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In programming, a switch, case, select or inspect state
ment is a type of selection control mechanism that
exists in most imperative programming languages such
as Pascal programming language, Ada programming
language, C/C++ programming language, C#
programming language, Java programming
language, and so on. It is also included in several other
types of programming languages. Its purpose is to
allow the value of a variable or expression to control
the flow of program execution via a multiway
branch (or "goto", one of several labels). The main
reasons for using a switch include improving clarity, by
reducing otherwise repetitive coding, and (if
the heuristics permit) also offering the potential for
faster execution through easier compiler optimization in
many cases.



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Like if statements, switch...case controls the flow of
programs by allowing programmers to specify different
code that should be executed in various conditions. In
particular, a switch statement compares the value of a
variable to the values specified in case statements. When
a case statement is found whose value matches that of
the variable, the code in that case statement is run.
The break keyword exits the switch statement, and is
typically used at the end of each case. Without a break
statement, the switch statement will continue executing
the following expressions ("falling-through") until a break, or
the end of the switch statement is reached.




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switch (expression)
{
case constant1:
  codes to be executed if expression equals to constant1;
  break;
case constant2:
  codes to be executed if expression equals to constant3;
  break;
  .
  .
  .
default:
  codes to be executed if expression doesn't match to any cases;
}



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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void playgame()
{
  cout << "Play game called";
}
void loadgame()
{
  cout << "Load game called";
}
void playmultiplayer()
{
  cout << "Play multiplayer game called";
}

int main()
{
  int input;

    cout<<"1. Play gamen";
    cout<<"2. Load gamen";
    cout<<"3. Play multiplayern";
    cout<<"4. Exitn";
    cout<<"Selection: ";
    cin>> input;
    switch ( input ) {
    case 1:
      playgame();
      break;
    case 2:
      loadgame();
      break;
    case 3:
      playmultiplayer();
      break;
    case 4:
      cout<<"Thank you for playing!n";
      break;
    default:
      cout<<"Error, bad input, quittingn";
      break;
    }
    cin.get();
}
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This is a sample programming, in which not all of the proper functions
are actually declared, but which shows how one would use switch in a
     program. This program will compile, but cannot be run until the
 undefined functions are given bodies, but it serves as a model (albeit
   simple) for processing input. If you do not understand this then try
mentally putting in if statements for the case programming statements.
 Default simply skips out of the switch case programming construction
    and allows the program to terminate naturally. If you do not like
that, then you can make a loop around the whole thing to have it wait
 for valid input. You could easily make a few small functions if you wish
                             to test the code.




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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){
cout << "Enter a number between 1 and 5!" << endl;
int number;
cin >> number;
switch(number){
case 1: //if (number == 1)
cout << "one";
break;
case 2: //else if(number == 2) and so on...
cout << "two";
break;
case 3:
cout << "three";
break;
case 4:
cout << "four";
break;
case 5:
cout << "five";
break;
default: //if number is NOT 1,2,3,4 or 5
cout << number << " is not between 1 and 5!";
}
cout << endl;
system("pause");
}




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break;
                                                                      The same result for multiple values
The break is used to break out from the switch/case programming
                                                                      If you want to execute the same code in more
statement. Without break the program will execute all the code
                                                                      cases, you don`t have to write that code
after the selected one. For example, if we don`t use breaks in the
                                                                      multiple times, just write it like in the bellow
this code, and the user inputs 3, the program will show:
                                                                      example:
threefourfive3 is not between 1 and 5!
                                                                      switch (myvariable){
instead of
                                                                      case 1:
three
                                                                      case 2:
Write the above code in your compiler and try it out to see it with
                                                                      case 3:
your own eyes.
                                                                      cout << "myvariable is 1,2 or 3";
                                                                      }
default:
The default case is optional, this is executed when none of the
previous cases are executed or when you forget the break;.

