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Natural resources
Stocks of materials that exist in the
natural environment that are both
scarce and economically useful in
production or consumption, either in
their raw state or after a minimal
amount of processing
Three Key Concerns
1.   Renewable   resources     are utilized
     beyond their regenerative capacity
2.   Nonrenewable resources are depleted
     with insufficient savings in man-
     made, human, or social capital
3.   The     ―sink‖    capacity   of    the
     environment is overburdened by
     pollution, which in turn damages
     human      health    and    ecosystem
     functions.
   Occur naturally, but can be affected
    positively and negatively by human
    behavior

   If a forest is carefully replanted and
    allowed to grow, it can exist in
    balance. If the forest is cut down
    faster than it can grow back, then it
    will be used up quickly.
1. Serve as home to many
   of the organisms that
   live on the land
2. Major contributors to
   recycling and cleaning
   the world supply of
   oxygen
3. Provide wood, which is
   useful both as a
   construction material
   and as a fuel source.
Forests in ASEAN Context
Natural resources
Natural resources
Natural resources
FIG. 1.3 AREA REFORESTED: 1976-2009
                        (AREA IN HECTARES)


    160000


    140000


    120000

                  Government   Private
    100000


     80000


     60000


     40000


     20000


         0



                                         Year

Source: forestry.denr.gov.ph
Decline of Mindanao Forest
                     Decline of Mindanao Forest
                                   LEGEND

                                        FOREST
                                        RESIDUAL GROWTH FOREST
                                         COASTLINE
                                         COASTLINE
                                        MOSSY FOREST
                                            COASTLINE




REFERENCES
ESSC AND THE BOOKMARK INC., 1999
PHILIPPINES
                                                                  1970
                                                                  1960
                                                                  1920
                                                                  1900
                                                                  2002
                                                                  1987
                                                                 (Landsat)
                                                                  (SPOT)
1.  Mining over Forestry
  The Mining Act of 1995 (RA No.
   7942, 1995)-timberland and forest
   lands are open to mineral agreements
2. Insecurity of government permits and
licenses
3. Logging Ban
4. Inadequate management of protected
areas
• Products of fossilized
  remains of dead plants and
  animals that have been
  exposed to the heat and
  pressure deep within the
  earth’s crust
• Take million of years to form
  and considered
  nonrenewable
• Examples are petroleum
  (gasoline), natural gas, and
  coal
• 86 percent of the world’s
  energy comes directly from
  burning fossil fuels abcteach.com
                     ©2009
   Consumed faster than
    they can be produced
    resulting to its
    shortage

   Major contributor to
    air pollution
•   Very rich potential for
    copper, gold, nickel, chromite and
    other metallic minerals through the
    commercial operation of numerous
    mines

•   Also abundant in non-metallic and
    industrial minerals such as
    marble, limestone, clays, feldspar, roc
    k aggregates, dolomite, guano, and
    other quarry resources
timber, petroleum, nickel, co
balt, silver, gold, salt, copper
Mineral Production
1. Environmental and social costs
• Collateral damage of non-mineral resources
  such as freshwater and timber
• Social divisiveness


2. Institutional Capability
• Ensure sustainability of the country’s fragile
  environment and natural resources
• Establish standard parameters that will
  consider all relevant values (including non-
  market values)
3. ―The Fair Share‖
• Revenues of large-scale mining are not
  declared properly
• For 2000-2009, the contribution of mining
  excise taxes (large-scale, small scale, non-
  metallic) to total BIR excise tax collections is
  minimal, only about 0.7%
Decision-Making:
Strategies, Policies and Plans
 Optimize the use of limited land and
  water for the growing population
 Equity and sustainable development
 Produce specific products suitable to
  the land, water resources, and climate
  of specific areas in the country
 integration of environmental concerns
  through policies and programs
Environment Code, EO No. 446
•   phase out of leaded gasoline(2001)

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action
Plan (NBSAP)
•   confront the problems and issues relating to
    the conservation of biodiversity
Natural resources
•   to strengthen environmental
    protection, promote responsible mining and
    provide a more equitable revenue-sharing
    scheme amid the projected boom in the
    sector
•   bans mining in prime agricultural and fishing
    areas as well as in 78 designated eco-
    tourism sites
•   NO NEW mining permits would be approved
    until Congress passes a bill backing a
    mining tax increase to 5 percent royalty on
    mining companies' gross
    earnings, compared with the current tax of 2
The Mindanao 2020 Framework

