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1. The quest for
human knowledge

2. Structure of thinking

3. วิวฒันาการสมองส่วนหน้า
ความคิด,จนิตนาการ,รู้รส
สุนทรียะ,รู้จกัดีชวั่

12. 2) Deductive argument
Deductive argument is the process of
reasoning from one or more general
statements (premises) to reach a
logically certain conclusion.

14. 2) Inductive argument
Inductive reasoning (as opposed to
deductive reasoning) is reasoning in
which the premises seek to supply
strong evidence for (not absolute proof
of) the truth of the conclusion.

15. Differentiate arguments of these two sorts
are that;
deductive arguments claim to guarantee their
conclusions, while inductive arguments
merely recommend evidences.
In deductive reasoning, a conclusion is
reached from general statements, but in
inductive reasoning the conclusion is
reached from specific examples.

18. FRANCIS
BACON
(1561-1626)

19. Novum Organum

23. Edward de Bono
(born 19 May
1933)
He originated
the term lateral
thinking wrote
the book Six
Thinking Hats

26. Classical Indian
Epistemology
The Indian philosopher Udayana combined the
Vaisesika and Nyaya schools of philosophy into
Naiyayika
Nyaya – examines the knowing subject, the object to be
known, the known object, and the means of coming to
know the object
Naiyayika – advanced Nyaya theory that correct causes
of knowledge can be analyzed in four kinds:
perception
Inference
Comparison
Reliable testimony
Pramānas – causes for knowledge

27. Levels of knowledge in
Buddhism
Sensual knowledge
Thinking knowledge
Intuitive knowledge

30. Joy Paul
Guilford
(1897 – 1987)

31. Creative thinking is a kind of
divergent thinking which
contains;
(1) originality -O
(2) flexibility -F
(3) fluency -F
(4) elaboration -E

34. Able to express oneself readily and
effortlessly
Flowing or moving smoothly; graceful

36. 1950 - Dr. J. P. Guilford challenged the
American Psychological Association, of
which he was president. He said,
"Psychologists have
seriously neglected the
study of the creative
aspects of personality."
This began the serious
study of the subject.
Joy Paul Guilford
(1897-1987)

37. Dimension of creativity
Operation
Product
Content

39. Creative process
Graham Wallas (1858
–1932) was an English
socialist

40. 4 stages for creative
thinking
(P) Preparation
(I) Incubation
(I) Illumination
(V) Verification

41. (P) Preparation:
An assessment of the desired,
creative application in the appropriate
field of study

42. (I) Incubation
Disengagement from the creative
process; encouraging detachment from
the creative objective as a means of
stimulating thought.

43. (I) Illumination
Discovery;
Illumination is
characterized as
being a sudden,
epiphany-like
affirmation;
"Eureka!"

44. (V) Verification
: The successful
application of an
"illumination" by
the creative
thinker

46. Value of creative thinking
1) Making change
2) Excitement or enjoy
3) Training and exercise the brain for the
best choice
4) Build up self-confidence and self-satisfaction
5) Being opened mind

50. Obstacles of creative
thinking
Outside -not allowing inquiry
-Easy to follow others or copied
culture
-Custom
-Proud of success not failure
-Never-changed or strict regulations
Inside -fears of blames, stupid, out-classed
-Accustom or familiarity (lazy)
-Narrow view
-Inactive or passive

51. Developing creative thinking
1) Love knowledge, never stop to
learn
2) Memorizing or recall previous
knowledge
3) Reasoning
4) Creative thoughtful and far-viewer

52. Some Additional Thoughts
The creative person uses information to form new
ideas.
The real key to creative problem solving is what you do
with the knowledge.
Creative problem solving requires an attitude that
allows you to search for new ideas and use your
knowledge and experience.
Change perspective and use knowledge to make the
ordinary extraordinary and the usual commonplace.
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55. DEFINITION
“Creative problem solving is - looking at the
same thing as everyone else and thinking
something different.”
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Albert Szent-
Gyorgi.

56.  Why don’t we think creatively
more often?
 What are the barriers that get in
our way?
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57. EXERCISE
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58. A SOLUTION
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59. Brainstorming

60. BARRIERS THAT GET IN OUR
WAY
Time
Why change?
Usually don’t need to be creative
Habit
Routine
Haven’t been taught to be creative
What are some other barriers that get in
our way?
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61. MENTAL BLOCKS
Mental blocks are
reasons (attitudes)
why we don’t “think
something
different.”
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62. MENTAL BLOCKS
1. The _______ answer.
2. That’s not _________.
3. __________ the rules.
4. Be ______________.
5. ________ is frivolous.
6. That’s not my _____.
7. ________ ambiguity.
8. Don’t be _________.
9. __________is wrong.
10. I’m not __________.
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63. MENTAL BLOCK # 1
1. The right answer.
Only one?
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64. MENTAL BLOCK # 2
1. The right answer.
2. That’s not logical.
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65. MENTAL BLOCK # 3
1. The right answer.
2. That’s not logical.
3. Follow the rules.
Why rules should be
challenged:
1. We make rules based
on reasons that make a lot
of sense.
2. We follow these rules.
3. Time passes, and
things change.
4. The original reasons
for the generation of these
rules may no longer exist,
but because the rules are
still in place, we continue
to follow them.
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66. MENTAL BLOCK # 4
1. The right answer.
2. That’s not logical.
3. Follow the rules.
4. Be practical.
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67. MENTAL BLOCK # 5
1. The right answer.
2. That’s not logical.
3. Follow the rules.
4. Be practical.
5. Play is frivolous.
“When do
you get
your best
ideas?”
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68. MENTAL BLOCK # 6
6. That’s not my area.
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69. MENTAL BLOCK # 7
6. That’s not my area.
7. Avoid ambiguity.
AMBIGUITY
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70. MENTAL BLOCK # 8
6. That’s not my area.
7. Avoid ambiguity.
8. Don’t be foolish.
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71. MENTAL BLOCK # 9
6. That’s not my area.
7. Avoid ambiguity.
8. Don’t be foolish.
9. To err is wrong.

