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T Peri1
- 1. [ K I G { MZL Mquot;C, IGC' PS' 2, PZS 8002 1
0917776=20 RKKE: 1446062=250 FPJVN GFPJGVN CPFNL FJKVGNKO, RKRKO N[KNGC?
liam-e moc.oohay@irept GMKXE RKQ N[NCQ? FBO VYKEKFO F[GRKO MN ML, [N
FPINYF FVSKMKBJZK, PZMH ZVGBK quot;FESFquot;, TKQ MZO, KZG[NKO.
N[BNF BO RKQ N[NC [K DK[G JKVGNKG [GRG MN ML
MN BI PQ F[KJG NCEF. FVZYKO FCBKO PKKISKO
FVZTF MVKKK GCEKMBGQ )7(. N[KVGZ PNB GPYKU KGZ CBKMG IKKG [N FPJGVN PB[Z
FYVK IZEF, SPGR VGSJ JZBGPK, VGCKG PPGYEG, YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK TO JKVGN VSKMGEKRPK KMGN NFCKB
CFVZTG IZEF [GRG, MDGQ FVZT IZEF MNNK )DAG(, [N FFVZTF FRXVK. FJKTGQ FPZMHK FGB [[KNGC JKVGN
GTEMRKG PXBG KTKNG ZCF CJKVGN FYGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK NINYKO [GRKO [N FVGNGDKF B[Z FCKBF NCKJGK FPNB
PIYZK KTKNG CFKYVKO RZICKO. TCGEG SKMGO RZICG F G M K IG K T K N G CP I Y Z K O P CG Y ZK O , G B [ Z P K K I S G
FRFDG, MPZMKC PFGK [N [KJ FJKVGN, PBV[Z GBV[ZG PT[K NXZU [K [KJG JKVGN [GRG, B[Z
FJKVGN RPEE CBGVQ [KJK TN-KEK [BNGRKO BG ZK[GPK TCGEF HG TGSY C[BNF FBO K[ ZXKGRN KBGZJK
CHPQ, PGRIKO TN-KEK SVZK FEZMF PVGZJKO GGXB
[N DK[G FRFDGKG GFQ [N DK[G VSKMGEKRPKG.
PSVZ ZC [N PIYZKO. FTGCEF [FJKVGNKO FNNG PGDCNKO
[YKKPG FGMIG PIYZKG FPXCKTG TN KTKNG JKVGNK, FQ
KTKNGG [N FJKVGN FYGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK PCGSS TN
[[NG[ F[KJG FZBG CPXC FPJGVNKO )01(. RZBF, BO MQ,
PIYZKG CECZ KTKNGQ. FFCENKO CKQ FDK[G FKG HRKIKO CF[GGBF N[KVGZ FMNNK
[TCGZ [K [KJG FJKVGN FGNMG GPXJCZG FGMIG DCGFF C[KVGZ PXC FPJGVN NBGZL YGV PTYC [N 3 [RKO.
6(. GZP NFYZCG HG FFMZF FFGNM GPZIC CML CPJGVN )DK[G [N YZN ZGD'ZS(, FZBG [NG[Q KTKNG
FRFDGKKO CGL JKVGNKO VSKMGBRNKJKKO PSGZKKO )5, FRFDGK FQ CDK[F FVSKMGEKRPK GFQ CDK[F FPPGYE
F[RK, PVIG BV[ZGKG N[KNGC [N PZMKCKO FZBF NBIZGRF [JKVGNKO, FQ CDK[F FYGDRKJKCK-
BG FJKVGN CY[KKO CKVYGE FPKRK [N YVNQ )4(. PQ FXE VSKMKBJZKG [GRG )9(. TCGE [EF ZIC FKYU CCZKJRKF
yparehT [N KGRD )3( CJKVGN CFVZT BK[KG DCGNK, KTKNG [N JKVGNKO VSKMGEKRPKKO YXZK PGTE CFVZTG
yparehT citylanA [N ZKKN GIC' )1, 2(, amehcS C, GMQ CFVZT BK[KG DCGNK )8(. TCGEG BIZG FXKDG
PZMKCKO VSKMGEKRPKKO, MPG F-evitingoC-TAC
VSKMGSGPJKG, FVZTG BMKNF GFVZTG BK[KG PYCGXF
VGD[KO JKVGNKO YGDRKJK CKK O-FRFDGKKO FP[N CKO
FVSKMGEKRPK CEKMBGQ, FVZTG IZEF [GRG, FVZTG
CKQ FHZPKO FJKVGNKKO FPZMHKKO FNNG. PXE BIE, BRG
PSMP TEMRK MHG PXBF FGMIG NKTKNG FJKVGN
T[ZG [RKO, PZI[ DO RGTF FVGMF [N FYZCG
CPIYZKO PCGYZKO FKJC CPDGGQ [N FVZTG RV[KG. TCGEF
C FVS KM GE KR PK NJ KVG N FY GD R KJ KCK - F F R F DG K P H F
PIYZKO PSMPKO )sesylana-atem( PXKDKO KTKNG PGMI
XE F I Z G FF KS J GZ K F P Y KK P C K Q F JK V GN
FBIZGQ CXGZF [KJK GJGCF KGZ, CPIYZKO PCGYZKO.
PCGB JKVGNKO VSKMGEKRPKKO FING DO FO NFKIYZ CT[GZ
GCY[KKO FPT[KKO CKK[GPG.
[FG[D. FPGEN FPGXT PGEDO CBPXTG PYZKO YNKRKKO. FPBPZ EQ CKZGRG GCISZGRG [N FPGEN FPGXT
FTCZ [NG, PGL MGGRF NFP[KL GN[VZ B BKMG FIKKO [N FPJGVN GNKKXC B F[KRGK FSKPVJGPJK
VSKMGEKRPK FPMGGQ NFZIC FGCRF GJGGI FIGGKF [N FPJGVN CIGPK FZD[, FKISKO FCKQ-BK[KKO GIGGKG
B FJKVGN, NZGC C[NC [N JKVGN FRFDGK-YGDRKJKCK NF[D [KRGK SKPVJGPJK, GCFP[L TGCZ NJKVGN
[KNGC DK[G JKVGNKG. GBXKT PGEN BV[ZK N[KNGC [K FDK[G, '[KNGC TGYC'. CPGEN HF, PJVN BIE VGI
B FFCENKO CJMRKYF FJKVGNK CKQ FDK[F FFRFDGK NDK[F FVSKMGEKRPK GB FTPEG F[GRG MNVK
CPBPZ HF BCEGY B FBV[ZG N[NC CJKVGN TO PJVN BIE B [K FJMRKYG FJKVGNKG. FPBPZ SGYZ
FJKVGNKG FPRGDEG. F[BKVF N[KNGC PCSS CKQ F[BZ TN FKTKNG FPGMI PIYZK [N [K FDK[G.
CSKS TYZGRG FVSKMGBRNKHF. CXE IZG HG PVIG DO DK[G F[GBVG N[NC CKQ [K FJMRKYG
IZG FKSJGZK PYKKP CKQ FDK[F FJKVGNK FYGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK GFDK[F FVSKMGEKRPK FCRGKF TN
Equot;Z JGCKF VZK
JKVGN VSKMGEKRPK GJKVGN YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK { [KNGC BV[ZK?
quot;[KIGquot; 8002/3, [O: ireP aivuT { R': 7002/2/02 { )TPGE 1( { FDFF 1
- 2. 2 [ K I G { MZL Mquot;C, IGC' PS' 2, PZS 8002
PZMHKG FFTCZF, FKISKO CKQ FPJVN NPJGVN, M'BKHGZ' CKQ FDK[F FVSKMGEKRPK NYGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK. JCNF
PZMKC PZMHK RGSU [N FJKVGN FVSKMGEKRPK FGB NFCRKF GNMRGQ PZB[ [N FJKVGN TXPG. ML RGXZ RKDGE ZC
FPJVN GFPJGVN CPVD[ FBRNKJK. PGYEO TN FJKVGN. CBGVQ CSKSK KGZ, PSGZ HG PRDE
NMRQ PZB[ GBU NNPE B FEZL FBZGMF [TGCZKO FPJGVN BG NPTRF N[BNGKG GMQ NPQ FSCZKO GPKET
P- 3191 PCJBKO B VKSG CECZ BK-FKMGN NF^Rf,
#C TPGYF NMN FRFDG FPMGGR NFGZE FPI GNFZDT
FTRKKRKO [FGB GYUquot; )41, TP' 401(. RKSGIKO BNF [N VZGKE FPSGZ FJKVGNK FVSKMGEKRPK P[EZ FRDEG
[FIN, PRFN CEZMG GBKRG RGQ [KMKCG NG B FMKGGQ BG SEZ 131=231(.
