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EVALUATION OF RESTORING FORCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUD-WALLS
CONSIDERING EFFECT OF WALL-HEIGHT FOR
SEISMIC STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Hiroyuki Nakaji, Masami Gotou,
Hiro Kawahara, Yoshiyuki Suzuki
OBJECTIVE
• To propose the restoring force characteristics of mud-walls for seismic
structural design of wooden houses
• There is not enough information or manual on the structural design of
traditional timber buildings
• (Do we really need the rules?)
• To compare with the usual height of 2730 mm
• Two different heights of specimens with same length
• Wall-height influences on the restoring force characteristics?
CONCLUSIONS (in advance)
• The effect of wall-height is not significant on the restoring force
characteristics of mud-walls
• It can be assumed on the structural design of mud-walls that the wall-height’s
effect is negligible
• The restoring force characteristics for the seismic structural design
were proposed and confirmed in some mud-wall cases
SPECIMENS WITH DODAI
High
Low
Length
2P=1820mm
Height
SPECIMENS WITH ASHIGATAME
COLUMN CONNECTIONS
車知栓 雇いほぞ
h
車知栓
雇いほぞ
W
h/2
w
e s
Yatoi-Hozo
Shachi-Sen
Yatoi-HozoShachi-Sen
Nagahozo
Komisen
NAMING OF SPECIMENS
MWD-2Hn-1
Mud-Wall
With Dodai/Ashigatame
Wall-length is
1820 mm (2P)
Number of specimen
Wall-height is High/Low
How many Nuki
in High specimen
MUD-WALL SPECIMENS (2010-2012)
Name
Length
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Number Tested at when
MWD-2 1820 2730 10 TUES* 2010
MWA-2 1820 2730 3 KIT** 2010
MWD-2H4 1820 3600 3 TUES 2012
MWD-2H3 1820 3600 1 TUES 2012
MWD-2H5 1820 3600 1 TUES 2012
MWD-2L 1820 2100 3 TUES 2012
MWA-2H4 1820 3600 3 KIT 2012
MWA-2H3 1820 3600 1 KIT 2012
MWA-2H5 1820 3600 1 KIT 2012
MWA-2L 1820 2100 3 KIT 2012
* Tottori University of Environmental Studies
** Kanazawa Institute of Technology
Timber Frameworks
on Aug 22 2012
MWD-2H3
MWD-2H5
MWD-2L
Takekomai
on Aug 27 2012
Arakabe + Uragaeshi
on Aug 28-30 2012
Arakabe dried
1 month later
MWD-2L
Nakanuri
on Sep 25-27 2012
Nakanuri
MUD-WALL THICKNESS = 60 mm
Nakanuri 12 mm both side
Arakabe 36 mm = 18 x 2
SHEAR CYCLIC LOADING TESTS
MWD-2H4-3
on Dec 11 2012
LOADING PROCEDURE
- 1/10
- 3/40
- 1/20
- 1/40
0
1/40
1/20
3/40
1/10
• The deformation angle was
increased in stages 1/480, 1/240,
1/120, 1/90, 1/60, 1/45, 1/30,
1/20, 1/15, 1/10, and 1/7 rad
• 1/7 rad was only for Low
specimens
• Each deformation was cyclically
produced twice or three times
• Actuator’s stroke was controlled
MEASUREMENT
Deformation Angle (rad)
SETUP OF MWD-2H4
Two 9.62kN Steel Weights
+
DATA RECORDING (MWD CASE)
• 6-8 seconds interval
• Displacements and strains
• Take a photo at the same time
• MP4 movie file was created from thousands of photos with Movie Maker
after the experiment
SILENT VIDEO (~3 MINUTES)
P-DELTA EFFECT
𝑃′ = 𝑃 + 𝑊 tan 𝛾
𝑃′ : Restoring force (kN)
P: Measured load (kN)
W: Steel weight 9.62 × 2 (kN)
g: Deformation angle (rad)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
P
P’
g
MWD-02H4-3
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
restoringforce(kN)
deformation angle (rad)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
restoringforce(kN)
deformation angle (rad)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
restoringforce(kN)
deformation angle (rad)
LOAD-DEFORMATION CURVE (MWD)
MWD-2H4-1 MWD-2H4-2
MWD-2H3-1 MWD-2H5-2
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
restoringforce(kN)
deformation angle (rad)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
restoringforce(kN)
deformation angle (rad)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
restoringforce(kN)
deformation angle (rad)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
restoringforce(kN)
deformation angle (rad)
LOAD-DEFORMATION CURVE (MWD)
MWD-2L-1 MWD-2L-2
MWD-2L-3 MWD-2H4-3
MWD-2H4-3, 1/90 RAD
small cracks
MWD-2H4-3, 1/20 RAD
many cracks
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Deformation Angle [rad]
RestoringForce[kN]
2H3
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Deformation Angle [rad]
RestoringForce[kN]
2H4-1
2H4-2
2H4-3
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Deformation Angle [rad]
RestoringForce[kN]
2H5
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Deformation Angle [rad]
RestoringForce[kN]
2L3-1
2L3-2
2L3-3
LOAD-DEFORMATION CURVE (MWA)
1/45 rad
1/30 rad
DAMAGE AT 1/10 RAD (MWD)
MWD-2H4-1 MWD-2L-1
DAMAGE AT 1/10 RAD (MWA)
MWA-2H4-1 MWA-2L-1
ENVELOPE CURVES
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1/20 1/10
restoringforce(kN)
deformation angle (rad)
MWD-2H4-1
MWD-2H4-2
MWD-2H4-3
MWD-2H3-1
MWD-2H5-1
MWD-2L-1
MWD-2L-2
MWD-2L-3
MWD-2 Ave.