Note: The cases (including the default case) are followed by a
colon, not semicolon!
Note: This is very important! A variable can`t be used as possible
value of a case statement! Example of how NOT to do:
int myvariable = 1;
switch (x){
case myvariable: //this is NOT valid
//code to execute
}




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#include <iostream.h>
using namespace std;
int main(void)
 {
  int day;
  cout << "Enter the day of the week between 1-7::";
  cin >> day;
  switch(day)
    {
      case 1:
        cout << "Monday";
        break;
      case 2:
        cout << "Tuesday";
        break;
      case 3:
        cout << "Wednesday";
        break;
      case 4:
        cout << "Thursday";
        break;
      case 5:
        cout << "Friday";
        break;
      case 6:
        cout << "Saturday";
        break;
      default:
        cout << "Sunday";
        break;
    }
  }




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Syntax:
     Switch statement programming
                                                       switch(expression)
  compares the value of an expression
                                                          {
  against a list of integers or character
                                                             case constant1:
constants. The list of constants are listed
                                                               Statements
      using the "case“ programming
                                                               break
     statement along with a "break“
                                                             case constant2:
   programming statement to end the
                                                               Statements
execution. If no conditions match then
                                                               break
 the code under the default statement
                                                                  .
                is executed.
                                                                  .
                                                            default
                                                                Statements
                                                            }



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#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
  int n;
  printf("Please enter a number: ");
  scam("%d", &n);
  switch (n) {
    case 1: {
      printf("n is equal to 1!n");
      break;
    }
    case 2: {
      printf("n is equal to 2!n");
      break;
    }
    case 3: {
      printf("n is equal to 3!n");
      break;
    }
    default: {
      printf("n isn't equal to 1, 2, or 3.n");
      break;
    }
  }
  system("PAUSE");
  return 0;
}




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The switch programming statement is
 used in C++ for testing if a variable is
  equal to one of a set of values. The
    variable must be an integer, i.e.
     integral or non-fractional. The
 programmer can specify the actions
  taken for each case of the possible
   values the variable can have. The
same operation can be performed by
   using a series of if, else if, and else
               statements.




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This is the switch programming statement. It indicates that a series of
                                                                   cases will follow in which we will test for equality with variable "n". If n is
switch (n) {
                                                                   equal to any of the values in the following cases, then the first match
                                                                   found will run its encapsulated code. The curly brace, {, encapsulates
                                                                   the case statements. An end curly brace, }, will follow below.


case 1: {                                                          This is the first case programming statement. It has a set of code
   printf("n is equal to 1!n");                                   encapsulated by curly braces, { and }, which are not manditory, but
   break;                                                          serve to make the source code easier to follow. If n is equal to 1, then
}                                                                  the printf() function here will display "n is equal to 1!" on the screen. A
                                                                   break programming statement follows the printf() function. This is
                                                                   required after each case to tell the program to exit out of the switch
                                                                   programming statement. Otherwise, the rest of the code in each of the
                                                                   cases would be run if the break programming statement were not
                                                                   present.
case 2: {                                                          This is the second case programming statement. If n is equal to 2, then
   printf("n is equal to 2!n");                                   the printf() function will be run to display "n is equal to 2!" on the screen.
   break;                                                          The break statement will cause the program to exit out of the switch
}                                                                  statement as desired since we have already found a match for n.

case 3: {                                                          This is the last case statement. If n is equal to 3, then the printf() function
   printf("n is equal to 3!n");                                   will be run to display "n is equal to 3!" on the screen. The break
   break;                                                          statement will cause the program to exit out of the switch statement as
}                                                                  desired since we have already found a match for n.

                                                                   This is the default statement. If a match for n has not been found, then
default: {
                                                                   the code after the default statement will be run, and the printf()
   printf("n isn't equal to 1, 2, or 3.n");
                                                                   function will display "n isn't equal to 1, 2, or 3." on the screen. The break
   break;
                                                                   statement will cause the program to exit out of the switch statement;
}
                                                                   although, since the default statement here comes after the case
                                                                   statements, this break statement inside of the default statement is
                                                                   technically not required.

