Revolution of Nanotechnology:  Theory and Application 2016 Dr. nat.Sci. Ahmed Abdel-Megeed Ph.D Germany, Hamburg University Associate Professor, Plant Protection Dept. Faculty of ِِِAgriculture- Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt P.O. BOX 21531 Homepage: http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75164/default.aspx

1. Revolution of NanotechnologyRevolution of Nanotechnology
Theory and ApplicationTheory and Application
Dr. Ahmed Abdel-FattahDr. Ahmed Abdel-Fattah
PhD Hamburg University, GermanyPhD Hamburg University, Germany
Plant Protection DepartmentPlant Protection Department
Pesticides Chemistry and Environmental ToxicologyPesticides Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology
University of AlexandriaUniversity of Alexandria
May 18th
2016

2. TopicsTopics
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions
History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology
Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions
History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology
Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications

3. NanotechnologyNanotechnology
Nano-Scale (Metrology)Nano-Scale (Metrology)
Nano-Science (Studies & Theories)Nano-Science (Studies & Theories)
Nano-Technology (Applications)Nano-Technology (Applications)
Molecular Nanotechnology (Chemistry)Molecular Nanotechnology (Chemistry)
Molecular Nanobiotechnology (Chem & Bio)Molecular Nanobiotechnology (Chem & Bio)

4. Nanoscale = billionths (10 )Nanoscale = billionths (10 )
6 billion people6 billion people
8000 mile diameter8000 mile diameter
10 billion components10 billion components
8 inch diameter8 inch diameter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth2014
-9

5. DefinitionDefinition
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control
of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100
nanometers, where unique phenomena enable
novel applications.”
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control
of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 1001 to 100
nanometersnanometers, where unique phenomena enable
novel applications.”

6. What are Nanomaterials?What are Nanomaterials?
Materials with at least one external dimension in the size
range from approximately 1-100 nanometers
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (March
2009). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/
Objects with all three external dimensions at the nanoscale
NanomaterialsNanomaterials
NanoparticlesNanoparticles

7. What are Nanomaterials?What are Nanomaterials?
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (March
2009). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/
Naturally occurringNaturally occurring
volcanic ash & soot from forest firesvolcanic ash & soot from forest fires

8. What are Nanomaterials?What are Nanomaterials?
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (March
2009). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/
Combustion processesCombustion processes
Welding physically and chemically heterogeneous and often
termed ultrafine particles.

9. What are Nanomaterials?What are Nanomaterials?
Produced and designed
with very specific
properties related to
shape, size, surface
properties and
chemistry.
Byproducts Engineered nanoparticlesByproducts Engineered nanoparticles
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (March
2009). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/

10. Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that useGecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that use
intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stickintermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick
firmly to surfaces.firmly to surfaces.
Nano in natureNano in nature
adhesiveadhesive
seal woundsseal wounds
What are Nanomaterials?What are Nanomaterials?

11. Why Nanoscale?Why Nanoscale?
physical and chemical properties ofphysical and chemical properties of
materials differ significantly from thosematerials differ significantly from those
at a larger scale.at a larger scale.
Surface areaSurface area
enhance its reactivity, strength andenhance its reactivity, strength and
electrical and magnetic properties.electrical and magnetic properties.

12. Why Nanoscale ?Why Nanoscale ?

13. Human HairHuman Hair

14. Scientific Revolutions
• Lamp and Television
• Transistor
• Integrate Circuit (IC)
• Microprocessors & Personal Computers

15. The 5th
Generation of Scientific Revolution
Nano-TechnologyNano-Technology

16. TopicsTopics
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions
History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology
Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions
History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology
Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications

17. HistoryHistory
Three Champions of NanotechnologyThree Champions of Nanotechnology
Feynman Taniguchi Drexler

18. Richard P. Feynman
1959
One of America’s most notable physicists, 1965.
History, ContinuedHistory, Continued
Genome-wide variation from one human being to another can be up to 0.5%
(99.5% similarity)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_variation

19. He coined the term Nanotechnology in 1974
Norio TaniguchiNorio Taniguchi
History, ContinuedHistory, Continued

20. Eric Drexler - 1986Eric Drexler - 1986
History, ContinuedHistory, Continued
Genome-wide variation from one human being to another can be up to 0.5%
(99.5% similarity)

21. Heinrich RohrerGerd Binnig
Nobel Prize 1986
History, ContinuedHistory, Continued

22. Dome over biosphere in Montreal
A “Buckyball.”
Carbon 60 was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, who
went by the nickname “Bucky.”
History, ContinuedHistory, Continued
FullerenesFullerenes

23. Is nanotechnology the gateway to theIs nanotechnology the gateway to the
future for human beings on Earth?future for human beings on Earth?