                      Improved Quality of
                    Life of Every Mindanaon



                   Peaceful and Sustainably
                     Developed Mindanao




Economy and             Human Development             Peace and
Environment              & Social Cohesion             Security




  Enabling Conditions                  Governance and Institutions
―There’s a need for shared responsibility and
   accountability to protect and rehabilitate
Mindanao’s heavily degraded environment. We
need to do something now before it’s too late‖

 MinDA Chair, Secretary Luwalhati Antonino
On Agriculture
Farming or husbandry
Cultivation                       of
animals, plants, fungi, and other
life forms for food, fiber, bio-fuel
and other products used to
sustain life.
7,000   1565   1898
BC                    1960   1995   2008
1. Tractors – farming tasks on increased

speed and larger scale

2. Intensive agriculture – associated

with decreased soil quality

3. Move to Organic farming
   Members of ASEAN
Brunei, Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, La
    os, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapo
    re, Thailand and Vietnam


Agriculture-based industries are included in
    the 11 priority sectors agreed on under
    ASEAN economic integration (Austria, 2004)
Impact of trade liberalization
•   Decrease in imported goods prices
    due to relaxation and reduction in tariff
•   Increase in consumer demand due to
    low prices and services
•   Increase in domestic competitiveness
    in international markets due to tariff
    reductions across national borders

    Most ASEAN Countries depend on
      agricultural sector.
ASEAN GUIDELINES ON RISK ASSESSMENT OF
    AGRICULTURE-RELATED GENETICALLY
    MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs)

   assessment of risks of agriculture-
    related GMOs to human health and the
    environment; and
   scientific basis for decisions relating
    to the release of agriculture-related
    GMOs in ASEAN Member Countries.
Natural resources
   During 1565-1898 in the Philippines:
Regalian Doctrine – Encomienda and
    Hacienda
   1898-1945: US and Japan Time
-   Beginning of establishments of
    plantations
-   Exportations of rubber, pineapple and
    abaca
Green Revolution (late 1960s)
• development of high-yielding varieties
  of cereal grains
• expansion of irrigation infrastructure
• modernization of management
  techniques
• distribution of hybridized
  seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and
  pesticides to farmers
•   Global development in the system of
    agriculture
•   Led by (IRRI) International Rice Research
    Institute,(CIMMYT) International Maize and
    Wheat Improvement Center, CGIAR
    Consortium of International Agricultural
    Research Centers
1995 - Philippine entered (WTO) World Trade
    Organization
Agricultural Framework of of the Philippines on
    export production
-   Cavendish banana
-   Pineapple
-   Oil palm
Philippines is open to imports such garlic and
    onions
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act
    (AFMA) of 1997
Mindanao main products
Rice - 692,341. 43 has.
Corn - 906,725.57 has.
(for import)
 ◦ Cavendish Bananas: 500,000 has.
 ◦ 1.6M has. expansion
 ◦ Oil Palm : 24,603 has.
 ◦ 304,350 has. expansion
 ◦ Cassava: 50,000 has
 ◦ Cassava: 100,000 has.
 ◦ Jatropha: 50,000 has
 ◦ Pineapple: 51,500 has.
Natural resources
Natural resources
Natural resources
MALAGOS WATERSHED
                         235 Has.

Groundwater                              Groundwater
Recharge Zone                            Extraction Zone



                TALOMO WATERSHED
                20,695.92 Has.




                  LIPADAS WATERSHED
                  17,764.94 Has.




                                      Legend: green – banana
                                              orange -
                                      pineapple
Organic Diversified Integrated
Farming System

From…
Monocroping to Diversified Organic
Farming
Cash Economy to Food Production
Artificial to natural
Productive land is      Lack of Support
 decreasing due to       services
 conversion (usage       (infrastructure, tech
 & crop)                 nology, capital, mar
 Depletion of           ket, etc.)
 resource base           Conflicting
 (soil, water, human)    agriculture policies
 Increasing cost of     and directions
 production
On a general level:
 Improve and maintain the natural
  landscape and agro-ecosystem

   Avoid over-exploitation and pollution of
    natural resources

   Minimize consumption of non-renewable
    energy and resources

   Produce sufficient quantities of nutritious
    wholesome and high quality food
                             METSA FOUNDATION
On a general level:
 Provide adequate returns, within a
  safe, secure and healthy working
  environment