MWD-2 95% Lower
MWD-2 95% Upper
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1/20 1/10
restoringforce(kN)
deformation angle (rad)
MWA-2H4-1
MWA-2H4-2
MWA-2H4-3
MWA-2H3
MWA-2H5
MWA-2L-1
MWA-2L-2
MWA-2 Ave.
MWA-2 95% Lower
MWA-2 95% Upper
MWD-2 MWA-2
PROPOSAL OF RESTORING FORCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUD-WALLS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1/20 1/10
shearstress(kN/m2)
deformation angle (rad)
1P-1.5P
1.5P-2P
MM
H
Q=2M/H Q=M/H
M
Mud-Wall Timber Framework Mud-Wall Plate
Column joint can
resist bending
moment
Two lines are suggested
because failure mode is
different
ASSUMPTIONS
• Superposition principle is applicable, that is, Mud-wall is really a mud-
wall plate itself plus timber framework
• Wall-Length has an effect on the restoring force characteristics
• Timber framework resists the horizontal loading at joints of members.
For example, if a column joint is made using Nagahozo (mortise-
tenon) and strengthened by Komisen (cotter-pin), the joint can resist
bending moment
NAGAHOZO + KOMISEN JOINT
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1
restoringmoment(kN.m)
deformation angle (rad)
COMPARE WITH TEST RESULTS
MWD-2 (Average) MWA-2 (Average)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1
restoringforce(kN)
deformation angle (rad)
MWD-2*
Proposal
0
5
10
15
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1
restoringforce(kN)
deformation angle (rad)
MWA-2
Proposed
CONCLUSIONS
• The effect of wall-height is not significant on the restoring force
characteristics of mud-walls
• It can be assumed on the structural design of mud-walls that the wall-height’s
effect is negligible
• The restoring force characteristics for the seismic structural design
were proposed and confirmed in some mud-wall cases

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EVALUATION OF RESTORING FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF MUD-WALLS CONSIDERING EFFECT OF WALL-HEIGHT FOR SEISMIC STRUCTURAL DESIGN

  • 1. EVALUATION OF RESTORING FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF MUD-WALLS CONSIDERING EFFECT OF WALL-HEIGHT FOR SEISMIC STRUCTURAL DESIGN Hiroyuki Nakaji, Masami Gotou, Hiro Kawahara, Yoshiyuki Suzuki
  • 2. OBJECTIVE • To propose the restoring force characteristics of mud-walls for seismic structural design of wooden houses • There is not enough information or manual on the structural design of traditional timber buildings • (Do we really need the rules?) • To compare with the usual height of 2730 mm • Two different heights of specimens with same length • Wall-height influences on the restoring force characteristics?
  • 3. CONCLUSIONS (in advance) • The effect of wall-height is not significant on the restoring force characteristics of mud-walls • It can be assumed on the structural design of mud-walls that the wall-height’s effect is negligible • The restoring force characteristics for the seismic structural design were proposed and confirmed in some mud-wall cases
  • 6. COLUMN CONNECTIONS 車知栓 雇いほぞ h 車知栓 雇いほぞ W h/2 w e s Yatoi-Hozo Shachi-Sen Yatoi-HozoShachi-Sen Nagahozo Komisen
  • 7. NAMING OF SPECIMENS MWD-2Hn-1 Mud-Wall With Dodai/Ashigatame Wall-length is 1820 mm (2P) Number of specimen Wall-height is High/Low How many Nuki in High specimen
  • 8. MUD-WALL SPECIMENS (2010-2012) Name Length (mm) Height (mm) Number Tested at when MWD-2 1820 2730 10 TUES* 2010 MWA-2 1820 2730 3 KIT** 2010 MWD-2H4 1820 3600 3 TUES 2012 MWD-2H3 1820 3600 1 TUES 2012 MWD-2H5 1820 3600 1 TUES 2012 MWD-2L 1820 2100 3 TUES 2012 MWA-2H4 1820 3600 3 KIT 2012 MWA-2H3 1820 3600 1 KIT 2012 MWA-2H5 1820 3600 1 KIT 2012 MWA-2L 1820 2100 3 KIT 2012 * Tottori University of Environmental Studies ** Kanazawa Institute of Technology
  • 9. Timber Frameworks on Aug 22 2012 MWD-2H3 MWD-2H5
  • 12. Arakabe + Uragaeshi on Aug 28-30 2012
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. Arakabe dried 1 month later MWD-2L
  • 18.