PEZMG GNNB SVY NYNYN CG FZCF. BCN CSL FMGN, FFNKL, P[TF PCK[, PSGMQ, ISZ TZL BG HYGY NFDRF CVRK FBRNKJKYBKquot; )51, TP'
CFNKL...FGB KMGN NVYI TN FFNKL, NYEPG, NFSKZ PM[GNKO FPZIC FBRNKJK, MKGGQ [FPJGVN PZDK[ MK FGMQ FVRKPK [NG
BKQ FGB KMGN NYCGT CPEGKY B PF [K[KD.... FGB PIKN P[P[G F[BNG B FPJGVN MRKSKGQ NDZGO NPJVN NPNB B
)41, TP' 99(. quot;...K[ CKMGNG [N FZGVB FBRNKJK NT[G FZCF, BL G[NB CPGET... TN ZGC F[BNG BKRRK TGRF... NTKO YZGCG
[N PFNMKO PYZCG BPRK F[IPJ T[GK NPNB B FISZ CFGZBFquot; FPJGVN B FFHEPRG NFXKD B TXPG CEZL [FGB CGIZ CPGET
FBKQ-SGVK [NBIZ FVKIF BKRG PBV[Z FXDF MHG. ZY NKPGE [YERK GPNIKXF BGG NFIHKZ Cquot;RIPEGquot;... ...FTZF PSGD HF... DGHN PQ
FSKGO RKRKO NFXDF [KJK GPPXF, CTGE [PKDGGQ FPFNMKO TGKQ... FTZF MHG DGZP PKKE NPJGVN NIG[ MCTN IGC NBRNKJKYBK
B P[IY F[IPJ FBXKNK KKGGMI CPFZF [ZY FVKIG GPFNMK FCNK PGET MK FPJGVN FGB KNE FPY[F NVNS B EZMG CTGNO
NPJGVN NFCKB B MN FTGNF TN ETG. quot;MN FPCY[ NNPGE FIRKKF PP[ Y[F CBKHGZ FHFquot;.... FGB FTCKZ NPJGVN B FZD[G
FRKR NPJGVN FKB 'MNN FKSGE' FVSKMGRNKJK FPGZF quot;NFRFD CBGVQ BRG[Kquot;...quot;BRK PYGGF [NB FY[K NPXGB IRKKF,
MPTJ FRIKG PGDEZG MKXE NCXTG GFFRIKF FKIKEF CIKN EZMO I[KO NTKO EIU quot;NDZGO NPJGVN NFZDK[ CRGIquot; BG
FJKVGN FVSKMGEKRPK, NTGP HB, VGI PBGE. BKQ FPJGVN, CBPXTG VTKNG PVIK PI MPG IKHGYKO... PJVNKO
NFVIGF FSVGRJRK NBGZL FHPQquot; )31, TPGE 51(. FGB RBCY. ...BKQ BRG PMGGRKO NFYN TN IZEF, [NRG BG [N
CPMGGQ, MEK NFCRG B PTZM FKISKO FJKVGNK GNB ZY PPKQ NFMKZ GNFCKQ P[FG TN IG[G, ZD[G GPI[CG FFTCZF [TKPO
RGJN TN TXPG VYKE VTKN GPRIF CJKVGN, GCGL ML FGB VGTN CRGI... NFKVL... P[KPG FKB NTHGZ NPJGVN [NB NFIPKW FHEPRG
FPJVN CTKXGCG [N FY[Z FJKVGNK: quot;FPJVN FYGDRKJKCK quot;BKRK SCGZ MK VYKEG [N FBRNKJKYBK NDZGO NPJGVN NFZDK[
VZKPQ GIC' RKSIG CP[VJ FCB B TPEG BG VYKEG [N [N RV[ FPJGVN. PMBQ RGCTG FFRIKG FPGCBG NFNQ:
PSKKO CFRIKG NPRKT IHZF [N FSKPVJGO )11, 21(. CKGZ. FKPRTG HG PBV[Z NXVG CCKJGKF F'RYK' CKGZ
NZDN C'TCGE CK' CKQ FVDK[G FJKVGNKG GFJKVGN NPJGVN NFCKB B TXPG GB SKVGZ IKKG CBGVQ FPNB
FMGGRF, TKEGE GPKMF K[KZF [N FPJVN. FPJGVN PGRIF F F K P R T G P F T Z C G P X K EG [ N F PJ V N P S K K T
[N TCGEF P[GV NYZB F[D PJZG FJKVGN GL FBRNKJK... )51, TP' 141=241(.
FSKPVJGO GB FEZL N[KRGK. FPJVN PRSF NKKXGZ BGGKZF XGZG FY[ZG, FTGKRG, FYKRBF... CFY[Z [N PTZM FKISKO
FRDEK... NPJGVN GNBRNKJKYBK K[ FHEPRG NIGG CBGVQ K[KZ B
PSCKZ NPJGVN B FCRG B FFNKL [FCKB NFKGGXZG
FPJGVN... M[TGNPG [N FPJGVN PYCN IKKO CFTCZF GFFTCZF-
PBGVKKR CDK[F VSKMG-IKRGMK BN FPJGVN. FPJVN
CKRYG GCKNEG FPGYEP G[TO FHPQ FVMF NPCRF FRV[ [N
BIZ F[KRGK FYGDRKJKCK GFFRFDGK. TPEG [N FPJVN RDEK. HFG quot;FTCZ FIKquot; [N FPJGVN, PTZM KISK BGCKKYJ [KSGEF
FJKVGN. FPJVN P[P[ CMNK PEKEF PGYVKO NPTYC FPGTCZKO CBGVQ CNK-PGET CXGZF [N IGGK FTCZF GFTCZF-
GPVGZJ FPVZJ B [NCK FBKCIGQ, RKSGI FCTKF G[NCK [NG....FSGD F[RK [N FKSJGZKF BK[K [PSVY FPJGVN FGB RGRKO
GPGDCN CHPQ. FJKVGNKO PGRIKO TN-KEK PEZKL MGC { BNF [FPJGVN PKKIS BNKFO CBGVQ PGET MBN FTCZ
FRFDGK. FJKVGN PPGYE NZGC CFRFDG PJZF PGDEZ ...FPJGVN PSVZ NBRNKJKYBK [NG... SGD BIE [N RGRKO FKSJGZKKO
FDK[G RPXB FFRIF [[KRGK YGDRKJKCK PGCKN N[KRGK [FEZPF FVRKPK FCNK PGET RIGGK CG. )51, TP' 831(
FPFGGF quot;PJZKXF [N FRV[quot;....FPZIC FBRNKJK FGB FPZIC
FNKMK FI[KCF FPTXCKO B FFRFDG. CCSKSQ [N ZGC
FMRKSF NIGGKF FBRNKJK MZGMF CFZIC FPZIC FVSKMGNGDK
FRKR NXVKKF GNPEKEF, NZGC CBPXTG FF[VTF TN
FBRNKJK FZB[GRF:
FRFDGKG PBGVKKQ CML [FGB PMGGQ N[KRGK [N FRFDG
PXGK CSVZG [N GPS BGDEQ, CVZY FTGSY CVDK[F
MN BI P[KJG FJKVGN. FJKVGN CDK[G FYGDRKJKCKG-
F[KVGZ CBKMG IKKG [N FPJGVN. RKSGI TEMRK [N TPEF HG
[RKQ NFXKD YGGKO MNNKKO FPBVKKRKO B FHZO FPZMHK [N
CBGVQ [KBV[Z B FFKMZG FPYSKPNK TPO, GTPF B
ZCG F[GRG HG PHG CPBVKKRKO ZCKO. KIE TO HB, RZBF
FPJGVN 'KZI[G' CIEZ FJKVGNK GCKISKO FJKVGNKKO,
VSKMGEKRPKKO PFGGKO, MN BIE, PYCW [N [KJG JKVGN
[C G FF KS JG Z KF GFF NK M KO FR V [ KK O F VR K P K KO [ N
JKVGNKO YGDRKJKCKKO-FRFDGKKO GJKVGNKO
CKGZ FBV[ZK N[TF FJKVGNK. FRKSKGQ FGB NKXGZ PYGO
FVSKMGEKRPK NBV[Z NPJGVN NFCKB B TXPG CXGZF FPNBF GF'RYKKF'
PBVKKRK FJKVGN FYGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK GFJKVGN PZMHK [CG PZI[ FJKVGN FVSKMGEKRPK. FJKVGN PMGGQ
Equot;Z JGCKF VZK
quot;[KIGquot; 8002/3, [O: ireP aivuT { R': 7002/2/02 { )TPGE 2( { FDFF 1
- 3. [ K I G { MZL Mquot;C, IGC' PS' 2, PZS 8002 3
* ML JGTQ BGDEQ )51( CYJT [XGJJ NTKN. NFNKL FP[B GPQ [CKQ FPJVN NPJGVN )02(.