   Acknowledge indigenous knowledge
    and traditional farming systems
On a practical level:
 Maintain and increase the long-term
  fertility of the soil
   Enhance biological cycles within the
    farm, especially nutrient cycles
   Provide nitrogen supply by intensive
    use of nitrogen fixing plants
   Biological plant protection based on
    prevention instead of curing

                          METSA FOUNDATION
On a practical level:
   Diversity of crop varieties and animal
    species, appropriate to the local
    conditions
   Animal husbandry appropriate to the
    needs of the animals
   Ban on synthetic chemical
    fertilizers, plant protection, hormones
    and growth regulators
On a practical level:
   Prohibition of Genetic Engineering and
    its products

   Ban on synthetic or harmful
    methods, processing aids and
    ingredients in food processing
   Total certified organic farms: 95 has.
   Organic exported products:
    ◦ Muscovado sugar (Germany, Japan)
    ◦ Fresh Banana (Japan)
    ◦ Banana Chips (US, Europe)
    ◦ Coconut oil & chips (US, Europe)

                             METSA FOUNDATION
   Certification Body:
    ◦ EU Certifiers: IMO(SL), Natural Land
     (Germany), Ecocert (France)
    ◦ Local: Organic Certification Council
     of the Philippines
           (OCCP)
•   Road transport is vital for economic
    development
•   Road construction and improvement
    programs
•   ADB (Asian Development Bank)
    provided 29 loans totaling more than
    1.4 billion dollars (5.6Bpesos)
Other Financing Partners
 Export-Import Bank of Japan
 OPEC Fund for International
  Development (OFID)
 Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic
  Development
 Overseas Development Administration
  of United Kingdom
(finance institutions)
•   Approved in 1996 and closed in 2007
•   Improvement, replacement and repair
    of bridges, design and construction
    supervision for key roads
•   Focused attention to less developed
    and hard-to-reached areas
   Logging
   Mining operations
   Human population
   Infrastructure development
NewCAPP
   Established in 1988 for equitable land
    ownership and empowered agrarian reform
    beneficiaries
   Outlined by then President Corazon C.
    Aquino and signed on June 10, 1988
•   At least 900,000 hectares slated for
    acquisition and distribution

•   Priority will be on acquiring and
    distributing 961,974 hectares of private
    agricultural land from 107,639
    landholdings

                Philippine Daily Inquirer
Natural resources
―Energy is the ability to do
          work.― –
  www.energyquest.ca.gov
1. FOSSIL FUELS
    1.1 Coal - a hard, black coloured
    rock-like substance. It is made up
    of
    carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
    and varying amounts of sulphur.
           1.2 Oil or Petroleum - was also formed
           more than 300 million years ago. Some
           scientists say that tiny diatoms are the
           source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures
           the size of a pin head. They do one
           thing just like plants; they can convert
           sunlight directly into stored energy.
                           SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
1. FOSSIL FUELS
    1.3 Natural gas - usually found near
    petroleum underground. It is
    pumped from below ground and
    travels in pipelines to storage areas.

2. RENEWABLE ENERGY
  2.1 Hydropower- moving
  water, which has kinetic energy, can
  be used to make electricity.


                             SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
2. RENEWABLE ENERGY
   2.2 Ocean energy- We
   can use the ocean's
   waves, we can use the
   ocean's high and low
   tides, or we can use
   temperature
   differences in the
   water.




                           SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
2. RENEWABLE ENERGY
   2.3 SOLAR ENERGY - We use the sun's
   energy every day in many different ways.

  2.4 WIND ENERGY-
  The kinetic energy of
  the wind can be
  changed into other
  forms of energy, either
  mechanical energy or
  electrical energy.
                            Wind mill in Ilocos Norte

                            SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
2. RENEWABLE ENERGY
   2.4 BIOMASS ENERGY- Your trash contains
   some types of biomass that can be reused.




             The Payatas dumpsite


                            SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
3. NUCLEAR ENERGY                    the energy that is trapped
                                     inside each atom. One of
                                     the laws of the universe is
                                     that matter and energy
                                     can't be created nor
                                     destroyed. But they can be
The formula by Albert Einstein:      changed in form.
E [energy] equals m [mass]
times c2 [c stands for the
velocity or the speed of light. c2
means c times c, or the speed of
light raised to the second power
— or c-squared.]




