Internet Access & Digital Divides

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China's Great Firewall China has a population of over 1.4 billion people, and more than 700 million of its citizens are Internet users. Given those statistics, it is perhaps not surprising that China is the world's leader in e-commerce, with 40 percent of global sales volumedouble that of the United States. China is also the home of 4 of the world's top 12 Internet companies ranked by market capitalization: e-commerce giant Alibaba, social-media and gaming company Tencent, search specialist Baidu, and smartphone maker Xiaomi. China has accomplished all this while implementing a system of Internet censorship and surveillance measures, dubbed the Golden Shield Project and the Great Firewall, which are some of the strictest in the world. China's attempt to control access and limit content available to its citizens began shortly after the Internet's introduction in China. The country's Golden Shield Project and the Great Firewall are part of immense, multifaceted Internet surveillance and content control system that is augmented by workers who delete and add posts to spin any debate in favor of the government's stance. The goal of the Chinese government is to block all content it deems undesirable, particularly news stories that are unfavorable to China or its leaders, as well as references to infamous events, such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre. While the Golden Shield Project is focused on domestic sites, the Great Firewall stands at the international gateways, keeping out unwanted foreign sites using a sophisticated and multitiered system. According to Simon Denyer, the Washington Post's bureau chief in China, "The Great Firewall is an attempt to bridge one of the country's most fundamental contradictionsto have an economy intricately connected to the outside world but a political culture closed off from such 'Western values' as free speech and democracy." Chinese Internet users have their own censored versions of popular services, including Baidu (instead of Google), Weibo (instead of Twitter), WeChat (instead of Facebook), and Youku (instead of YouTube). In addition, the Great Firewall blocks roughly 25 percent of all Internet sites, including the Chinese and English news websites of the Reuters news agency, Bloomberg LP, the Guardian, and the New York Times so that they are inaccessible in China. Some Chinese Internet users are able to gain access to restricted content through the use of virtual private networks (VPNs), which help users elude the restrictions of the Great Firewall by changing the IP address on their computer, laptop, or mobile device into one of many offered by the VPN provider. So, while a user may be accessing the Internet from a city within China, the VPN makes it look like the user is in Japan or some other country where Internet access is unrestricted. In addition, once users activate their VPN, they are connected to one of its servers via a dedicated, encrypted link, ensuring all of the data flowing back and fo.

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Case Assignment: 10.3 Google Meets The Great Firewall of China The Chinese internet market is exploding. In one decade the number of Chinese with access to the global internet went from 80,000 to 130 million. To enter this lucrative market, American technology firms must participate in the Communist government’s censorship program, which has been dubbed the “Great Firewall of China.” The Chinese Communist government uses a variety of strategies to police websites and internet traffic to determine whether users are breaking the law by defaming the government, divulging state secrets, or promoting separatist movements. Chinese officials ban such “subversive” material as government criticism, pornography, and information about Tibet, Taiwanese independence, and the Falun Gong religious sect. An estimated 30,000-50,000 human censors monitor internet traffic and set up fake sites to catch offenders. Student volunteers steer university chat room discussions, and cartoon icons remind users of the internet rules. Automatic censoring systems remove offensive chat room and bulletin board postings within minutes by detecting and then eliminating messages containing such words as dictatorship, corruption, or truth. Access to a number of websites is blocked, and users can only access portions of other sites. For example, a Chinese citizen may be able to visit an American university website but not be able to access material on a Chinese prodemocracy speaker sponsored by the university. American firms have done their part to shore up the Great Firewall. Cisco Systems and Juniper Networks sell China’s government networking hardware that enables office to filter out content, allowing access to the World Wide Web but only to information favorable to the Chinese government. Yahoo! Screens content and de-list websites like The New York Times and Human Rights Watch from its search engine and, until it’s recent merge with a Chinese provider, did so without notifying users. Yahoo! Also gave Chinese authorities the e-mail address of a journalist who is now serving 10 year prison term for sending material to a democracy website. MSN (Microsoft) censors words and removes blogs at the government request. From 2006 to 2010 Google supported China’s censorship efforts, blocking content that Beijing deems controversial. For instance, Westerners using the search term Tiananmen might get images of protesters being overrun by tanks in 1989. In China, the same search would generate an image of a U.S. official posing for a snapshot in Tiananmen Square. The company’s decision to censor appeared to contradict its motto to “do no evil” and undermined its efforts to provide unlimited access to information. Google justified its action by arguing that censorship is the lesser of two evils. “Filtering our search results clearly compromises our mission,” the firm admitted. “Failing to offer Google search at all to a fifth of the world’s population, however, does so far more severely.” ...

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