24. W
here
W
here
YOURYOUR
ImaginationImagination
TakeTakeYouYou ??
doesdoes

25. Nanotechnology OffersNanotechnology Offers

LighterLighter

StrongerStronger

FasterFaster

SmallerSmaller

More DurableMore Durable

Easier and Clean TechnologyEasier and Clean Technology

26. Nano Materials Shapes
Nano TubesNano Rodes
Nano Composite Nano Particles

27. Types of Nano-Materails
• Single Dimensional Nano-Materials
• Bilateral Dimensional Nano-Materials
• Three Dimensional Nano-Materials
Engineered Surfaces
Bio-Polymers & Nano wires
Nanoparticles

28. HowHow cancan smallsmall ScienceScience
havehave suchsuch bigbigImpactImpact ??aa

29. Magnetic properties
The large surface area to volume ratio results in different
magnetic coupling with neighboring atoms leading to
differing magnetic properties.
Optical properties
• Gold spheres of 10-20nm exhibit red color
• Gold spheres of 2-5nm exhibit yellow color.
• Gold spheres of >20nm exhibit purple color
Electronic properties

30. TopicsTopics
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions
History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology
Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications
Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions
History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology
Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications

31. Nanotechnology ScopeNanotechnology Scope

32. Assembling NanomaterialsAssembling Nanomaterials

33. Bottom-up or top-down?Bottom-up or top-down?

34. Assembling NanomaterialsAssembling Nanomaterials
Bottom up or top downBottom up or top down
Use electricityUse electricity
(electrospray)(electrospray)

35. Nanospider for electrospinningNanospider for electrospinning
SEM images ofSEM images of
electrospunelectrospun
nanofibersnanofibers
ready toready to
encapsulateencapsulate
bio-surfactantsbio-surfactants
Abdel-Megeed et al., (2012). Fabrication of electrospun antimicrobial nanofibers containing
metronidazole using nanospider technology. Fibers And Polymers. 13 : 6 (709-717).

36. Silver NanopariclesSilver Nanoparicles
Fourier-transform infrared
Biosynthesis and characterization of AgNPs

37. 3737
can transform inorganic metal ions into metalcan transform inorganic metal ions into metal
nanoparticlesnanoparticles
Many biological systems
including plants and algae , diatoms , bacteria ,including plants and algae , diatoms , bacteria ,
yeast , fungi , and human cellsyeast , fungi , and human cells
via the reductive capacities of the proteins andvia the reductive capacities of the proteins and
metabolites present in these organisms.metabolites present in these organisms.

38. 3838

39. 3939
SEM micrograph recorded from silver nanoparticlesSEM micrograph recorded from silver nanoparticles
produced by reaction of AgNO3 solution (1 mM) withproduced by reaction of AgNO3 solution (1 mM) with
F. oxysporumF. oxysporum biomassbiomass

40. 4040
Make nanoparticles.Make nanoparticles.
Soak filter in nanoparticles.Soak filter in nanoparticles.
““Inoculate” plate.Inoculate” plate.
Check results.Check results.

41. 4141
How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles
2 ml .5 mM AgNO3 in a test tube.2 ml .5 mM AgNO3 in a test tube.
Start with a compound that has silver in it.Start with a compound that has silver in it.
Our solution is silver nitrate.Our solution is silver nitrate.

42. 4242
Put 2 ml .5 mM AgNOPut 2 ml .5 mM AgNO33 in a test tube.in a test tube.
Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.

Heating it will speed the reaction.Heating it will speed the reaction.
How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles

43. 4343
Put 2 ml .5 mM AgNOPut 2 ml .5 mM AgNO33 in a test tube.in a test tube.
Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.
Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.

Carefully add the sodium citrate;Carefully add the sodium citrate;
the solution isthe solution is HOT!HOT!

Allows silver to formAllows silver to form
stable nanoparticlesstable nanoparticles
How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles

44. 4444
Put 2 ml .5 mM AgNOPut 2 ml .5 mM AgNO33 in a test tube.in a test tube.
Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.
Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.
Continue heating — wait for silverContinue heating — wait for silver
nanoparticles to form.nanoparticles to form.

Watch for a change in color to indicate theWatch for a change in color to indicate the
silver has formed.silver has formed.

Let it heat a few more minutes to be sure theLet it heat a few more minutes to be sure the
color change is complete.color change is complete.
How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles

45. 4545
Put 2 ml .5 mM AgNOPut 2 ml .5 mM AgNO33 in a test tube.in a test tube.
Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.
Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.
Continue heating — wait for silver nanoparticlesContinue heating — wait for silver nanoparticles
to form.to form.
How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles

46. 4646
Growth of BacteriaGrowth of Bacteria
Bacteria may grow asBacteria may grow as
a group =a group = colonycolony
Bacteria may coverBacteria may cover
surface of plate =surface of plate =
lawnlawn

47. 4747
Bacterial Antibiotic SensitivityBacterial Antibiotic Sensitivity
Antibiotics mayAntibiotics may
inhibit the growth ofinhibit the growth of
some bacteria.some bacteria.
Evidence of this is aEvidence of this is a
“halo”.“halo”.
A halo indicates aA halo indicates a
zone where bacteriazone where bacteria
are not present.are not present.