                                                                   This is the end curly brace that encapsulates the case statements and
}
                                                                   the default statement within the switch statement.



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#include <iostream.h>

int main()
{
  unsigned short int number;
  cout << "Enter a number between 1 and 5: ";
  cin >> number;
  switch (number)
  {
    case 0: cout << "Too small, sorry!";
           break;
    case 5: cout << "Good job!n"; // fall through
    case 4: cout << "Nice Pick!n"; // fall through
    case 3: cout << "Excellent!n"; // fall through
    case 2: cout << "Masterful!n"; // fall through
    case 1: cout << "Incredible!n";
          break;
    default: cout << "Too large!n";
          break;
  }
  cout << "nn";
   return 0;
}




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It is important to note that if there is no break
               programming statement at the end of a case
       programming statement, execution will fall through to the
  next case statement. This is sometimes necessary, but usually is an
   error. If you decide to let execution fall through, be sure to put a
 comment, indicating that you didn't just forget the break. The user is
       prompted for a number. That number is given to the switch
  programming statement. If the number is 0, the case statement on
     line 13 matches, the message Too small, sorry! is printed, and
   the break statement ends the switch. If the value is 5, execution
switches to line 15 where a message is printed, and then falls through
    to line 16, another message is printed, and so forth until hitting
                              the break on line 20.
  The net effect of these statements is that for a number between 1
and 5, that many messages are printed. If the value of number is not
    0-5, it is assumed to be too large, and the default statement is
                               invoked on line 21.

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Looping programming statement are used to repeat a block
of code. Being able to have your program repeatedly
execute a block of code is one of the most basic but useful
tasks in programming -- many programs or websites that
produce extremely complex output (such as a message
board) are really only executing a single task many times.
(They may be executing a small number of tasks, but in
principle, to produce a list of messages only requires
repeating the operation of reading in some data and
displaying it.) Now, think about what this means: a loop lets
you write a very simple programming statement to produce a
significantly greater result simply by repetition.




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The following commands used in
C++ for achieving looping:
  •for loop
  •while loop
  •do-while loop




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The variable initialization allows you to
                                                                     either declare a variable and give it a
                                                                       value or give a value to an already
                                                                    existing variable. Second, the condition
                                                                 tells the program that while the conditional
                                                                  expression is true the loop should continue
                                                                      to repeat itself. The variable update
                                                                  section is the easiest way for a for loop to
                                                                      handle changing of the variable. It is
#include <iostream>
                                                                  possible to do things like x++, x = x + 10, or
using namespace std; // So the program can see cout and endl
                                                                    even x = random ( 5 ), and if you really
int main()
{                                                                 wanted to, you could call other functions
    for ( int x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) {                                that do nothing to the variable but still
      cout<< x <<endl;                                             have a useful effect on the code. Notice
    }
    cin.get();                                                    that a semicolon separates each of these
}
                                                                   sections, that is important. Also note that
                                                                   every single one of the sections may be
                                                                  empty, though the semicolons still have to
                                                                     be there. If the condition is empty, it is
                                                                  evaluated as true and the loop will repeat
                                                                           until something else stops it.


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The basic structure is while ( condition
                                                                               ) { Code to execute while the
                                                                           condition is true } The true represents
                                                                          a boolean expression which could be
                                                                            x == 1 or while ( x != 7 ) (x does not
                                                                           equal 7). It can be any combination
                                                                          of boolean programming statements
#include <iostream>
                                                                          that are legal. Even, (while x ==5 || v
using namespace std; // So we can see cout and endl
                                                                            == 7) which says execute the code
int main()
{                                                                         while x equals five or while v equals 7.
  int x = 0; // Don't forget to declare variables
                                                                           Notice that a while loop is the same
    while ( x < 10 ) { // While x is less than 10
      cout<< x <<endl;                                                     as a for loop without the initialization
      x++;        // Update x so the condition can be met eventually
    }                                                                       and update sections. However, an
    cin.get();
}                                                                            empty condition is not legal for a
                                                                             while loop as it is with a for loop.