                                       SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
   It determines the quality of our daily lives

   It is probably the biggest business in the
    world economy, with a turnover of at least
    US$1.7 to 2 trillion a year

   Energy services are required at each step of
    the energy chain


                                    SOURCE: www.un.org
SOURCE: www.worldwatch.org
SOURCE: www.worldwatch.org
SOURCE: DOE presentation, Mindanao
  Energy Investment Forum, June
       20, 2012, Davao City
Mindanao Power Sector Profile : Capacity
and Generation Mix 2011

     Agus Complex (727
     MW) 35.96 % share
      to Total Installed
          Capacity
Oil based 17.61%




                   Geothermal 9.52%
Gross Generation
   8,834 GWh
Solar 0.05%; Biomass 1.04%




                                    Coal 11.47%




                             Geothermal 5.36%
Installed capacity
   2,022 MWh
Name of the Project      Fuel Type         Project Proponent                 Location           Rated Capacity               Project Status              Target Commissioning
                                                                                                      (MW)


2 X 150 MW Coal-Fired        Coal      Therma South Inc. (Aboitiz   Brgy. Binugao, Toril,              300         Secured right to land; on-going
Therma South Energy                    Power Corporation)           Davao City and Brgy.                           negotiation for financing; various       1st Quarter 2014
Project                                                             Inawayan, Sta. Cruz,                           permits obtained; secured SEC,
                                                                    Davao Del Sur                                  BIR, BOC, BOI, ECC permits;
                                                                                                                   LGU/Sangguniang Panlalawigan
                                                                                                                   Davao City Reclassification
                                                                                                                   already granted and issued on 12
                                                                                                                   Dec. 2011




Steag Expansion Project      Coal                                   Phividec, Misamis Oriental         200         On-going feasibility study; on -going      December 2014
                                       Steag State Power Corp.                                                     discussions with NPC/PSALM
                                                                                                                   regarding the common facilities


Tagoloan Hydropower       Hydro        Mindanao Hydro Power Corp.   Bukidnon                           20          Completed feasibility study                December 2016



12 MW Tamugan             Hydro        Hedcor                       Baguio District, Davao City   12               Permits/government requirements              July 2018
Hydropower Project                                                                                                 already obtained: COE from DOE, GIS
                                                                                                                   by NGCP, registered as Pioneering
                                                                                                                   project from BOI




5 MW Camiguin Island      Wind         Energy Development           Camiguin                      5                Issued service contract; on going         September 2015
Wind Power                             Corporation                                                                 negotiations with lot owners



Bukidnon Biomass          Biomass      Green Power Bukidnon         Maramag, Bukidnon             35               Selection process is on-going             September 2013
Power Project                          Philippines, Inc.                                                           among local banks; letter of
                                                                                                                   intent executed on March 24,
                                                                                                                   2009 with Poyry Energy, Inc. as
                                                                                                                   EPC contractor
2013   2014   2015   2016   2018   Total

Committed    35    500     5      20     12    572
1. Mindanao production capacity is 1,280 MW
while the peak demand is 1,300 MW. Thus, a gap
of 20MW but a reserve margin of 150MW must be
met as well; This means Mindanao needs 170MW
more

2. We need RELIABLE power, REASONABLE
power, and LONG-TERM power

3. In 2003, NPC’s debt already reached P1.24
trillion, 24% of the total consolidated public sector
debt; even bigger than the GAA for that year; This
explains why the Congress passed the EPIRA
                            SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power
                            Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
4. Hydropower needs water; its availability and
timeliness of supply cannot be considered
constant; situation is: demand is constant, but
the supply isn’t
5. If Mindanao can no longer rely much on hydro-
power to provide the base load, it needs more
diverse mix of energy sources

6. We have to get more plants here ($2-M per MW –
average cost to construct a coal or natural gas power
plant; double for hydro)

                           SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power
                           Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
7. P170-M is needed to produce a MW of hydro
power; How can you entice anyone to invest if
the generating cost is more than the selling
cost?
8. There are only two choices: pay a little more
for energy, or live with the rotating brownouts

9. Circulating stories saying that Mindanaoans have
to pay P14/kWh more if it will install a more diverse
generation mix IS SIMPLY NOT TRUE

                           SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power
                           Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
10. P2.6-B is being allocated for the large scale
rehab of Agus 6; Government is also spending
for the rehab of Agus 2