48. Tools used to characterizeTools used to characterize
nanoparticlesnanoparticles

49. Tools used to characterize nanoparticles
Scanning Electronic Microscopy

50. Measurement of zeta potential and electrophoreticMeasurement of zeta potential and electrophoretic
mobility in aqueous and non-aqueous dispersionsmobility in aqueous and non-aqueous dispersions
using Laser Doppler Micro-Electrophoresis.using Laser Doppler Micro-Electrophoresis.
Tools used to characterize nanoparticles
The Zetasizer Nano Z

51. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) SpectroscopyFourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
InteractivityInteractivity
Functional groupsFunctional groups
Tools used to characterize nanoparticles
FTIRFTIR

52. Bio-Energy
or Products
Single molecule detection to determine enzyme/substrate interactions (e.g. cellulases in production of
ethanol). Materials from biomass
Agrochemical
Delivery
Delivery of pesticides, fertilizers, and other agrichemicals more efficiently (e.g. only when needed or for
better absorption).
Animal
Production
Delivery of growth hormone in a controlled fashion.
Identity preservation and tracking.
Animal or
Plant Health
Detect animal pathogens, such as foot and mouth disease virus. Detect plant pathogens early.
Animal
Medicine
Deliver animal vaccines.
Plant
Production
Delivery of DNA to plants towards certain tissues (i.e. targeted genetic engineering).
Sensing Detect chemicals or foodborne pathogens; biodegradable sensors for temperature, moisture history, etc.
Safety Selectively bind and remove chemicals or pathogens.
Packaging Prevent or respond to spoilage. Sensing features for contaminants or pathogens.
Healthy Food Better availability and dispersion of nutrients, nutraceuticals, or additives.
Selected Categories of Nanotechnology
Applied to Food and Agriculture

53. Nanotechnology Applied in Medicine

54. Nano-Technology between Scientific
Fiction and Reality

55. DNA Analogues and Nano-Technology
Bionano-Machines Programmed Molecule Molecular Motors
Self-Assembled Nano-Structures from Glycerol nucleic
acid (GNA) a synthetic analog of DNA
Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric (2005). "A simple glycol nucleic acid". J Am Chem Soc 127 (12):
4174–5. doi:10.1021/ja042564z

56. DNA Analogues and Nano-Technology
Bionano-Machines Programmed Molecule Molecular Motors
Self-Assembled Nano-Structures from Glycerol nucleic
acid (GNA) a synthetic analog of DNA
Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric (2005). "A simple glycol nucleic acid". J Am Chem Soc 127 (12):
4174–5. doi:10.1021/ja042564z

60. Special Features of NanoparticlesSpecial Features of Nanoparticles
A double-edged swordA double-edged sword
Promise Pitfalls
Increased surface area Increased reactivity?
Increased bioavailability and targeted to
certain tissues
Increased toxicity?
Lower doses effective Lower doses toxic?
Penetration ability for remediation Impair subsurface ecosystems
Skin, membrane penetration may speed
onset of action
Toxicity through nontraditional routes of
administration?

61. The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology
Research is being carried out to develop nanocapsulesResearch is being carried out to develop nanocapsules
containing nutrients that would be released whencontaining nutrients that would be released when
nanosensors detect a deficiency in your body.nanosensors detect a deficiency in your body.
Nanomaterials are being developed to improve theNanomaterials are being developed to improve the
taste, colour, and texture of foods. For exampletaste, colour, and texture of foods. For example
“interactive” foods are being developed that would“interactive” foods are being developed that would
allow you to choose which flavour and colour a foodallow you to choose which flavour and colour a food
has!has!

62. Modern biotechnologies involve making useful
products from whole organisms or parts of organisms,
such as molecules, cells, tissues and organs.
Recent developments in biotechnology
include genetically modified plants and animals,
cell therapies and nanotechnology.
These products are not in everyday use but may be of
benefit to us in the future.
ConclusionConclusion

63. Nanotechnology is ubiquitous and pervasive. It is
an emerging field in all areas of science,
engineering and technology

64. Welcome toWelcome to
NanoWorld!NanoWorld!
Thank You for Your AttentionThank You for Your Attention

65. Nanochemistry references and websites:Nanochemistry references and websites:

Abdel-Megeed et al., Handbook of Nanotechnology (2010)Abdel-Megeed et al., Handbook of Nanotechnology (2010)

Handbook of NanotechnologyHandbook of Nanotechnology, B. Bhushan, ed. (2004), B. Bhushan, ed. (2004)

Molecular NanotechnologyMolecular Nanotechnology, D. E. Newton, ed. (2002), D. E. Newton, ed. (2002)

Integrated Chemical SystemsIntegrated Chemical Systems, A. J. Bard (1994), A. J. Bard (1994)

Engines of CreationEngines of Creation, K. Eric Drexler (1986), K. Eric Drexler (1986)
( http://www.foresight.org/EOC/ )( http://www.foresight.org/EOC/ )

““There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Richard Feynman (1959)There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Richard Feynman (1959)
( http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html )( http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html )

National Nanotechnology Initiative ( http://www.nano.gov/ )National Nanotechnology Initiative ( http://www.nano.gov/ )

Nano Letters - ACS Journal ( http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ )Nano Letters - ACS Journal ( http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ )

Materials Today - British journal ( http://www.materialstoday.com )Materials Today - British journal ( http://www.materialstoday.com )