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Notice that the condition is tested at the
                                                                               end of the block instead of the
                                                                      beginning, so the block will be executed at
                                                                       least once. If the condition is true, we jump
                                                                           back to the beginning of the block and
                                                                             execute it again. A do..while loop is
                                                                      basically a reversed while loop. A while loop
                                                                         says "Loop while the condition is true, and
                                                                           execute this block of code", a do..while
                                                                        loop says "Execute this block of code, and
                                                                          loop while the condition is true". Keep in
#include <iostream>
                                                                        mind that you must include a trailing semi-
using namespace std;
                                                                      colon after the while in the above example.
int main()
{                                                                     A common error is to forget that a do..while
  int x;
                                                                        loop must be terminated with a semicolon
    x = 0;
    do {                                                                 (the other loops should not be terminated
      // "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time
      // even though the condition is false                           with a semicolon, adding to the confusion).
      cout<<"Hello, world!n";
    } while ( x != 0 );                                                       Notice that this loop will execute
    cin.get();
}                                                                        once, because it automatically executes
                                                                               before checking the condition.




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The while loop executes a block of programming statements while
a condition is true. The basic syntax of a while loop is:
while( condition ){
//code to execute while condition is true
}
Here is an example about how to use it. The following program will
write out the numbers from 1 to 100:
 #include <iostream>

 using namespace std;

 int main(){
 int i = 0;
 while(i < 100){
 cout << ++i << endl;
 }
 system("pause");
 }



Before the while loop starts i is declared with the value 0, but the
first number will be 1, because the ++ is in front of i.


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The for loop is useful when you know how
                                            many times you need to repeat a block of
                                             code, because the for loop repeats the
#include <iostream>
                                              code for a specific number of times.
using namespace std;

int main(){
for(int i=1;i<=100;i++){
cout << i << endl;
}
system("pause");
}




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The basic syntax is:
for(integer = starting value; integer <= ending value; integer++){
//code to execute
}
We can use any variable name for the integer, but the default is i or y.
Here is an example of using the for loop:
Write out the numbers from 1 to 100:#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){
for(int i=1;i<=100;i++){
cout << i << endl;
}
system("pause");
}

For the starting and ending value we can use variables, too. For example look at the bellow program which shows all the numbers
between two numbers:#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){
cout << "Enter the starting number: ";
int startingnum;
cin >> startingnum;
cout << "Enter the ending number: ";
int endingnum;
cin >> endingnum;
for(startingnum;startingnum <= endingnum;startingnum++){
cout << startingnum << endl;
}
system("pause");
}

The counting expression can be anything, it can increment or decrement, or any mathematical expression, here are some
examples:for(int i=10;i>0;i--)
or
for(int i=1;i<=101;i+=10)
or
for(int i=1;i<=101;i*=2)
and so on....
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This Presentation is submitted to:


Prof. Erwin Globio
http://eglobiotraining.com/




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Final project powerpoint template (fndprg) (1)

