10-Runway Design ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )

1. 1
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Runway Design
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Runway System

2. 2
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Runway System
Structural pavement, shoulders, blast pad, runway safety
area, various obstruction-free surfaces, and runway
protection zone.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Object Free Zone

3. 3
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Runway System
• Structural pavement supports the aircraft with respect to
structural load, maneuverability, control, stability, and other
operational and dimensional criteria.
• Shoulder adjacent to the edges of the structural pavement
resists jet blast erosion and accommodates maintenance and
emergency equipment.
• Blast pad is an area designed to prevent erosion of the
surfaces adjacent to the ends of runways due to jet blast or
propeller wash.
• Runway safety area (RSA) or runway strip is an area
surrounding the runway prepared or suitable for reducing the
risk of damage to aircraft in the event of an undershoot,
overshoot, or excursion from the runway.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Runway System
• Object-free area (OFA) is a two-dimensional ground area
surrounding the runway which must be clear of parked
aircraft and objects other than those whose location is fixed
by function.
• Obstacle-free zone (OFZ) is a defined volume of airspace
centered above the runway which supports the transition
between ground and airborne operations.

4. 4
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Runway Reference Code
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Airport Code
• For example, an airport which is designed to
accommodate a Boeing 767–200:
• Outer main gear wheel span width = 10.44 m,
• Wingspan = 48 m,
• Maximum takeoff weight = 317,000 lb,
• Requiring a runway length of about 1830 m at sea
level on a standard day,
• Reference code = 4-D.

5. 5
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Runway Width
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
The basic runway length as recommended by ICAO
Runway Length and Width

6. 6
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Runway
Longitudinal
and Transverse
Gradient
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.

7. 7
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
It is the length of runway under the following
assumed conditions at the airport:
1. Airport altitude is at the sea level
2. Temperature at the airport is standard (150C)
3. Runway is leveled in the longitudinal direction (zero
gradient)
4. No wind is blowing on the runway
5. Aircraft is loaded to its full loading capacity
Basic Runway Length
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Runway Length Corrections
The basic runway length is for mean sea level having
standard atmospheric conditions, necessary corrections
are therefore applied after determining the basic
runway length are:-
1. Correction for Elevation
2. Correction for Temperature
3. Check for total correction for Elevation and Temperature
4. Correction for Gradient

8. 8
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Correction for Elevation
ICAO recommends that the basic runway length should be
increased at the rate of 7% per 300 m (1000 ft) rise in
elevation above sea level.
L1 = LB + D L1
300100
7
1
Elevation
xxLL BD
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Correction for Temperature
T = Airport reference temperature
Ta = Monthly mean of average daily temperature for the
hottest month of the year
Tm = Monthly mean of maximum daily temperature for same
month of the year
Standard temperature Ts = 150C – 0.0065* Elevation
DT = T – Ts ,
D L2 = (L1/100) * DT
L2 = L1 + D L2
3
am
a
TT
TT



9. 9
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Check for Total correction for Elevation and
Temperature
ICAO further recommends that, if the total correction for
elevation plus temperature exceeds 35% of the basic runway
length
%351002


x
L
LL
B
B
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Correction for Gradient
• Temperature should be increased at 20% for every 1
percent of effective gradient
• Effective gradient is defined as the maximum difference in
elevation between the highest and lowest points of runway
divided by the total length of runway
D L3 =
%100*
minmax
2L
ElevElev
Geff


effxGxL2
100
20
L3 = L2 + D L3

10. 10
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Example
The monthly mean temperature of the atmosphere at a
particular site where an airport is to be developed, are given
below. Determine the airport reference temperature. If the
site is at mean sea level determine the actual runway length.
The runway is assumed to be level.
Temperature
Month
Temperature
Month Mean Max
Daily
Mean Aver
Daily
Mean Max
Daily
Mean Ave.
Daily
3732July53January
3530August1715February
3127September2320March
2822October3225April
1812November4735May
96December5040June
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Solution
The table indicate that the hottest month of the year is June.
Hence the mean of maximum daily temperature,
Tm= 500C
Mean of average daily temperature,
Ta= 400C
Airport reference temperature
C
TT
TT am
a
0
33.43
3
4050
40
3






11. 11
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Suppose the basic runway length= L meters.
Standard atmospheric temperature at mean sea level (150C ).
The rise of temperature = 43.330- 150= 28.330C
The required correction
The corrected length = L + 0.2833 L = 1. 2833 L meters
No correction for elevation or gradient is required
33.28*
100
L
L D
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
The length of runway under standard conditions is 1620 m.
the airport site has an elevation of 270 m. its reference
temperature is 32.9 0C. If the runway is to be constructed with
an effective gradient of 0.2 percent, determine the corrected
runway length.
1. Correction for elevation
Solution
mxxL 102
300
270
1620
100
7
1 D
Corrected length = 1620+102 = 1722 m
Example

12. 12
2. Correction for temperature
Standard atmospheric temp Ts = 150C – 0.0065* 270 = 13.180C
Rise of temp DT = 32.9 – 13.18 = 19.720C
3. Check for total correction of Elev. and Temp.
< 35% ok
4. Correction for gradient
mxL 34072.19
100
1722
2 D
Corrected length = 1722 + 340 = 2062 m
percentx 2.27100
1620
16202062



mxxL 48.8220.02062
100
20
3 D
Corrected length = 2062 + 82.48 = 2144.48 m rounding this value to
the nearest 10 meters, Corrected Runway Length = 2150 m
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Single Runway Airport

13. 13
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
High Speed Exit Taxiway
• The function of the exit taxiways is to minimize the runway occupancy
by landing aircraft.
• At high speeds a compound
curve was necessary
• To minimize tire wear on the
nose gear and, therefore, the
central or main curve radius
R2 should be preceded by a
much larger radius curve R1.

14. 14
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Common Taxiway Exit
and Intersection
Configuration

15. 15
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
FAA Taxiway Curvature Dimensional Standards, ft
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
• These are located where the aircrafts wait for their return to
take off and where they are finally checked before the take
off.
• Holding aprons are usually provided near the runway ends
and are made sufficiently large so that, if one aircraft is
unable to take off because of some defects in the
machinery, another aircraft can bypass it for the take off.
• The size of holding apron depends on the peak hour aircraft
movements, the aircraft size and its ground maneuvering
characteristics.
• Holding apron may not be required if the volume of traffic is
small. The size of holding apron should be sufficient to
accommodate 2 to 4 aircrafts and allow one additional
aircraft to bypass without any difficulty.
Holding Apron

16. 16
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Holding Apron
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Holding Apron

17. 17
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Holding Apron
Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.
Flow-through bypass holding pad