GCY[G [N FPJGVN PQ FPJVN. PKJ[N PKKIS I[KCG ZCF CKGZ
* ZBF NP[N B EKGRG FPZY [N PKJ[N C[BN FFKTRG NXZMKO
TXPO NBVYJKO BNF, FDCZG FPJGVNKO TN FFRDEG NBGG
CTYCG FPXC FIE[ FNYIG IZKVF [N IZEF, BL CIG[VO B
FCJGI [N FVGCKF [NFO... MVK [RKQ FKF NXVG, FZI[F
FYNBSK TGSY CPF [RZBF I[GC NPJVN GPHRKI B XZMKG
TN RYGEG PG CBRNKHF TE [NB REIYG NFTH GNXB PQ FPSGZ
FPCY[KO B THZ FPJVN. NTKO YZGCG RZBF [FJKVGN
PTPKYF NSCKMKO FNB-PGETKO [NFO, GCMN HB NB KMNG NFDCZ
FPJGVN PDKT NJKVGN TO XZMKO GSKPVJGPKO IZKVKO
quot;PJGVNKO PSGKPKO PKNBG BIZ MNN FKSGE, GBU DKNG GCRF
BYJKCK [N FPJVN FKF FTGCEF [CPYZKO ZCKO
PGCFYG MEK NRSG GNYEO B FJKVGN CYXC PFKZ KGZ. RGSU [ZO NFMZF CNDKJKPKG GBGNK BU CXGZL CPTGZCG
FVTKNF'. VZRXK RYJ CFTZCGKG GCFRIKG FRFDGKG FPJVN BKRQ RI[CG MIZKDF NB NDKJKPK CJKVGN*. DGZO
GFPGMZ [CKRKFO, [REGZ VZRXK, CRKSKGRGKG C'JMRKYF PZMHKG FGCRF [N FPJGVN, BGNO FRFDGKG VTKNG [N
FVSKMGBRNKJKKO FGVKTG RKSKGRG CDK[F VTKNF. FZB[GQ CNK RPRTG. FDK[F FFKKISGK [GPZ TN FCMGZF [N
NPZG HB, MCZ CEGZ FZB[GQ [N FPJVNKO CPTGZCG PP[K KGZ CCTKG FKGO-KGO [N FPJGVN FQ
CFSDZ IG[GKG FBK[KG )erusolcsid fles( GFQ
TO PNGB FTGPY [N IGGKGKG FZD[KG )51(*.
NPJGVN. FMZF HG FCKBF NFCRF [PTGZCG FPJVN, FQ
CPZIC FBGRJK GFIGV[K [N FPJGVN GPGRTG PVD[
FINY' FO CNK BV[ZKKO NPKPG[ CPVD[ CKQ PJVN
FT ZCG KG B YJ KCK G [N F PJ VN RI[CG MV GD TG
FDKTG NFMZF CML [BKEKBN FPJVN FRKKJZNK G'FNGI
BGCKKYJ GTN IGGK F Y[Z CJKVGN F VSKMGBRNKJK,
GFRIKG BYJKCKG [N FPJVN CJKVGN. PJVNKO ZCKO
EIVKG CBGVQ ZXKGRNK KGZ. TO FVIG FED[ TN KISK
CJMRKYF FBRNKJK FPBV[Z B [KNGCO [N VTGNG
TGNPG FNB-PGET GPGRT B FVIG KMGNG NGGS B
[N FPBF FYGEP, PFGGF B F[KRGK FKGZ P[PTGK
MPXPXP B FZXGQ GFXGZL [N FPJGVN CVKZG[ GCFCR
FVIGF [N FDK[F FFKKISGK FIN P[RG F-08
MFKTRG NXZMKO FEIVKKO [N FPJGVN. FKTRG HG RVSF
BKMVKG GTHZF PP[K NPJGVN )02, TP' 542(.
NKBGZK FEIU. VTKNG BYJKCK [N FPJVN RVSF
EGGYB B FZDTKO [CFO FPJVN IZD PTPEG MEK NCJB
BYJKCKG [N FPJVN PMPF SKCG. FZB[GRF FKF Y[GZF
)91(. PJGVNKO ZCKO HGMZKO PFBRNKHG [NFO CBGVQ IKGCK
FPGEN FVSKMGBRNKJK FPSGZK FRDE NFTZCGKG
P[VIG. HB NBIZ [VD[ BGG KIE TPF CZB[K FJKVGN
'VTKNG BYJKCK' CJKVGN FVSKMGBRNKJK VZGKE CY[Z [NG TO BZGSG CRKDGE NETO [N CRK
[RKO ZCG BIZK FJKVGN [NG B PTGZCGG GPKMG [N
FJKVGN FIKXGRK FYNKRKKO. quot;BK[ FHBCKOquot;, PJGVNG FPVGZSO [N VZGKE, HMZ
FJKVGN NB-PGETKO CTKYZ 'CGL' ZKBNKKO CPXKBG FKF RKKJZNK FZCF VIG PMVK [GBZ CPBPZKFO
PGYE CKISKO PGVRPKO, CFRFDGKG GKISKO FVSKMGBRNKJKYBKO DKNG NRG [FRFDGO [N FPJVNKO
GVKZG[KG FPKET [CKEKG EKGGIK PJGVNKO TN FBRNKHG [NFO BXN ZB[GRK
FPJGVN? B FPJGVN CPI[CGKG B FPJGVN CPKZC
B FVGCKFquot; )81, TP' 331=431(.
PF KGET FPJVN CGIZ PK N[U FPJVN P[U GPKKET
FZGVB, KTNF FIGNF FCHYK PI[CF GHKMZGRG [KBV[ZG NG NVGZ
KGET? IE[F TN FPXC
PF FPJVN VGI NFVTG GNNPKEF P[EZ KEKTG PMSKPNKG CZIGC GNFKBCY CIZEF... GZY P[KG[D FECZ MGXBF PEZK[G [N
FPJVN GPVZ[ GPL, PZDKT BIZ... BO R[VKT TNKFO CBPXTG FBRNKHF ... NRSG NNM NCE
FRFDG XGVF, Y[GC, P[YU PRIF, PGZF, PIHY, [FBRNKHF RKT B FIGNF NGGZ TNKF... PMBQ [TNKRG NRFGD
GPTGZCG TXPG FJKVGN: quot;MPTJ [NB RGMN N[NGJ CVGCKF BO RPKQ TE
TXPK Y[GC, NB IG[U B G[KGGKGRK, PGSZ PKET FI[KVF CVGTN NDGZPKO FPTGZZKO IZEF MEK NF[NKO B
I[KVF FPJVN { 'NGI INY', FPJVN { 'JCTK', DPK[ GFMGGRF NPJGVN )71,81(, RBNW NFGEG CRIKXGF [N
PEZKL MGC DO VZGKE TXPG, CXE FRDEGG NPQ TXG PT[KG
FJKVGN PGMRQ GNB PGMGGQ NVZJK VZJKO CBPXTG
FZIC GCRG [N FPJGVN.