  • 4. In programming, a switch, case, select or inspect state ment is a type of selection control mechanism that exists in most imperative programming languages such as Pascal programming language, Ada programming language, C/C++ programming language, C# programming language, Java programming language, and so on. It is also included in several other types of programming languages. Its purpose is to allow the value of a variable or expression to control the flow of program execution via a multiway branch (or "goto", one of several labels). The main reasons for using a switch include improving clarity, by reducing otherwise repetitive coding, and (if the heuristics permit) also offering the potential for faster execution through easier compiler optimization in many cases. http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 5. Like if statements, switch...case controls the flow of programs by allowing programmers to specify different code that should be executed in various conditions. In particular, a switch statement compares the value of a variable to the values specified in case statements. When a case statement is found whose value matches that of the variable, the code in that case statement is run. The break keyword exits the switch statement, and is typically used at the end of each case. Without a break statement, the switch statement will continue executing the following expressions ("falling-through") until a break, or the end of the switch statement is reached. http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 6. switch (expression) { case constant1: codes to be executed if expression equals to constant1; break; case constant2: codes to be executed if expression equals to constant3; break; . . . default: codes to be executed if expression doesn't match to any cases; } http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 7. #include <iostream> using namespace std; void playgame() { cout << "Play game called"; } void loadgame() { cout << "Load game called"; } void playmultiplayer() { cout << "Play multiplayer game called"; } int main() { int input; cout<<"1. Play gamen"; cout<<"2. Load gamen"; cout<<"3. Play multiplayern"; cout<<"4. Exitn"; cout<<"Selection: "; cin>> input; switch ( input ) { case 1: playgame(); break; case 2: loadgame(); break; case 3: playmultiplayer(); break; case 4: cout<<"Thank you for playing!n"; break; default: cout<<"Error, bad input, quittingn"; break; } cin.get(); } http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 9. This is a sample programming, in which not all of the proper functions are actually declared, but which shows how one would use switch in a program. This program will compile, but cannot be run until the undefined functions are given bodies, but it serves as a model (albeit simple) for processing input. If you do not understand this then try mentally putting in if statements for the case programming statements. Default simply skips out of the switch case programming construction and allows the program to terminate naturally. If you do not like that, then you can make a loop around the whole thing to have it wait for valid input. You could easily make a few small functions if you wish to test the code. http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 10. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(){ cout << "Enter a number between 1 and 5!" << endl; int number; cin >> number; switch(number){ case 1: //if (number == 1) cout << "one"; break; case 2: //else if(number == 2) and so on... cout << "two"; break; case 3: cout << "three"; break; case 4: cout << "four"; break; case 5: cout << "five"; break; default: //if number is NOT 1,2,3,4 or 5 cout << number << " is not between 1 and 5!"; } cout << endl; system("pause"); } http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 12. break; The same result for multiple values The break is used to break out from the switch/case programming If you want to execute the same code in more statement. Without break the program will execute all the code cases, you don`t have to write that code after the selected one. For example, if we don`t use breaks in the multiple times, just write it like in the bellow this code, and the user inputs 3, the program will show: example: threefourfive3 is not between 1 and 5! switch (myvariable){ instead of case 1: three case 2: Write the above code in your compiler and try it out to see it with case 3: your own eyes. cout << "myvariable is 1,2 or 3"; } default: The default case is optional, this is executed when none of the previous cases are executed or when you forget the break;. Note: The cases (including the default case) are followed by a colon, not semicolon! Note: This is very important! A variable can`t be used as possible value of a case statement! Example of how NOT to do: int myvariable = 1; switch (x){ case myvariable: //this is NOT valid //code to execute } http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 13. #include <iostream.h> using namespace std; int main(void) { int day; cout << "Enter the day of the week between 1-7::"; cin >> day; switch(day) { case 1: cout << "Monday"; break; case 2: cout << "Tuesday"; break; case 3: cout << "Wednesday"; break; case 4: cout << "Thursday"; break; case 5: cout << "Friday"; break; case 6: cout << "Saturday"; break; default: cout << "Sunday"; break; } } http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 15. Syntax: Switch statement programming switch(expression) compares the value of an expression { against a list of integers or character case constant1: constants. The list of constants are listed