Lesson presentation for week 2 and 3 Topic: The Reign of Sultan Hashim, protection treaty, seizure of Limbang, Supplementary Agreement.

2. Treaty of Protection 1888

4. Since he obtained the title of ‘Raja Of Sarawak’ in 1846, he controlled many Brunei territories on the Sarawak side.

5. He died in 1868 and his nephew Charles Brooke became the new Raja.

6. Charles Brooke obtained many territories from Sultan Abdul Momin. He also obtained the areas called Terusan and Limbang.

8. Further loss of territories: Sultan Hashim inherited a much smaller kingdom than was his father was sultan. 1885, Brunei was only the size of modern Brunei plus the Limbang and Pandaruan district. In order to stop the British from taking more land by force, the Sultan ceded Terusan to Sarawak

9. Further loss of territories Question: Why Sultan Hashim cannot stop Brooke’s and BNBC from taking Brunei territory? Answer: Sultan Hashim could not stop British from taking Brunei territories because, Brunei was not strong military power) enough to fight British.

10. Treaty of protection 1888 Sultan Hashim appealed by letter to the British Crown 1887 Sir Hugh Low sent from Perak to Brunei to negotiate a treaty, giving British protection 1888 Treaty of Protection, 17th Sept 1888 • British status changed to British protectorate• Britain took over responsibility for Brunei’s external affairs• Brunei guaranteed protection against attacks• Sultan could not cede territory without British consent

11. The Treaty of protection 1888 Question: Explain why Sultan Hashim appealed to the British Crown? Question: Explain why British responded Sultan Hashim letter? Question: Discuss among your self, find the advantages and disadvantages of those term? State your answer on the paper for both Brunei and British.

12. Treaty of protection 1888 Brunei thought that Treaty of Protection would save it from foreign intervention, especially from CharlesBrooke. Unfortunately, British considered Charles Brooke a British, so it did not stop him from seizing Limbang in 1890. Question: Why British did not take action when Brooke seize Limbang?

13. Seizure of limbangBrunei in 1880

14. He argued that Limbang was part of the land given to him in 1884 (Terusan treaty). Therefore Charles Brooke seized Limbang on 17 March 1890. Seizure of limbang Charles Brooke interested to Limbang because it was the richest food-growing district of Brunei SULTAN HASHIM Sultan Hashim opposed Charles Brooke and protested to the British government, because Limbang was the Kuripan land of Sultan Hashim Result: Noel Trevenan was sent to investigate the matter

15. Seizure of limbang Question: Why Charles Brooke interested to Limbang? Why Sultan Hashim strongly opposed Charles Brooke seized of Limbang? How Noel Trevenan conduct his investigation? Why Sultan Hashim objected the Noel Trevenan findings? What British action toward this findings?

16. Seizure of limbang Question: Using your understanding, illustrates how the investigation carry out?(use any method you like for example; use word, sentences or drawing) We are in favour ofjoining Sarawak (underCharles Brooke) Trevenan asked the opinionof 15 of the 33 local chiefs.12 of the 15 local chiefs said: • It ignored the opinion of the chiefs who were not present • Those who were invited were Brooke’s supporters • Trevenan’s officials worked for Brooke Sultan Hashim objected to this because:

17. Seizure of limbang Result: British Government: British accepted Trevenan’s report and confirmed Charles Brooke’s annexation (takeover) of Limbang in July 1891. Brunei Government: 1. Sultan Hashim asked the British to honour the 1888 treaty of Protection. However, it was not granted. 2. Brunei lose Limbang in July 1891

19. The main problem was heavy taxes imposed by Tulin holders on people in both areas. Sultan Hashim’s son-in-law tried to stop the trouble. He executed the rebels. Problems began when the people murdered the tax collectors Charles Brooke took this opportunity to annex Belait and Tutong. He asked the Sultan tocede Belait and Tutong to him. The Sultan refused. Hence Belait and Tutong remain part of Brunei

21. McArthur saw the problemscreated by Charles Brooke

22. McArthur recommended a new agreement to supplement the 1888 Treaty of Protection

24. Supplementary agreement 1905-1906 Terms of Supplementary agreement: Brunei accepted British Resident to advise on external and internal affairs (except matter relating to Islamic religion)