RKFGN FJKVGN 'HGZO' CBGVQ NB FJKVGN PGMRQ GPGRIF
VSKMGEKRPK YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK NB-PGETKO. FI[KVF P[Z B FPJZF FBRNKJK [N
JKVGN JKVGN FI[KVF BXN VZRXK FKB NTGZZ GNFCKB NPGETG MRKO
DK[G FRFDGKG, BGNO FKB [GRF CPJZGKF. PJZ
NPBVKKRK FJKVGN FYGRKJKCK-FRFDGK FJMRKYF FVTKNF [N VZRXK PHMKZF CFRIKGKF NPJGVN
JCNF 1: F[GGBF CKQ PBVKKRK FJKVGN FVSKMGEKRPK CCKXGT VTGNG NB RTKPGquot; )61, TP' 421(.
C[K FDK[G FJKVGNKG. FPJGVN( P[KPG PKGIEG, CPYZKO [N VGCKF FCJBF FP[KPF
PSVZ 1 PSMP B FFCENKO CKVYGEK FPJVN GFPJGVN IGPZ FNB-PGET [FKF PGEIY TE BH... ...PJKNKO TNKG TF )TN
JKVGN VSKMGEKRPK GJKVGN YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK { [KNGC BV[ZK?
quot;[KIGquot; 8002/3, [O: ireP aivuT { R': 7002/2/02 { )TPGE 3( { FDFF 1
- 4. 4 [ K I G { MZL Mquot;C, IGC' PS' 2, PZS 8002
FPGPNW TN-KEK FPJVN GML RPRT FYEPGG. NBIZ FVZY FPJVN NPJGVN NGXBG FJKVGN )62, 72(. FDK[F
'RYT'. NZGC, MB[Z FPJGVN RPRT PNT[G B FZDGN [N BK[KGG [N FPJVN, FY[Z FCKQ-BK[K GFFBPF [CKQ
VSKMGEKRPKKO RMRSKO NJKVGN MB[Z FJKVGN FFRFDGK FBIE, FPPXBKO FZCKO FPGMKIKO B P[PTGO FPMZT
MCZ C[RG F-07. FJKVGN FCSKSK FGB FRFDGK. FKCJKO FZXKGRN FKBGZJK NFXTF HG Y[GZ N[RK PK[GZKO.
FPKRK RT[F RKSKGQ [KNGC MHF TN-KEK FNQ SKRDZ YVNQ )4( [FPJVN [GPZ TN TPEF RKKJZNK GTXGZF KGZ.
JKVGNKO FRFDGKKO. CIGO FJKVGNKO CY[KKO CVYGE FJKVGN FEKRPK FPGMRQ GFPGCRF VIG GFGB PRFN GL
N[NC JKVGNKO VSKMGEKRPKKO BG BU VSKMGBRNKJKKO TO TO FSKPVJGPKO. ZY NBIZ SKGO F[NC FFRFDGK PIKN
PGN DK[G BNG YKKPKO PSVZ PGENKO JKVGNKKO FPRSKO CZGZG, ZDGN CKQ FVDK[G GPKYGE F[KIG CFPGEEG
VKGIQ [N [KJG JKVGN KTKNG GPCGSSGquot; )32, TP' 051(. FR FDG K PR F N N VK V ZGJGYG N PGCR F T O FRIKG
)'CGW'( B[Z PM[KNF B FBV[ZG NFYEO CBGVQ CZGZ NYZB [ FZ B G K T K NG P I YZ K PG M I . F J K V G N F YG D RK JK C K -
GVPKRKSJKG PCKBG NFKGGXZGF [N TZGC CNK PGCIR PQ F[NCKO FJKVGNKKO PRFN NVK FTYZGRG FYNBSKKO
BYHKSJRXKBNKG, JZRHBYXKGRNKG, CKQ-BK[KG, FZPRGKJKG BK[KGG, FVIG BK[K [RISPF NVRK FJKVGN. MN BIE
[ F RK SK G R G N [ N C R YG EG P C J V S K M G E K R P K G , F R F D G K G , NFTPY FFCRF [N TGNPG FVRKPK, NFT[ZF GNXPKIF [N
FRNFCKO [N FDK[G FJKVGNKG FP[NCG, PY[KO NFCIKQ RGXZF MNVKG FTCZF IKGCK GBPGQ, CTCGEF FPMGGR
FPKKXZG 'CGW' KBGZJK NB CZGZ GCNK PCGSS: quot;GPMKFQ PGXT NPJGVN NFP[KL CJKVGN TO BGG FPJVN, B[Z MCZ
)32(, CJTRF NB VIG IZKVF, GYU B FDK[G FP[NCG N[KVGZ P[PTGK CBKMG IKKG [N FPJGVN. C[NC F[RK
PQ FYXF F[RK, FYGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK, BZRGNE NBHZGS PMGGQ NSKKT NPJGVN C[KVGZ SKPVJGPJK P[PTGK FPCKB
234(. GCFP[MG [NC [RK [N JKVGN VSKMGEKRPK. F[NC FZB[GQ
TN-KEK FPJVN, FTPEF FBRNKJK IENF PNFYKKO...quot; )22, TP' TGYC'. NZGC, FINF C[NC [N JKVGN YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK
JGTR [CZDT [CG VZPJZKO YGDRKJKCKKO BG FRFDGKKO PGVTNKO VSKMGEKRPK CJKVGN BIE. FPGEN FPGXT FGB [N '[KNGC
PCKBF, CFMZI, NGXZ [FGB KGZ YGDRKJKCK PB[Z BRNKJK. BRK NBV[ZG N[NC JKVGN YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK TO JKVGN
quot;NETK, BKRJDZXKF [N [KJG JKVGN BRNKJKG GYGDRKJKCKG CTCGEF FRGMIK BXKD PGEN XRGT KISK, FJGTQ
FJKVGN GNFVKMG NKGZ YGDRKJKCK PB[Z FRFDGK: VSKMGBRNKJK PTGEMQ.
GCFTCZF-FRDEK. F[KNGC PCKB NETF, CFMZI, NZKEGE PNB GPGBO PZMKCKO YGDRKJKCKKO-FRFDGKKO CGL PGEN
F M R K O F C K Q - B K [ K K O G F Z D [ K K O F P C J B K O C FT C Z F PCY[KO NFXKD 'PGEN TN' KBGZJK [CG P[NCKO CBGVQ
CPJGVN. MGXBF PML FKB BKRF PBV[Z FTPYF BN BKRO PSVYKO CPGEN FPXKD 'BYNYJKXKHO JMRK', BNB
'CJGIF' KGZ PCIKR FI[KVF GFTGPY [CG FKB RGDT NCRG 'PGEN BKRJDZJKCK' )noitargetni laciteroeht(. FO
CZGCE [N FVYGE FRV[K FYZGC KGZ NVRK F[JI GFKB PZYT [N FM[ZF VSKMGBRNKJK, PRSKO CT[GZ FBIZGQ
CJKVGN. FDK[F FYGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK, NETF, TGSY YR VZBRY )5, VZY 41( GVGN GGBJ[N )6, VZY 9(, FCBKO
BK[KGK TPGY KGZ GPPKNB DO NNYKI 'SKMGQ' ZC KGZ PGEN [N '[KNGC TGYC'
NBV[ZG NZDZSKF TPGYF KGZ GNPDT TO IGPZKO CZGCE
FDK[G BKRG BV[ZK. NETF, FJKVGN FBRNKJK PMGGQ
FPPGYE C[KNGC TBC GJKVGN CDK[F VSKMGEKRPK.