  • 19. MUD-WALL THICKNESS = 60 mm Nakanuri 12 mm both side Arakabe 36 mm = 18 x 2
  • 20. SHEAR CYCLIC LOADING TESTS MWD-2H4-3 on Dec 11 2012
  • 21. LOADING PROCEDURE - 1/10 - 3/40 - 1/20 - 1/40 0 1/40 1/20 3/40 1/10 • The deformation angle was increased in stages 1/480, 1/240, 1/120, 1/90, 1/60, 1/45, 1/30, 1/20, 1/15, 1/10, and 1/7 rad • 1/7 rad was only for Low specimens • Each deformation was cyclically produced twice or three times • Actuator’s stroke was controlled
  • 23. SETUP OF MWD-2H4 Two 9.62kN Steel Weights +
  • 24. DATA RECORDING (MWD CASE) • 6-8 seconds interval • Displacements and strains • Take a photo at the same time • MP4 movie file was created from thousands of photos with Movie Maker after the experiment
  • 25. SILENT VIDEO (~3 MINUTES)
  • 26. P-DELTA EFFECT 𝑃′ = 𝑃 + 𝑊 tan 𝛾 𝑃′ : Restoring force (kN) P: Measured load (kN) W: Steel weight 9.62 × 2 (kN) g: Deformation angle (rad) -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 P P’ g MWD-02H4-3
  • 27. -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) LOAD-DEFORMATION CURVE (MWD) MWD-2H4-1 MWD-2H4-2 MWD-2H3-1 MWD-2H5-2
  • 28. -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) LOAD-DEFORMATION CURVE (MWD) MWD-2L-1 MWD-2L-2 MWD-2L-3 MWD-2H4-3
  • 31. -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 Deformation Angle [rad] RestoringForce[kN] 2H3 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 Deformation Angle [rad] RestoringForce[kN] 2H4-1 2H4-2 2H4-3 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 Deformation Angle [rad] RestoringForce[kN] 2H5 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 Deformation Angle [rad] RestoringForce[kN] 2L3-1 2L3-2 2L3-3 LOAD-DEFORMATION CURVE (MWA) 1/45 rad 1/30 rad
  • 32. DAMAGE AT 1/10 RAD (MWD) MWD-2H4-1 MWD-2L-1
  • 33. DAMAGE AT 1/10 RAD (MWA) MWA-2H4-1 MWA-2L-1
  • 34. ENVELOPE CURVES 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 1/20 1/10 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) MWD-2H4-1 MWD-2H4-2 MWD-2H4-3 MWD-2H3-1 MWD-2H5-1 MWD-2L-1 MWD-2L-2 MWD-2L-3 MWD-2 Ave. MWD-2 95% Lower MWD-2 95% Upper 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 1/20 1/10 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) MWA-2H4-1 MWA-2H4-2 MWA-2H4-3 MWA-2H3 MWA-2H5 MWA-2L-1 MWA-2L-2 MWA-2 Ave. MWA-2 95% Lower MWA-2 95% Upper MWD-2 MWA-2
  • 35. PROPOSAL OF RESTORING FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF MUD-WALLS 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 1/20 1/10 shearstress(kN/m2) deformation angle (rad) 1P-1.5P 1.5P-2P MM H Q=2M/H Q=M/H M Mud-Wall Timber Framework Mud-Wall Plate Column joint can resist bending moment Two lines are suggested because failure mode is different
  • 36. ASSUMPTIONS • Superposition principle is applicable, that is, Mud-wall is really a mud- wall plate itself plus timber framework • Wall-Length has an effect on the restoring force characteristics • Timber framework resists the horizontal loading at joints of members. For example, if a column joint is made using Nagahozo (mortise- tenon) and strengthened by Komisen (cotter-pin), the joint can resist bending moment
  • 37. NAGAHOZO + KOMISEN JOINT 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 restoringmoment(kN.m) deformation angle (rad)
  • 38. COMPARE WITH TEST RESULTS MWD-2 (Average) MWA-2 (Average) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) MWD-2* Proposal 0 5 10 15 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 restoringforce(kN) deformation angle (rad) MWA-2 Proposed
  • 39. CONCLUSIONS • The effect of wall-height is not significant on the restoring force characteristics of mud-walls • It can be assumed on the structural design of mud-walls that the wall-height’s effect is negligible • The restoring force characteristics for the seismic structural design were proposed and confirmed in some mud-wall cases