Your safety is your highest priority.
If location is unsafe, GET OUT!
SETUP:
STOP
Environment
Traffic
Unknown Hazards
Personal Safety
5. Disease Transmission and
Precautions
When providing first aid care, you can be exposed to
blood or other potentially infectious fluids.
Infectious diseases include, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C
and HIV.
Exposure can occur through direct contact with an
open wound/sore or through mucous membranes.
6. Always wear gloves and remove contaminated gloves
carefully.
Use a shield or CPR mask if rescue breaths are
required.
A face shield can prevent mouth, nose and eye
exposure when there is splashing or spraying.
If you don’t have protective equipment, then
IMPROVISE.
8. Sudden Cardiac Arrest ( SCA)
Occurs when the normal electrical impulse of the
heart is disorganized.
Blood flow to the brain stops and there is loss of
consciousness.
Intervention by a bystander with Rescue breaths and
chest compressions could restore some of the lost
oxygen.
9. Chain of Survival
Immediate recognition and activation of EMS.
Early CPR with effective chest compressions.
Rapid Defibrillation.
Advanced life support.
Post Cardiac-Arrest Care
10. Primary Assessment
Assess- Look at Face and Chest for Breathing
Alert- Call EMS
Attend- Start CPR
Skill 2: CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
12. Foreign Body Air Way Obstruction
Adults: Abdominal Thrusts, if unresponsive start CPR
Children: Abdominal Thrusts, if unresponsive Start
CPR
Infants: 5 Back Blows, 5 chest thrusts. If
unresponsive, Start CPR
13. Soft-Tissue Injuries
Minor Wounds:
Wash with clean, running water.
Apply firm,continous pressure
Cover with gauze pad or adhesive bandage.
Remember: Wear your gloves.
14. Amputation
Complete loss of a body part.
Amputated parts can be surgically reattached.
Locate the severed part.
Wrap it in a sterile/clean cloth.
Place the part in a tightly sealed plastic bag
Place the bag or container on ice
Note: Do not soak severed part in water, and do not
put it directly on ice.
15. Impaled Object
An object that penetrates the body and remains
embedded.
NEVER REMOVE AN IMPALED OBJECT.
Keep the person still, call EMS and use direct pressure
if bleeding.
Keep the person calm, treat for shock.
Reassess until EMS arrives.
16. Open Chest Injuries
Activate EMS.
Cover wound with something airtight.
Tape three sides and leave one side open, to allow
trapped air to escape.
Make person comfortable and treat for shock.
17. Open Abdominal Injury
Abdominal organs may protrude through an open
wound.
Cover any protruding organs with thick moist
dressing.
Do not push organs back into the body.
Do Not apply direct pressure on the wound or exposed
internal part.
Treat for shock.
18. Shock
Develops when poor blood flow creates a shortage of
oxygen to body tissues. If not treated early, can be life
threatening.
A person may appear to be uneasy, restless, and
worried. Skin may appear to be pale, cool and sweaty.
Must be transported to hospital immediately.
To reduce effect of shock, ensure an open airway,
maintain body temperature, give nothing to eat or
drink.
19. Injuries to Limbs
Strains: Stretching or tearing of muscles or tendons.
Sprains: Tearing injuries to ligaments that holds joints
together.
Dislocations: Separation of bone ends at a joint.
Fractures: Breaks in Bones
20. Difficult to separate muscle injuries from fractures, so
treat them all as possible fractures.
Minimize movement and prevent additional injury.
Splinting can reduce pain and prevent further injury.
22. Secondary Assessment
Determine chief complaint.
Look around for clues.
Look at the person, feel for any sign of illness or injury.
D-Deformities
O-Open Injuries
T-Tenderness
S-Swelling
Ask Questions ( SAMPLE)
23. S- Symptoms?
A-Allergies?
M-Medications?
P-Past medical history?
L- Last oral intake
E-Events?
24. Burns
Minor Burns: Involves the outer layer of the skin and
results in redness and pain.
Cool the area with water.
Continue cooling until pain is relieved.
Do not apply ice directly to cool a burn.
Leave any blisters intact and cover with loose sterile pad.
Critical Burns: Involves a larger part of the body and
damages skin tissue and causes excessive blistering.
25. Activate EMS.
Expose the burn area by cutting away any clothing.
Do not pull any cloth that might be stuck to the burnt
area.
Remove Jewellery.
Separate fingers or toes with dry sterile dressing.
Give the person nothing to eat or drink .
26. Sudden Illness
Fainting: Result of the drop of blood flow to the
brain, due to sudden stress, lack of food or water,
prolonged standing in one place.
Lay the person flat.
If not injured elevate the legs about 6-12 inches.
If not possible sit the person down and place his head
between his knees.
Stroke: Occurs when blood supply to a portion of the
brain is suddenly interrupted. Mostly occurs when a
blood clot gets caught in a blood vessel.
27. Signs could include:
Numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg on one
side of the body.
Person may appear confused.
Person could become incoherent.
Sight and balance can be affected.
Stroke Assessment: SMILE
HOLD UP BOTH ARMS
SPEAK A SIMPLE SENTENCE
Immediate transport to a medical facility required.
28. Seizure
Triggered by excessive electrical activity within the
brain. The result is uncontrolled muscle convulsions
throughout the body.
Protect the person during the seizure.
Remove hazards.
Do not restrain the person.
Allow the seizure to take its course.
Turn person into recovery position after the seizure has
stopped and seek medical attention.
29. Other Important Topics
Snake Bites
Drowning
Fire Emergencies
Transportation
Lifting Methods
Emotional Considerations.