PKNJGQ )22(, VSKMGBRNKJKYBK, SCGZF [F[KNGC CKQ
KGZ, BGNO DK[G BNG IGZDG PFRG[B [N PBPZ HF
FVSKMGBRNKJK GFQ PQ FBDU FYGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK. D'KKQ
FEZMF )42( GSVZK FEDPF )52( [N DK[G P[NCG ZICG
BNG CBG P[K YXGG FY[ FKBGZJK, FQ PQ FBDU
PVI C[RKO FBIZGRG CIGO HF GBU VGZSPG SVZK
[GRG GPRGDEG PTGZZ NB PTJ FRDEGKG. FRDEGKG
DK[G PTZMKG, P[VIKG GTGE )6(. SVZG T[KZF
FRKSKGRG N[NC JKVGNKO FPCGSSKO TN KBGZKG
JKVGN YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK TO JKVGN VSKMGEKRPK, BNB BU
FBO [KNGC CKQ FDK[G CBGG FJKVGN BV[ZK? DK[G BIZG, [BVRKG BU KGZ, PRSG N[NC NB ZY
FVSKMGBRNKJK CCSKSG.
VSKMGEKRPKKO. FPJVN GFPJGVN MEK N[NCQ CPTZL FJKVGN FMGNN,
JKVGNKO YGDRKJKCKKO-FRFDGKKO TO JKVGNKO FPJVN PRGIG GPGCRG CMNKO VSKMGBRNKJKKO TN-KEK
MN BNF FCKBG NPI[CF PIGE[ TN FBV[ZG N[KNGC PPGYE . FFTZCGKG FEKZYJKCKG GFVTKNG [N
FPJGVN BN FJKVGNquot; )12, 5, TP' 5(. GCG MG VZYKO [N FTZC G Y GD RK JKCK-FRFD GK
NJKVGN, GNTKO BU PTNP PQ FY[KKO FPZMHKKO B[Z FCKBG B FVGL. DK[G CRGKF CCSKSF MJKVGN VSKMGBRNKJK PSGZK
FPXKTF NPJGVN PTJ PEK FRTF GMGI NFPGEE TO IKKG [PIGW VZBRY )5( PBZ CSVZG DK[F JKVGNK P[GNC CBGVQ
NZDKN BKRJNYJGBNK, NIYKZF [N PXKBG VSKMGBRNKJK PRGY, FFRFDGK.
FEIGVKO [N FPJGVN: quot;VTPKO YZGCG PEK FGVM FBRNKHF FVSKMGEKRPK, FJKVGN IGHZ NPMGRG FCSKSK,
Equot;Z JGCKF VZK
quot;[KIGquot; 8002/3, [O: ireP aivuT { R': 7002/2/02 { )TPGE 4( { FDFF 1
- 5. [ K I G { MZL Mquot;C, IGC' PS' 2, PZS 8002 5
[GRG [N FVGNGDKF. CJKVGN VSKMGEKRPK.
FYGDRKJKCKKO GFVSKMGEKRPKKO PKKISKO CTXO NZPG JKVGNKO B[Z FING CJKVGN FRFDGK GFP[KMG TO BGG FPJVN
* [RK KBGZK FPYZF FCBKO PEDKPKO B DK[ 'F[KNGC FTGYC':
FJKVGNKO F[GRKO FVZPYGNGDKKO, FFRFDGKKO,
C F V Z T G B I Z G , M P G C F V Z T G I Z E F B G C E K M B G Q , FKB RGNEF NBO [INF CSZJQ GRVJZF CFKGF CDKN 5. FBO FKF
CBGVQ EGPF NPGEN HF [N [NG GIC', KKMQ [DO FZYT FBK[K [N T. RZBF FKF MKMGN NFSCKZ FKJC B Y[KKF.
)92(. MEGZKO GNB[VGHF.
B PXCG PTCZ NINY FKISK CPMNGN FVGNGDKF [N FBEO IN [KVGZ CPXCF. PXCF FIZKU TE NRKSKGQ FBGCERK CCNKT
FZPG CNCE PGTKNKO NPJGVN, BGNO BKRO KMGNKO N[VZ CP[L M[RF GMQ JGVNF CJKVGN ZGVK C-IRSS CPKRGQ PBKO, NB
PZMHKG RSEYG GRVDTG. JKVGNKO B[Z PKKISKO NBI GBU NFSKZG. NPZG [FKF CJKVGN VSKMGEKRPK, PGXNI NECZKF,
ZKD[KKO-EKRPKKO PTGZZKO SCKC FJZBGPF GBPGRG IKKO NCK. MEK NF[KD ZDKTF RBNXF T. NFZJKC B [TZF, NYXGW BGG
MBKC NF CXGZF CNK RSCN. JYSKO BZGMKO NKGG MN KXKBF PIGW
I[KC F PZ DKTKO P BC EKO B K TKNG O, YGR VNK YJKO
C[TZQ [N R[KO CZIGC GBU RPRTF PNXB NCNG PI[[ [FYRBF
RVDTKO, FRKG VIE GFMNNG RZICG PZI[G, FNKMK
BIZG. FKB RPRTF PNFSMN CPZBF, CPGRG [N R[KO KVG BG
PZI[ CZPG F[GRG CPYCKN. PRDRGRK GKSG PGIKKO INY DEGN PHPRF CPI[CG [N YKRBF C[KTZQ FKVF [N R[KO
V K N G S G V K G . F V G N G D K F [ N F I G N F F V G S J J Z BG P K CFGVTF, FKB FKF TSGYF CIZEF [[TZF PMGTZ. FKB CKNF
PTZM VSKMGEKRPK GPTZM [N P[PTGKG GBPGRG FTGSYG C[KTZ [NF. NPZG FKGF CIGZF RBF GPZ[KPF
FCKGMKPK, PTZM [N FNMK FRKF, PTZM YGDRKJKCK, CINY PQ FDGU. T. FKF TSGYF [TG ZCG CKGO CIZEG [GRG
NVK PGEN HF FBEO VGTN CPSVZ PTZMG. FPTZM redros iD cih promsyD( SPGR FPBVKKR CTKSGY MVKKK
PXKD B PGEN 'ZPG FJZBGPF' [FGXD TN-KEK [NG GIC'. RKSKGQ BGCERK ZXKRK. T. BGCIRF MSGCN P-DDB )ydoB
T., C 03, SJGERJK, BG[VHF CPINYF FVSKMKBJZK NBIZ
[GRKO CIGNKO TO FVZTF VGSJ JZBGPK. Z[KO PS' 1
NFCKQ B FKTKNG FINYK [N JKVGNKO PCGEEKO PSGDKO KBGZ PYZF B.*
PGEN EGPF FGXT TN-KEK BZKF [NG GIC' )92(, CRKSKGQ
FIZEF FPTGZZ CT KXKBF NZIGC. GFVIGKG.