Statements using the "case“ programming break statement along with a "break“ case constant2: programming statement to end the Statements execution. If no conditions match then break the code under the default statement . is executed. . default Statements } http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 16. #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int n; printf("Please enter a number: "); scam("%d", &n); switch (n) { case 1: { printf("n is equal to 1!n"); break; } case 2: { printf("n is equal to 2!n"); break; } case 3: { printf("n is equal to 3!n"); break; } default: { printf("n isn't equal to 1, 2, or 3.n"); break; } } system("PAUSE"); return 0; } http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 18. The switch programming statement is used in C++ for testing if a variable is equal to one of a set of values. The variable must be an integer, i.e. integral or non-fractional. The programmer can specify the actions taken for each case of the possible values the variable can have. The same operation can be performed by using a series of if, else if, and else statements. http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 19. This is the switch programming statement. It indicates that a series of cases will follow in which we will test for equality with variable "n". If n is switch (n) { equal to any of the values in the following cases, then the first match found will run its encapsulated code. The curly brace, {, encapsulates the case statements. An end curly brace, }, will follow below. case 1: { This is the first case programming statement. It has a set of code printf("n is equal to 1!n"); encapsulated by curly braces, { and }, which are not manditory, but break; serve to make the source code easier to follow. If n is equal to 1, then } the printf() function here will display "n is equal to 1!" on the screen. A break programming statement follows the printf() function. This is required after each case to tell the program to exit out of the switch programming statement. Otherwise, the rest of the code in each of the cases would be run if the break programming statement were not present. case 2: { This is the second case programming statement. If n is equal to 2, then printf("n is equal to 2!n"); the printf() function will be run to display "n is equal to 2!" on the screen. break; The break statement will cause the program to exit out of the switch } statement as desired since we have already found a match for n. case 3: { This is the last case statement. If n is equal to 3, then the printf() function printf("n is equal to 3!n"); will be run to display "n is equal to 3!" on the screen. The break break; statement will cause the program to exit out of the switch statement as } desired since we have already found a match for n. This is the default statement. If a match for n has not been found, then default: { the code after the default statement will be run, and the printf() printf("n isn't equal to 1, 2, or 3.n"); function will display "n isn't equal to 1, 2, or 3." on the screen. The break break; statement will cause the program to exit out of the switch statement; } although, since the default statement here comes after the case statements, this break statement inside of the default statement is technically not required. This is the end curly brace that encapsulates the case statements and } the default statement within the switch statement. http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 20. #include <iostream.h> int main() { unsigned short int number; cout << "Enter a number between 1 and 5: "; cin >> number; switch (number) { case 0: cout << "Too small, sorry!"; break; case 5: cout << "Good job!n"; // fall through case 4: cout << "Nice Pick!n"; // fall through case 3: cout << "Excellent!n"; // fall through case 2: cout << "Masterful!n"; // fall through case 1: cout << "Incredible!n"; break; default: cout << "Too large!n"; break; } cout << "nn"; return 0; } http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 22. It is important to note that if there is no break programming statement at the end of a case programming statement, execution will fall through to the next case statement. This is sometimes necessary, but usually is an error. If you decide to let execution fall through, be sure to put a comment, indicating that you didn't just forget the break. The user is prompted for a number. That number is given to the switch programming statement. If the number is 0, the case statement on line 13 matches, the message Too small, sorry! is printed, and the break statement ends the switch. If the value is 5, execution switches to line 15 where a message is printed, and then falls through to line 16, another message is printed, and so forth until hitting the break on line 20. The net effect of these statements is that for a number between 1 and 5, that many messages are printed. If the value of number is not 0-5, it is assumed to be too large, and the default statement is invoked on line 21. http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 24. Looping programming statement are used to repeat a block of code. Being able to have your program repeatedly execute a block of code is one of the most basic but useful tasks in programming -- many programs or websites that produce extremely complex output (such as a message board) are really only executing a single task many times. (They may be executing a small number of tasks, but in principle, to produce a list of messages only requires repeating the operation of reading in some data and displaying it.) Now, think about what