1. CROSS CULTURE
UNDERSTANDING
 Lecturer
 DR. I Gede Budasi, M.Ed.
 S1 Degree in Applied Linguistics (FKG UNUD,1983)
 Post Graduate Diploma in Applied Linguistics (RELC-
Singapore, 1990)
 Master in Applied Linguistics (Univ. of South Australia,
1994)
 Doctor in Historical Comparative Linguistics (UGM
2007)

2. Countries Visited through
International Seminars on
CCU
 Singapore, 1989
 Malaysia 1990
 Australia 1994
 India, 1997
 Newzealand, 1997
 Swiss, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2012
 Denmark, 2009
 Russia, 2012

3. Future Plan for Other
International Seminars on CCU
 Camboja 2013
 Mexico 2013
 Canada and America 2013

4. CCU SPECIFIC GOALS
 To encourage an appreciation of cultural diversity and the
process of intercultural communication
 To provide a context for reading and vocabulary
development
 To stimulate discussions about culture based on the
readings and conversational activities
 To become a better, more tolerant person
 To become more skilled intercultural communication

5. What in culture?
 All accepted and patterned ways of behavior of a given
people. It is a body of common understanding. It is the
sum total and the organization or arrangement of the
group’s ways of thinking, feeling, and acting
 In this sense, of course, every people has a culture and
no individual can live without culture. It is our culture
that enables us to get through the day because we and
the other people we encounter attach somewhat the
same meaning to the same things (Man and Culture,
Ina C Brown).

6. Cont.
 Culture is that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, moral.
law, custom, and other capabilities
acquired by member of a society ( E.B.
Taylor in Kerry, 1994)
 The some total of ways of living built up
by a group of human beings, which is
transmitted from one generation to
generation to another (The Macquarie
Encyclopedic Dictionary)

7. Reasons why you might be interested in
developing intercultural communication skills ..
 For the sake of improved understanding
and harmony.
 For the sake of doing business with one
another and living together successfuly
 For an enjoyble and self-enriching goal.
Are you motivated by all three?

8. What is the way
forward?
 Increase contact
 Goodwill
 Tolerance
 Look for knowledge, awareness and skill
needed to improve intercultural
communication.

9. We all have rituals?
 Other cultures have customs and rituals.
We don’t.
 Other people may follow customs and
rituals. I don’t.
 I can do exactly what I want. My actions
are independent of my culture.
 Quite a lot of my behaviour is retiualized.
It follows a pattern prescribed by my
cultural group.

10. Cont.
 I don’t have total freedom of choice in my
behaviour.
 My actions are rule-governed
 Accept that you are a member of a
culture which regulates your behaviour

11. What should be
realized?
 Underneath, people are fundamentally the
same
 Underneath, people of the world can be
profoundly different
 Cultures are so different that we will never be
able to communicate successfully.
 People have always succeeded and they will
continue to succeed in intercultural
communication.
 Accept cultural difference as reality

12. Cultures are very
different from one
another believe?
 Which do you
“Underneath, we are all fundamentally
similar”
or
“We are fundamentally different”
Your answer for this question is probably
largely determined by your culture

13. Are there universals of
behaviour?
 Clearly there are universal categories of
behaviour. There are five ‘panhuman
cultural categories’, each with number of
sub categories

14. Categories of Behavior (Kerry, 1994)
Social Control
Individual Social Collective
and Technology
Behaviour Behaviour Beliefs
Education
1. Bodily 1. Dancing 1. Marriage 1. Calendars 1. Dream
2. Adornment 2. Gift Giving 2. Law 2. Cooking Interpretation
3. Personal Names
3. Hospitality 3. Property Rights 3. Toolmaking 2. Religious
4. Gestures
4. Games 4. Sexual 4. Trade Ritual
5. Hair Styles 3. Propitiation of
5. Joking Restriction 5. Numerals
Supernatural
6. Mourning 5. Status
6. Visiting 6. Obstetrics Beings
Differentiation
7. Kinship
6. Inheritance 7. Medicine 4. Magic
Naming
Rules
5. Religious
7. Education
Ritual
8. Government
9. Modesty
concerning
natural
functions

15. Consider the following:
 Great each other
 React to a compliment
 Apologise
 Watch TV
 Regard sexual behaviour
 Dismiss employees
 Interview applicant
 Assess their status in society
 Stand when talking to the boss
 Define friendship
 Make small talk

16. Some other Concept
about culture for you
to consider
 Cultures are not fixed: change over time
 Culture are not Uniform: very internally
 No culture is an Island

17. Intercultural Communication Model
(Alo, 2003)
Accommodative
Communication Adaptive
Strategy
Effective
C
Culture
Culture
Communication
Personality A B Personality
Perception to Others
Perception to Others
 Uncertainty
 Anxiousness

18. CCU TOPICS OF DISCUSSION
1. Introductions
2. Verbal Patterns
3. Nonverbal Communication
4. Personal Relationships
5. Family Values
6. Educational Attitudes
7. Work Values
8. Time and Space Patterns
9. Cultural Conflict
10. Cultural Adjustment

19. INTRODUCTIONS
 Varieties of Introductions
 Use of Titles in Introductions
 Eye Contact and Handshaking in
Introductions
 Small Talk after Introductions
 Cultural Variations in Introductions

20. VERBAL PATTERNS
 Rulers and Styles of Speaking
 Directness in American English
 Invitations
 Speaking and Refraining from Speaking
 Different Ways of Expressing Common
Needs

21. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
 Cultural Differences in Nonverbal
Communication
 Gestures
 Facial Expressions
 Eye Contact
 Space

22. PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
 Circles of Friends
 Mobility and Friendship
 Instant Friendships
 Male – Female Relationships
 Intercultural Friendships

23. FAMILY VALUES
 Child Raising
 Young Adulthood
 The Elderly
 The Nuclear and the Extended Family
 Familial Roles
 Stability and Change in the Family

24. EDUCATIONAL ATTITUDES
 Diversity in Education
 Active Participation
 The Teacher – Student Relationship
 Independent Learning
 The Honor System
 Competition

25. WORK VALUES
 The “Work Ethic”
 The “American Dream”
 Rewards and Job Satisfaction
 Workaholics
 Leisure and Socializing

26. TIME AND SPACE PATTERNS
 Time
 Promptness
 Division of Time
 Future Time
 Architectural Differences
 Privacy and the Use of Space

27. CULTURAL CONFLICT
 Communication and Culture
 Misinterpretations
 Ethnocentrism
 Stereotypes and Prejudice

28. CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT
 Culture Shock
 The Adjustment Process
 The Re-entry Process
 Individual Reactions

29. The Adjustment Process in a New Culture
(1)
Honeymoon
period
(5)
Acceptance
and
(3) integration
Initial
adjustment
(2) (4)
Culture Metal
shock isolation

30. The “Re – entry” Adjustment Process
(1)
Acceptance (5)
(3)
and Re-integration
Return
integration
honeymoon
(2) (4)
Return Re-entry
anxiety shock

31. References
 Alo L. 2003. Dasar-Dasar Komunikasi
Antarbudaya. Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
 Deena R Levina & Mara B Adelman.
Intercultural Communication for English as a
Second Language: Beyond Language. New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall,Inc., Englewood Cliffs
 Kerry O’Sullivan 1994. Understanding Ways:
Communicating Between Cultures. Sydney:
Hale & Iremonger Pty Limited.