1. Hypertensive Retinopathy

10. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Generalised narrowing of the retinal arterioles

11. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Focal narrowing of the retinal arterioles – Copper and Silver Wiring

14. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Gunn’s sign & right-angled crossing Bonnet’s sign

15. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Gunn’s sign, right-angled crossing & Bonnet’s sign Salus’ sign?

17. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Early malignant Dot and blot haemorrhages Hard and soft exudates Diffuse arteriolar narrowing Arterio-venous crossing defects

18. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques & Signs Advanced malignant Macular star Pailloedema

19. Hypertensive Retinopathy - Classification <20% Malignant abnormalities encountered in Grades I through III, as well as swelling of the optic nerve head and macular star IV 25% Malignant abnormalities seen in Grades I and II, as well as retinal haemorrhages, hard exudation, and cotton-wool spots III 33% Non-malignant narrowing of the retinal arteries in conjunction with regions of focal narrowing and arterio-venous nipping II 50% Non-malignant minimal narrowing of the retinal arteries I A:V ratio Alternative description Description Grade

20. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Classification Grade 2

21. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Classification Grade 3

22. Hypertensive Retinopathy – Classification Grade 4