11. NEDA has approved the Integrated Natural
Resources and Environmental Management
Program, which allocates P7.24-B for 4 river
basins, 2 of which are in Mindanao

12. This isn’t just about energy; this is about
attracting investments and creating jobs, and this
is about securing the future of the region

                          SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power
                          Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
13. Studying the formation of the Mindanao Power
Monitoring Committee to be chaired by
MinDA, with reps from DOE, NPC, NGCP, and
others from civil society, electric coops, and
business sector
UPDATE: The
MPMC has already
been created by
virtue of EO No.
81, s. 2012




                        SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power
                        Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
―The dream is that, by the time I step down in
  2016, this energy situation will be one less
    worry in the minds of Mindanaoans and
 investors alike – that by then, I can truthfully
       say that I left you in good hands‖
       Pres. Benigno S. Aquino III
              Mindanao Power Summit
                  April 13, 2012
                   Davao City
Narito ang mga paraan para makatipid sa kuryente:
1. I-low speed lamang ang electric fan dahil mas
maliit ang konsumo nito kaysa sa hi-speed na elisi.

2. Kung bibili ng aircon, alamin muna ang sukat ng
kuwartong paglalagyan nito. Dapat angkop ang
horse power nito sa sukat ng kuwarto dahil mas
malaking konsumo sa kuryente ang mataas na
horsepower.

3. Sa paggamit ng aircon, gumamit ng timer.
Paandarin ito ng ilang oras lamang. Kung walang
timer ang aircon, orasan ito manually at kung
malamig na ang kuwarto, i-off na ito.
4. Hinaan lang ang freezer. Kung may yelo na ang
freezer, i-defrost ito. Ang freezer na puno ng yelo ay
isa sa mga dahilan ng mataas na konsumo ng
kuryente.

5. Tiyaking laging malinis ang bulb, fluorescent, o
kahit anong appliance. Ang maalikabok na appliance
ay nakadadagdag sa konsumo sa kuryente.

6. I-unplug ang mga appliances na hindi naman
ginagamit.

7. Huwag i-overcharge ang cell phone, laptop, o
batteries.
8. I-off ang water
dispenser sa gabi.

9. Sa pagbili ng
ref, piliin ang may
pinakamataas na
Energy Efficiency
Ratio (EER).




                      SOURCE: DTI radio bits
―We did not inherit the
 environment from our
ancestors…. We are just
borrowing it from future
     generations.‖