NGGKSG FIZEF, MEZL BIZ NSKKT NTXPK FVDGO NGGS B FVSKMGEKRPK FTGSY CGCRG ZD[KG, CKQ-BK[KG
JKVGNKO FRFDGKKO FPYRKO NPJGVN JMRKYG RNPEG F VGJRX KBN N[K VGZ CBKMG I KKG C BP XTG FJK VGN
HB. PGCQ [RKQ NFGSKU NPGEN HF DO B FKMGN [N FYGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK GCFP[L, DO NPXG B
DGCG FIZEF MINKU NTXPK FIN[ [BKRG PXNKI NT[G GFYNF PFKZF [N SCNG CBPXTG FFTZCG
[FVZPYGNGDKF P[P[ CIGPZKO MKPKKO FPGGSKO B NBV[Z NPJGVN FPGEEG TO SKPVJGPKO SVXKVKKO
CHPRG( NJVN CBDGZVGCKF? MBQ SCGZ YGFGJ, FPBKPF N[NC FJKVGNK CG FGB RPXB. F[KNGC RGTE
FIZEF. MKXE PXNKIG ZGVG )PP[VI FJZKXKYNKG, F[NCKO FPJVN TGCE TN VK MNNK FJMRKYF FJKVGNK
C[KYGPG [N FTXPK TN PR NFDCKZ B KMGN FGGKSG [N FRT[KO TN-KEK PJVN BIE GCZXU PP[L. CMN BIE PQ
FPGEIY, CTGE [FJKVGN TN VK VSKMGNGDK FTXPK KTSGY PGEN 'F[KNGC FTGYC' PXKT [KNGC [N JKVGNKO
FJKVGN FYNBSK KRSF NVGZ B FYGRVNKYJ FBEKVNK
[N INY CTXPK FPSKKT CGGKSG FIZEF GCFZDTF. [NG B. GIC' 3991 )92(.
[N VSKMGNGDK FTXPK, NVKG FIZEF RGCT PNKYGK CCRKKG Z[KO 1: PGEN quot;ZPG FTKCGEquot; [N IGGKF JZBGPK. PTGCE NVK
CZIGC. NTGPF PXKT YGFGJ )82, FTZF 91( B FFSCZ
PVRK FTGZZGO [N EIVKO BEKVNKKO CPVD[ TO BR[KO
FYNBSK, [FIZEF PVRK FKXKBF NZIGC RGCT PI[[
FGPK-YFN. YGFGJ PXKD B FF[YVF FVSKMGBRNKJK
NFVZTF [N BDGZVGCKF, FVIE PVRK KXKBF NPYGPG
Y GF G J , C S V Z G quot; M K X E P Z V B F B R N K H F ? quot; P K K I S
NJVN CINY [BGG FKB ZGBF MPZMHK.
PKKIS NINY BIZ CSPGR [N FIGNF GPXKTF JMRKYG
GMPG CP[N FFGEK TN FVKN GFTKGGZKO, MN KBGZKF VKHKGNGDKF
CKRKFQ CFSCZ NVGNGDKF FRV[K [N FIGNF. BGNO, KKMQ
FRKG GNPKEF
NTGCEF [VTPKO ZCG DK[G KBGZJKG [GRG PIZG
FTCGEF FVSKMGEKRPK TO FPJGVN. FPK[GZ F[RK, Y[GZ YGDRKXKF
GPGXNI [RCRF C[NC FYGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK MCSKS NFP[L VSKMGEKRPKYF
FPGXT MBQ FKB NFP[KL GNF[P[ CY[Z JKVGNK PKJKC JZBGPF BPGRG=VKNGSGVKF
JKVGN VSKMGEKRPK GJKVGN YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK { [KNGC BV[ZK?
quot;[KIGquot; 8002/3, [O: ireP aivuT { R': 7002/2/02 { )TPGE 5( { FDFF 1
- 6. 6 [ K I G { MZL Mquot;C, IGC' PS' 2, PZS 8002
[NG, NIZEG FTPGYG [NG PGN MN YG[K CNKPGEKO [N KNEKG, FPJGVN N[GII TN CTKG BIZG P[P[ NTKO YZGCG
HB FGB FIN NCY[ NFCKB MRKO RGSVKO FY[GZKO NY[KKO FHGDKKO BRK NB KMGN NECZ BKL?quot; NTGP HB, FKTRG NXGZMK
FIZEF GFFKPRTG [NG GFDKT NKMGN SCKZF NF[P[ CPI[C. TO MPDCNF NB RTKPF. NB BI YGZF [FPJGVN [GBN: quot;NPF
FJKVGN FFRFDGK RP[L MIGE[KKO CFO FDCZ CPFKZG TN
CZDGN, GCFYEPG PPGYE, RIGGK TN-KEK FPJGVN
PGL PI[CF [FGB BKRG PBKO NJKVGN EKRPK BZGL GNB KPKE CG.
NMRKO FPTSKYKO BGG. FDCNG GPKYGEG CSKPVJGPKO,
NG JKVGN FRFDGK CI[KVF FEZDK NNPKE F[KPG[ CPI[C,
NPZG FZG[O FCZGZ [N ZYT FVIGK BZGL NCTKGKG, FGXT
CPMNGN FZIC [N IKK FPJGVN, FGB PXVF NPYGO VGI
GFZDK[ PG[VN, BL FP[KL NFZDK[ [BKRF PMCE BGG MZBGK. FIGHF FJKVGNK [FJKVGN PMGGQ NTSGY CSGVG [N ECZ
KMGN FKF NBCE [NKJF CFVZXG [N MTS GHTO. BIZKFQ FXJTZ K[KZG NSKPVJGO [FCKB BGG NJKVGN. MB[Z CZGZ PQ
NC[N ECZKO [BFC BG NB RKYF MNKO CPKEF [RZBF NG ZBGKF. PMGGQ N[KIF TN RG[BKO BK[KKO BIZKO PBNF FY[GZKO
B[G MB[Z I[C [BKRF PMCE BGG EK. NP[N, BO NB FYVKEF BIZ. FPJGVN PCY[ 'NECZ' KGZ TO FPJVN. NZGC FGB
FVSKCK. DO B. KBZ FVZXGKG HTO Y[G GNB R[NJG MNVK C[NC FFRFDGK [N FJKVGN PTGZZ NTKO YG[K
GL HTO ZC GCNK R[NJ CTYCG TNCGQ BG VDKTF GBH [C NTPEG
GI[GC NFEDK[G MBQ.
M[FGB [YJ GPGVRO, CBI PVKRG FCK. PKEK VTO FKF PVZW
HMF NCGH BG NFTNPG GNTD PP[MKO PB[G. NZGC FKF [ZGK,
[PEGCZ CYG[K CNK BV[ZK NVKZGQ, BGNO FGB YKKO
DEN MCQ FXTKZ CP[VIG. B BCKG KBZ MBEO IN[ Gquot;PIGYquot; B[Z GFDPK[F [RGXZF C[NC FFRFDGK [N FJKVGN. NB RZBF
NPZG [FXNKI CXGZF PZ[KPF CP[KPG PGZMCG BIZG. FGB GFPKRKKO [N FPJGVN BIZK PTZM FKISKO FVGIF
BGCEQ CKJIGQ CKMGNG NFPGEE, NBIZ [RYN CY[KKO YJRKO, FPJVN, TNF YG[K P[PTGK NTSGY CY[KKO FHGDKKO
NZDN CTXPG B FIGPZ FRNPE. B. SKVZ [CTCZG FKG BKZGTKO [N JKVGN CFVZT IZEF BXN TGCE CCK-FIGNKO CG FGTSY
B FZKMGH GNB KMGN FKF NFY[KC NFP[L FFSCZ [N FPRIF BG 'P[FG' PQ FKMGN NFDKT NMRKO I[GCKO. CPYZF [N
PIKYF PKGZ [N JYSJ, RIGGF TN-KEG MMK[NGQ Y[F. FGB BKCE CINY PQ FPYZKO RKMZ FKF [FPJGVNKO PVSKEKO
PF [RIGGF CTKRKG MMK[NGQ. MN MK[NGQ CVTGN [PKZ YGCW BG
YXZKO FIN NVI FYVK IZEF. FGB NB FKF PSGDN NFPGEE TO FSKJGBXKF, FREZ[ NJKVGN FEKRPK.
