4. Scientific Method
– a logical approach to
solving problems by
observing and collecting
data, formulating and
testing hypotheses ,
forming theories that are
supported by data, then
communicating these
8. Observing
– qualitative or
quantitative data in
a system
41. Alchemy – responsible for the
tools and techniques needed for
working with chemicals both
mystical and practical.
The word chemistry comes from
alchemy – practiced in China and
India since 400 B.C.
42. An Experimental Approach
In the 1500s, a shift started from
alchemy to science
“Royal Society of London for the
Promotion of Natural Knowledge”
was responsible for this shift.
Encouraged scientists to use more
experimental evidence
43. Lavoisier
In the late 1700s, Antoine
Lavoisier helped transform
chemistry from a science of
observation to the science of
measurement
He settled on long-standing debate
about burning, which was…
Oxygen was required!
44. OK, Now a Review…
The Scientific Method
A logical approach to solving
problems or answering questions.
Starts with observation- noting
and recording information and
facts
Hypothesis- a proposed
explanation for the observation;
must be tested by an experiment
45. Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Observations (uses your senses)
a) quantitative involves numbers = 95oF
b) qualitative is word description = hot
2. Formulating hypotheses (ideas)
- a testable statement
3. Performing experiments (the test)
- gathers new information to help decide
whether the hypothesis is valid
46. Scientific Method
“Controlled” experiment- designed
to test the hypothesis
We gather data and observations by
doing the experiment
Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle
47. Outcomes over the long term…
Theory (Model)
- A set of well-tested hypotheses that give an overall
explanation of some natural phenomenon – not able
to be proved
Natural Law (or Scientific Law)
- The same observation applies to many
different systems; summarizes results
- an example would be:
the Law of Conservation of Mass
48. Law vs. Theory
A law summarizes what has
happened.
A theory (model) is an attempt to
explain why it happened – this
changes as new information is
gathered.
49. - Page 22
Using your senses to The procedure that is used to
obtain information test the hypothesis
Hypothesis is a proposed
Tells what happened
explanation; should be
based on previous A well-tested explanation for the
knowledge; an “educated” observations; cannot be proven
guess due to new discoveries
50. Collaboration / Communication
When scientists share ideas by
collaboration and communication,
they increase the likelihood of a
successful outcome.