72. MENTAL BLOCK # 10
6. That’s not my area.
7. Avoid ambiguity.
8. Don’t be foolish.
9. To err is wrong.
10. I’m not creative.
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76. BEING MORE
CREATIVE
How can we be more creative?
Jot down at least 3 ideas that come to
your mind.
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77. STEP 1. State what appears to be the
problem.
The real problem may not surface
until facts have been gathered and
analyzed. Therefore, start with what
you assume to be the problem, that
can later be confirmed or corrected.

78. STEP 2. Gather facts, feelings
and opinions.
 What happened?
 Where, when and how did it occur?
 What is it’s size, scope, and severity?
 Who and what is affected?
 Likely to happen again?
 Need to be corrected?
 May need to assign priorities to critical
elements.
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79. STEP 3. Restate the problem.
The real facts help make this possible,
and provide supporting data.
The actual problem may, or may not be
the same as stated in Step 1.
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80. STEP 4. Identify alternative solutions
Generate ideas. Do not
eliminate any possible
solutions until several have
been discussed.
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81. STEP 5. Evaluate alternatives.
 Which will provide the optimum solution?
 What are the risks?
 Are costs in keeping with the benefits?
 Will the solution create new problems?
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82. STEP 6. Implement the decision!
 Who must be involved?
 To what extent?
 How, when and where?
 Who will the decision impact?
 What might go wrong?
 How will the results be reported and verified?
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83. STEP 7. Evaluate the
results.
 Test the solution against the
desired results.
 Make revisions if necessary.
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84. 10 Questions To Encourage
Ideas
1. What if…?
2. How can we improve…?
3. How will the Optimist Member and/or
the community benefit?
4. Are we forgetting anything?
5. What’s the next step?
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85. 10 Questions To Encourage
Ideas
6. What can we do better…?
7. What do you think about…?
8. What should we add?
9. What should we eliminate?
10. What other ideas do you have...?
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86. TOOLS & TECHNIQUES
1. BRAINSTORMING
2. MULTIVOTING
3. MINDMAPING
Purpose:
To generate a large number
of ideas in a short period of
time.
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87. BRAINSTORMING
Rules for Brainstorming:
The more ideas the better!
No discussion
No idea is a bad idea
Build on one another’s ideas
Display all ideas

88. BRAINSTORMING EXERCISE
How Do We Motivate Our Local
Optimist Club Members?
Ideas: Freely record your ideas as they come to your mind.
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89. BRAINSTORMING
GUIDELINES
1. Practice question: How Do We
Motivate Our Local Optimist Club
Members?
2. Clarify understanding. Once all the
ideas have been generated (it may
take approximately 5 to 6 minutes),
review ideas offered.
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Remember
Creative
Thinking
What did
you mean by
that?!!!
Re-state the
question to keep
the process going

90. BRAINSTORMING
GUIDELINES
3. Combine items that are
similar and/or eliminate
duplicates.
4. Completion.
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Let’s
combine
ideas!!!
Are we
done yet?

91. TOOLS & TECHNIQUES -
MULTIVOTING
Purpose:
To help a group of people make a decision
with which they are comfortable.
Definition:
A way to vote to select the most important or
popular items (alternatives) from a list.
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92. MULTIVOTING
Steps
1. Generate a list of items and
number each item.
2. If two or more items seem similar,
they may be combined.
3. If necessary, renumber the items.
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93. MULTIVOTING Steps
(Continued)
4. Write down the numbers of the items you feel
are the major cause of the problem.
5. Share your votes by a show of hands.
6. Eliminate those items with the fewest votes.
7. Repeat steps 3 (renumber) through 6 on the list
of remaining items. Continue this process until
only a few items remain. If a clear favorite does
not emerge, the group may discuss the items listed
and make a choice.
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94. MIND MAPPING
Definition : A visual picture of a group of ideas,
concepts or issues.
Purpose :
Unblock our thinking.
See an entire idea or several ideas on one
sheet of paper.
See how ideas relate to one another.
Look at things in a new and different way.
Look at an idea in depth.

95. Mind Mapping Exercise
Over-sized blank sheet of paper.
Select word, phrase or problem statement
to serve as a focus for discussion.
Print it in the middle of the paper. Enclose
it in a box or oval.
Let a word pop out of your mind.
Print it anywhere on the paper.
Underline it and connect the line with the
problem statement (or key phrase or word)
you are working.
Record the next idea and connect it to
original focus point or the prior thought.
Continue printing and connecting words.
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1. Initial
Tumble
of Ideas.
Think
freely!!

96. Mind Mapping Exercise
EXAMPLE

97. Mind Mapping Exercise
-- Helpful Hints
 Keep your printing large
and easy to read.
 Feel free to use symbols
and or pictures.
 Have some fun using
different colors.
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A


98. COMPLETED MAP
Draw over clusters of similar thoughts that
are associated with the main focus point.
Have fun using a different color highlighter
with each cluster of words.
How do the variety of ideas relate to one
another?
Do you notice any common causes of the
problem? What are the most important
causes?
You are now ready to brainstorm solutions!
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Have Fun
Drawing
Your Own
Mind Map!

99. APPLICATION OF LEARNING
What Are The Three Greatest Problems /
Opportunities Your Club is Currently Facing?
i.e. “How do you motivate your club members?”
1.
2.
3.
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