NP[ZE, I[ [IKKC NNPGE NTCGE TO FPI[C. NBIZ MPF RKSKGRG NSGD FI[KVF, FVKIG GFCKJIGQ CBK-F[KVGJKG [N
RKFN CBGVQ TXPBK P[ZE [N PGSE DEGN. TO MRKS FPI[GC FZB[GQ PY[F PBGE, FQ TN FPJGVN GFQ TN FPJVN NFDKT
PI[C CTCGEG FP[ZEK. B. RI[C MTGCE PGM[Z GBIZBK CKGZ. GBGNK BU PVIKEKO. FY[Z FDPK[ GFPGCRF FRGXZ C[NC
CDNN IZEG Y[G [FVIG MB[Z NB FXNKI NNPGE NTCGE TO FPJVN GFQ MNVK BIZKO, PTNF MRKO PCKMKO, PCK[KO
B. CQ 53, R[GK GBC N[RKKO. TCE MPHMKZ K[KCF. VRF NJKVGN EKRPK PIKKC DO I[KVF [N ZD[G [NKNKKO, FQ MNVK
KBGZ PYZF C. CX]@KF, FPBVKKQ B FJKVGN FEKRPK. PJCT FECZKO, JKVGN
VK
PY[F PBE NTCGZ NY[Z TXGZ KGZ, RKKJZNK GPPGYE
RGSV CPMGR VSKMGEKRPK ZDKNF. FPZDKT, FPSKKT, FGPL GFBYJKCK FPBVKKQ B FZB[GQ
EKRPK P[PTGK NY[KKO FBIZKO CIKKF. JKVGN HF RP[L M[RF NHG FPBVKKR JKVGN VSKMGEKRPK. FY[Z FDPK[ GFVGI,
[GIZZF PQ FBK[VGH GCKY[F PQ FPJVN [NF NFP[KL CJKVGN [N PJVN GPJGVN FPBVKKR JKVGN YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK
NNKPGEKF, NTCGEF GNXB NPYGPG XKCGZKKO NNB YG[K PKGIE. T. FYG[K FP[PTGK CKGZ RPXB CPTCZ PPTZM FKISKO
FKF [KVGZ EZPJK CPXCF [N FPJGVN GFKB KMGNF FKF NIHGZ
DO Y[KKO GPDCNG FTGZZG SCKC F[KPG[ CDK[F P[NC.
YGDRKJKCK N[KRGK EVGSK FI[KCF [NF CKIS N[KTZ. CGO FJKVGN
CPYGPG VGPCKKO KGZ GKGZ. FJKVGN CI[KVF NGGF DO CTCGEF
ZGCO FDEGN [N FPYZKO FSKKPG CFXNIF P[PTGK, BL
FZJC [TZF BG DHKH YXGG. CFP[L FYKKPF DO I[KVF FP[NC JKVGN YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK GJKVGN VSKMGEKRPK.
GC[TZQ GL FKPRTG PMN FRFDG [N FZDTF TXPK CBPXTG RKMZ [N PJGVNKO [JGVNG TN-KEK PJVNKO [GRKO CDK[F
[GVT. T. FCY[F NFCKJ [GC G[GC CPGRG [N R[KO RBG [RK FPYZKO FPGCBKO MBQ PFGGKO PEDO PGL PSVZ
FJKVGN FIN, NP[N, CI[KVF NPGRG [N R[KO KVG TO [KTZ
IZEF, I[KVF [KJK BNKFO GL PRKT FFRFDGKG FMVKKKG.
Y[KKO CDK[ F'[KNGC FTGYC'
CFVZTG MVKKKG )03(. FJKVGN MNN HKFGK [N DGZPKO PTGZZK
YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK CVZGJGYGN FEGPF NJKVGN FFRFDGK FPYGCN FFKVGMGREZKG, GTO [KVGZ RKMZ CKISKO FHGDKKO GCVYGEG MBC.
BH. CPFNL FBK[VGH [RP[L M[K[F [CGTG FKB JGVNF CJKVGN P[P T G K C I Z E G [ N G , F Q C KI S N V Y G E G G F Q CI Z E G K G
[N FFVZTF, FGINJ NJVN CF CJKVGN [GRF PHF [JGVNF CG TE F J K V G N G L [ K V G Z P[ P T G K C V Y G E G C T C G E F , T O K Z K E F
NPZG [FPYZF [N T. RZBF FKF MPBKO NFCRF VSKMGEKRPK NBGZL FJKVGN FBZGL GFY[KKO [FGVKTG NBGZMG. FPJGVN SKKO B
Y[Z TO C HGDG. FPJVN [FVIF CTYCGKF, SKKTF PBGE C[KPGZ FY[Z FJKVGNK
T. FGB[PF TN-KEK BCKF [FY[Z RM[N CDNN IGSZ KMGNF NKXGZ FTHZF CYGVF [CF IZEG FKF C[KBF GFBKEKBNKHXKF [N
FBO, FBC GICZG RK[BG. RK[GBKQ BNF FSKKPG BIZK MPF [RKO. [K VDK[G [CGTKG. RZBF FKF [FMZ FGEF [N FPJGVN TN
TO B[F BIZ TGE NVRK PGF [N FBO. CFP[L, BIZK VJKZ EKRPK CDK[ VSKMGNGDKK FTXPK, [RP[L [RKO BIEG CEKZG [N
[TZF FENKN [N FBO RIGGF TN-KEF MPVIKE GEGIF. FBC KXZ Y[Z TO IZEF GTO MTS. TO SKGO F[NC FFRFDGK, FVI JKVGN
CJKVGNKO Y[KO NBGZL [RG KNEGF FZB[GRG. T. HMZF [PZBF NVIEKO [NG PCTKG CZKBGKG GNY[KKG FZICKO KGZ NFPGEE
Equot;Z JGCKF VZK
quot;[KIGquot; 8002/3, [O: ireP aivuT { R': 7002/2/02 { )TPGE 6( { FDFF 1
- 7. [ K I G { MZL Mquot;C, IGC' PS' 2, PZS 8002 7
.4991 ,4-204 :01 ,.rehtohcysP .J .5002 ,sserP .vinU
.tirB .ypareht citylana evitingoc dna sisylanaohcysP ,.A elyR .2 drofxO ,kroY weN .de dn2 .noitargetni yparehtohcysp
.0991 ,yeliW nhoJ ,KU ,retsehcihC .egnahc fo koobdnaH ,).sdE( .R.M deirfdloG ,.C.J ssorcroN .42
ni noitapicitrap evitca :ypareht citylana evitingoC ,.A elyR .1 .5002 ,251-941 :)3(42 ,laicoS ,ytilanosreP
,gninraeL ,latnempoleveD :ygolohcysP tnerruC ?noitargetni
SVZG: yparehtohcysp rof deen a llits ereht sI ,.A.A surazaL .32
.1002 ,744-134
FYNBSKG. :28 ,.lanaohcysP .J .tnI ?dnuorg nommoc ro smgidarap lavir
CTCGEO. IKZG [FGDCNF NTKO, TN-KEK FKBGZKG ± ypareht roivaheb evitingoc dna sisylanaohcysP ,.J notliM .22
.8991 ,395-665
FP Y XGT K G VG I V I NDP K[G GK XKZ KG B K[K :)4(76 ,.Q .lanaohcysP .sisylana ni laer gnitteG ,.O kineR .12
PBV[Z, DO NPJVNKO, 'IKZG' RZIC KGZ CTCGEO SVZKO, 3002.
TGNKO TN FISZGRG [FGXDG MBQ. FBV[ZG N[KNGC PKJ[N S., YGGF GVIE CVSKMGBRNKHF. VZY 7, N-BCKC, GNT .02
[KZGRGKG FPT[KKO NJGC BKMG IKKFO [N FPJGVNKO .9891 ,skooB canraK
MINYK, NB [NO GNB YGFZRJK. KIE TO HB, REPF ,nodnoL .duerF dnumgiS dna nam-flow ehT ,.M rendraG
quot;SVZKOquot; FGXBF NBGZ, N BCKC, 9991.
[GRG GPRGDEG NTKO. PCIKRF KBGZJK FGB RVS VZGKE H. )7191(. BK[ FHBCKO { PGNEGKF [N RGKZGH KNEG. .91
FPGXT [N '[KNGC TGYC', PMKN CGMG FRIG KBGZJKG FVSKMGBRNKJK. TPGE 331=431, N-BCKC, TO TGCE, 2002.