this means: a loop lets you write a very simple programming statement to produce a significantly greater result simply by repetition. http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 25. The following commands used in C++ for achieving looping: •for loop •while loop •do-while loop http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 26. The variable initialization allows you to either declare a variable and give it a value or give a value to an already existing variable. Second, the condition tells the program that while the conditional expression is true the loop should continue to repeat itself. The variable update section is the easiest way for a for loop to handle changing of the variable. It is #include <iostream> possible to do things like x++, x = x + 10, or using namespace std; // So the program can see cout and endl even x = random ( 5 ), and if you really int main() { wanted to, you could call other functions for ( int x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) { that do nothing to the variable but still cout<< x <<endl; have a useful effect on the code. Notice } cin.get(); that a semicolon separates each of these } sections, that is important. Also note that every single one of the sections may be empty, though the semicolons still have to be there. If the condition is empty, it is evaluated as true and the loop will repeat until something else stops it. http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 28. The basic structure is while ( condition ) { Code to execute while the condition is true } The true represents a boolean expression which could be x == 1 or while ( x != 7 ) (x does not equal 7). It can be any combination of boolean programming statements #include <iostream> that are legal. Even, (while x ==5 || v using namespace std; // So we can see cout and endl == 7) which says execute the code int main() { while x equals five or while v equals 7. int x = 0; // Don't forget to declare variables Notice that a while loop is the same while ( x < 10 ) { // While x is less than 10 cout<< x <<endl; as a for loop without the initialization x++; // Update x so the condition can be met eventually } and update sections. However, an cin.get(); } empty condition is not legal for a while loop as it is with a for loop. http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 30. Notice that the condition is tested at the end of the block instead of the beginning, so the block will be executed at least once. If the condition is true, we jump back to the beginning of the block and execute it again. A do..while loop is basically a reversed while loop. A while loop says "Loop while the condition is true, and execute this block of code", a do..while loop says "Execute this block of code, and loop while the condition is true". Keep in #include <iostream> mind that you must include a trailing semi- using namespace std; colon after the while in the above example. int main() { A common error is to forget that a do..while int x; loop must be terminated with a semicolon x = 0; do { (the other loops should not be terminated // "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time // even though the condition is false with a semicolon, adding to the confusion). cout<<"Hello, world!n"; } while ( x != 0 ); Notice that this loop will execute cin.get(); } once, because it automatically executes before checking the condition. http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 32. The while loop executes a block of programming statements while a condition is true. The basic syntax of a while loop is: while( condition ){ //code to execute while condition is true } Here is an example about how to use it. The following program will write out the numbers from 1 to 100: #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(){ int i = 0; while(i < 100){ cout << ++i << endl; } system("pause"); } Before the while loop starts i is declared with the value 0, but the first number will be 1, because the ++ is in front of i. http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 34. The for loop is useful when you know how many times you need to repeat a block of code, because the for loop repeats the #include <iostream> code for a specific number of times. using namespace std; int main(){ for(int i=1;i<=100;i++){ cout << i << endl; } system("pause"); } http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 35. The basic syntax is: for(integer = starting value; integer <= ending value; integer++){ //code to execute } We can use any variable name for the integer, but the default is i or y. Here is an example of using the for loop: Write out the numbers from 1 to 100:#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(){ for(int i=1;i<=100;i++){ cout << i << endl; } system("pause"); } For the starting and ending value we can use variables, too. For example look at the bellow program which shows all the numbers between two numbers:#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(){ cout << "Enter the starting number: "; int startingnum; cin >> startingnum; cout << "Enter the ending number: "; int endingnum; cin >> endingnum; for(startingnum;startingnum <= endingnum;startingnum++){ cout << startingnum << endl; } system("pause"); } The counting expression can be anything, it can increment or decrement, or any mathematical expression, here are some examples:for(int i=10;i>0;i--) or for(int i=1;i<=101;i+=10) or for(int i=1;i<=101;i*=2) and so on.... http://eglobiotraining.com/
  • 37. This Presentation is submitted to: Prof. Erwin Globio http://eglobiotraining.com/ http://eglobiotraining.com/