Graphs show the relationship between variable quantities measured along two perpendicular axes. A coordinate pairs the values of the two variables, with the x-value written first followed by the y-value in parentheses. Types of graphs include straight line, simple bar, multi bar, and compound bar graphs. Dimensions refer to measurable extents like length, width, and height. Lines connect two points on a graph. Gears transmit or change the direction of motion, with the size and number of teeth affecting the gear's speed according to a formula relating the driven and driver gears. Twist factor measures twists in yarn and is calculated using a formula involving turns per centimeter and linear density.

1. GRAPH
(to write)
PRESENTED BY :
HIRA GUL & RIDA MALIK

2. WHAT IS GRAPH
a diagram showing the relation between
variable quantities, typically of two variables,
each measured along one of a pair of axes at
right angles.
Graph is worth a million words

3. WHAT IS CO-ORDINENT?
a pair of elements a, b having the property that ( a, b) =
(u, v)
OR
Two numbers written in a certain order. Usually written in
parentheses like this: (4,5) Can be used to show the
position on a graph, where the "x" (horizontal) value is
first, and the "y" (vertical) value is second.
For example:
Here the point (12,5) is 12 units along, and 5 units up.
One can not work without an other

4. CO-ORDINATE OF GRAPH
The following are the co-ordinate of graph:
1. Abscissa= x-co-ordinate
2. ordinate= y-co-ordinate

5. TYPES OF GRAPH
• Straight line
• Simple bar
• Multi bar
• Compound bar

6. Straight line graph

7. Simple bar graph

8. Multi bar graph

9. Compound bar graph

10. WHAT IS DIMENSION?
a measurable extent of a particular kind, such as
length, width, depth, or height.
(physical )
1 dimension : Length
2 dimension : Length and width
3 dimension : Length, Width and Height

11. 3 cube

12. WHAT IS LINE?
It is path between two points.
e.g. Here, A and B are the two points,
a b
Line can never be drawn but we do it to teach
and understand

13. WINDING RATE
• FORMULA :
• WINDING RATE m/min = 25.13 (d)
• Y = X
D 3 4 5 6
W/R 75.39 100.52 125.65 150.78

14. What is a gear?
It is a mechanism to
transmit or to change the
direction of motion/force.

15. Example #1:
This shows how motion is transferred
from the pedal to the tyre.

16. Example #2:
This shows how one gear connected to
the motor, can cause the other gear to
move in the opposite direction which
changes the direction of the motion.

17. Another simplistic example:

18. The relationship between the teeth
and speed of a gear:
This shows how the size and number of
teeth affects the speed of the gear.

19. Hyperbola showing the
relationship of speed and teeth:
This shows how increase in one variable
causes a decrease in the other and vice
versa.

20. The actual formula:
•Gear train: when 2 or more gears are joined together for a particular purpose.
•Driver gear: a gear which is connected to the motor.
•Driven gear: a gear which is connected to the driver gear.
Velocity of driven= Velocity of driver * (# of teeth in driver gear/ # of teeth driven)
•Manipulation of the formula:
Velocity of driven/ Velocity of driver= # of teeth in driver gear/ # of teeth driven

21. Number of teeth in driven gear 15 20 25 30 35
Velocity of driven gear 667 500 400 334 286
Velocity of driven= Velocity of driver * (# of teeth in driver gear/ # of teeth driven)
= (200*50/15)
= 667

22. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
15 20 25 30 35
Number of teeth in driven gear
Velocityofdrivengear

23. Twist factor:
It measures how much turns a yarn has and can be
calculated by counting the number of twists in an inch
of yarn.
Twist is inserted into the fine strand of fibres to hold
the fibres together. Without twist, the fine strand of
fibres would be very weak and of little practical.
Formula:
Twist factor= (turns per centimetre) √linear density

24. Twist factor 30 35 35
Turns per centimetre 6 7 8
Twist factor= (turns per centimetre) √linear density
30 = (x) √25
30/5 = x
6 = x

25. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30 35 40
Twist factor
Turnspercentimetre

26. THANK YOU