JKVGN VSKMGEKRPK TN-KEK BGG FPJVN GCZXU BIE. FPGEN VZGKH H. )9191(. EZMKF [N FZVKF FBRNKJK. CGL: FJKVGN .81
PT[KG NPGEN FP[NC JKVGN YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK TO FJKVGN FVSKMGBRNKJK. TP' 89=69, N-BCKC, TO TGCE, 2002.
VZGKE H. )2191(. TXG NZGVB TN FJKVGN FVSKMGBRNKJK. CGL: .71
RKSKRG NFXKD CTCGEF HB ZXKGRN KBGZJK GEGDPBG
5002.
SKMGO VZRXK [., CNCGN F[VG CKQ FPCGDZKO GFKNE. N-BCKC, TO TGCE, .61
TGCE, 8991.
BGDEQ ., FYXF FVZKPKJKCK [N FIGKKF. VZY 7, N-BCKC, TO .51
PIYZK [N DK[F HG. N-BCKC, TO TGCE, 2002.
CXGZF JGCF KGZ TNKFQ TO FXJCZG FRKSKGQ GCEKYF VZGKE H. )3191(. TN VKI FJKVGN. CGL: FJKVGN FVSKMGBRNKJK. .41
NBIZ [NC ZB[GQ [N FFTZCG? RZBF [RKQ KFKF NTRG .4002 ,munelP/cimedacA revulK
FIGHF FJKVGNK? FBO FJKVGN PGMRQ PZB[ BG PGXT ZY ,kroY weN ,51 pp ,.de d2 .ypareht evitingoc fo snoitacilppa
lacinilC ,.K.M nomiS ,.B gnimelF ,.J rezterP ,.A nameerF .31
FPBKPKO CPKGIE NDK[F JKVGNK HG? MKXE GPK RTZL .5991 ,sserp drofliuG ,kroY weN
C[NC HF [N FVIG FPGEN FJKVGNK. PK FO FPJGVNKO ,42-1 pp .dnoyeb dna scisaB :ypareht evitingoC ,.J.S kceB .21
[BNG I[GCG RGZG VGIG GNB PDGC[G TEKKQ .1002 ,sserP drofliuG ,kroY weN ,93-3 pp
FPKIG FFKSJGZK CKQ PJVNKO C[K FDK[G. ,.de d2 .seipareht laroivaheb-evitingoc fo koobdnaH ,).dE(
.S.K nosboD :nI .seipareht laroivaheb evitingoc eht fo sesab
CYG[K PT[K CPXKB PYGPG FM[ZF PBKPKO CDNN lacihposolihp dna lacirotsiH ,.A.J.D siozoD ,.S.K nosboD .11
KSGEK C[K FDK[G MZGMF CF[YT HPQ PZGCF GDO .6002 ,665-555 :)4(63 ,enicideM-lacigolohcysP .sgnittes
NKPGEKO GFM[ZF JGCF CMN BIE PSGDK FJKVGN. FM[ZF ecivreS htlaeH lanoitaN KU ni decitcarp sa seipareht
NFM[ZO [N FPJVNKO. FKMGN N[NC JKVGNKO PIKKC cimanydohcysp dna deretnec-nosrep ,laroivaheb-evitingoc
PDCNF RGSV CCKXGTO [N JKVGNKO P[GNCKO Y[GZF
fo ssenevitceffE ,.la te .E ggiwT ,.M mahkraB ,.B.W selitS .01
.4002 ,61-8021 :)21(16
C[RK [NCKO FCTKF PGZMC KGZ. ,yrtaihcysP .neG .hcrA .sisylana-atem A :sredrosid cirtaihc
PP[KMKO NFYKKO. MB[Z FJKVGN PGXT PZB[ MJKVGN -ysp cificeps ni yparehtohcysp cimanydohcysp mret-trohs
CSKGO F[NC FZB[GQ GBH KZGRGKF [N FFDCNF CHPQ fo ycaciffe ehT ,.E gnibieL ,.S gnubaR ,.F gnirneshcieL .9
PGCRF CNCE, GFP[MG C[NC FVSKMGEKRPK PGXT ZY
.5002 ,86-148 :68 ,.lanaohcysP
.J .tnI .atad laciripme fo weiver A ?evitceffe seipareht
F JK V G N P G MR Q C I K N G M J K V G N YG D R K J K C K - F R F DG K citylanaohcysp dna cimanydohcysp erA ,.F gnirneshcieL .8
DPK[ GVGI KGZ, DGZP NBGCERG [N KZGQ HF. NTKO .6002 ,13-71 :)1(62 ,.veR .lohcysP .nilC .sesylana-atem
GNF[RG. FSZ PDCN FHPQ, CML [FJKVGN KKP[L CBGVQ fo weiver A :ypareht laroivaheb-evitingoc fo sutats laciripme
[CPSDZQ FPJGVN TG[F PBPW PFKZ NFPKE, NZDN ehT ,.T.A kceB ,.M.E namroF ,.E.J nampahC ,.C.A reltuB .7
.7991 ,APA ,CD notgnihsaW .dlrow lanoitaler
FTGCEF [PEGCZ CPSVZ VDK[G PGDCN GPGDEZ eht dna ,ypareht roivaheb ,sisylanaohcysP ,.L.P lethcaW .6
FDG ZPKO FGZPK O NK TK NG FJKVG N FFR FDG K FK B .9991 ,sserP citylanA ehT ,JN .noitargetni dna
[N FDCN FHPQ FPYGCN CJKVGN FFRFDGK. BIE noitcaretni noitca ,noitapicitrap citylanaohcysP ,.A.K knarF .5
IKSZGQ RGSU [N FPGEN FP[GNC RTGW CBGCEQ FKZGRG .4791 ,lezaM
/rennurB ,kroY weN ,ypareht xes wen ehT ,.S.H nalpaK .4
ECZ FVGDT CFYEPG FJKVGN FFRFDGK. .3002 ,.buP drofliuG ,kroY weN .ediug s'renoititcarp
MMKSGK NFKPRTG GNIZEF PFP[L FI[KVF FFRFDGK. A :ypareht amehcS ,.M raahsieW ,.S.J oksolK ,.E.J gnuoY .3
JKVGN VSKMGEKRPK GJKVGN YGDRKJKCK-FRFDGK { [KNGC BV[ZK?
quot;[KIGquot; 8002/3, [O: ireP aivuT { R': 7002/2/02 { )TPGE 7( { FDFF 1
- 8. 8 [ K I G { MZL Mquot;C, IGC' PS' 2, PZS 8002
.1002 ,skooB .6002 ,271-161
matnaB ,kroY weN ,.de veR .snoislupmoc dna snoissesbo :)2(61 ,hcraeseR-yparehtohcysP .atad margorp hcraeser evit
ruoy emocrevo ot woH !gnissesbo potS ,.R nosliW ,.B.E aoF .03 -aroballoc noisserped fo tnemtaert htlaeh latnem fo etutitsni
lanoitan eht fo gniledom stceffe-modnar A :yparehtohcysp
.3991 ,771-661 :65 ,yrtaihcysP ni stceffe tsiparehT ,.M.D tloB ,.E.B dlopmaW ,.M.D miK .72
.DSTP fo yparehtohcysp eht ot hcaorppa lanoisnemid .3002 ,373-163 :01 ,yparehtohcysP dna ygolohcysP
-itluM :quot;amuart fo sleveLquot; ,.S htE ,.T ialaG ,.Y.A velahS .92 .nilC .stceffe tsipareht fo sisylana laciripme nA :knirhsrepus
rof gnitiaW ,.la te .L navetS ,.M.J trebmaL ,.J ihsiikO .62
5002. .6002 ,APA ,CD notgnihsaW .noitargetni
YGFGJ F., MKXE PZVB FBRNKHF. TP' 98=09. N-BCKC, TO TGCE, .82 yparehtohcysp fo koobesac A ,).sdE( .J dloG .G rekcirtS .52
Equot;Z JGCKF VZK
quot;[KIGquot; 8002/3, [O: ireP aivuT { R': 7002/2/02 { )TPGE 8( { FDFF 1