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Natural resources

  • 2. Stocks of materials that exist in the natural environment that are both scarce and economically useful in production or consumption, either in their raw state or after a minimal amount of processing
  • 3. Three Key Concerns 1. Renewable resources are utilized beyond their regenerative capacity 2. Nonrenewable resources are depleted with insufficient savings in man- made, human, or social capital 3. The ―sink‖ capacity of the environment is overburdened by pollution, which in turn damages human health and ecosystem functions.
  • 4. Occur naturally, but can be affected positively and negatively by human behavior  If a forest is carefully replanted and allowed to grow, it can exist in balance. If the forest is cut down faster than it can grow back, then it will be used up quickly.
  • 5. 1. Serve as home to many of the organisms that live on the land 2. Major contributors to recycling and cleaning the world supply of oxygen 3. Provide wood, which is useful both as a construction material and as a fuel source.
  • 10. FIG. 1.3 AREA REFORESTED: 1976-2009 (AREA IN HECTARES) 160000 140000 120000 Government Private 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 Year Source: forestry.denr.gov.ph
  • 11. Decline of Mindanao Forest Decline of Mindanao Forest LEGEND FOREST RESIDUAL GROWTH FOREST COASTLINE COASTLINE MOSSY FOREST COASTLINE REFERENCES ESSC AND THE BOOKMARK INC., 1999 PHILIPPINES 1970 1960 1920 1900 2002 1987 (Landsat) (SPOT)
  • 12. 1. Mining over Forestry  The Mining Act of 1995 (RA No. 7942, 1995)-timberland and forest lands are open to mineral agreements 2. Insecurity of government permits and licenses 3. Logging Ban 4. Inadequate management of protected areas
  • 13. • Products of fossilized remains of dead plants and animals that have been exposed to the heat and pressure deep within the earth’s crust • Take million of years to form and considered nonrenewable • Examples are petroleum (gasoline), natural gas, and coal • 86 percent of the world’s energy comes directly from burning fossil fuels abcteach.com ©2009
  • 14. Consumed faster than they can be produced resulting to its shortage  Major contributor to air pollution
  • 15. Very rich potential for copper, gold, nickel, chromite and other metallic minerals through the commercial operation of numerous mines • Also abundant in non-metallic and industrial minerals such as marble, limestone, clays, feldspar, roc k aggregates, dolomite, guano, and other quarry resources
  • 16. timber, petroleum, nickel, co balt, silver, gold, salt, copper
  • 18. 1. Environmental and social costs • Collateral damage of non-mineral resources such as freshwater and timber • Social divisiveness 2. Institutional Capability • Ensure sustainability of the country’s fragile environment and natural resources • Establish standard parameters that will consider all relevant values (including non- market values)
  • 19. 3. ―The Fair Share‖ • Revenues of large-scale mining are not declared properly • For 2000-2009, the contribution of mining excise taxes (large-scale, small scale, non- metallic) to total BIR excise tax collections is minimal, only about 0.7%
  • 21.  Optimize the use of limited land and water for the growing population  Equity and sustainable development  Produce specific products suitable to the land, water resources, and climate of specific areas in the country  integration of environmental concerns through policies and programs
  • 22. Environment Code, EO No. 446 • phase out of leaded gasoline(2001) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) • confront the problems and issues relating to the conservation of biodiversity
  • 24. to strengthen environmental protection, promote responsible mining and provide a more equitable revenue-sharing scheme amid the projected boom in the sector • bans mining in prime agricultural and fishing areas as well as in 78 designated eco- tourism sites • NO NEW mining permits would be approved until Congress passes a bill backing a mining tax increase to 5 percent royalty on mining companies' gross earnings, compared with the current tax of 2
  • 25. The Mindanao 2020 Framework Improved Quality of Life of Every Mindanaon Peaceful and Sustainably Developed Mindanao Economy and Human Development Peace and Environment & Social Cohesion Security Enabling Conditions Governance and Institutions
  • 26. ―There’s a need for shared responsibility and accountability to protect and rehabilitate Mindanao’s heavily degraded environment. We need to do something now before it’s too late‖ MinDA Chair, Secretary Luwalhati Antonino
  • 29. Cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, bio-fuel and other products used to sustain life.
  • 30. 7,000 1565 1898 BC 1960 1995 2008
  • 31. 1. Tractors – farming tasks on increased speed and larger scale 2. Intensive agriculture – associated with decreased soil quality 3. Move to Organic farming
  • 32. Members of ASEAN Brunei, Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, La os, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapo re, Thailand and Vietnam Agriculture-based industries are included in the 11 priority sectors agreed on under ASEAN economic integration (Austria, 2004)
  • 33. Impact of trade liberalization • Decrease in imported goods prices due to relaxation and reduction in tariff • Increase in consumer demand due to low prices and services • Increase in domestic competitiveness in international markets due to tariff reductions across national borders Most ASEAN Countries depend on agricultural sector.
  • 34. ASEAN GUIDELINES ON RISK ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE-RELATED GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs)  assessment of risks of agriculture- related GMOs to human health and the environment; and  scientific basis for decisions relating to the release of agriculture-related GMOs in ASEAN Member Countries.
  • 36. During 1565-1898 in the Philippines: Regalian Doctrine – Encomienda and Hacienda  1898-1945: US and Japan Time - Beginning of establishments of plantations - Exportations of rubber, pineapple and abaca
  • 37. Green Revolution (late 1960s) • development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains • expansion of irrigation infrastructure • modernization of management techniques • distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers
  • 38. Global development in the system of agriculture • Led by (IRRI) International Rice Research Institute,(CIMMYT) International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers
  • 39. 1995 - Philippine entered (WTO) World Trade Organization Agricultural Framework of of the Philippines on export production - Cavendish banana - Pineapple - Oil palm Philippines is open to imports such garlic and onions Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997
  • 40. Mindanao main products Rice - 692,341. 43 has. Corn - 906,725.57 has. (for import) ◦ Cavendish Bananas: 500,000 has. ◦ 1.6M has. expansion ◦ Oil Palm : 24,603 has. ◦ 304,350 has. expansion ◦ Cassava: 50,000 has ◦ Cassava: 100,000 has. ◦ Jatropha: 50,000 has ◦ Pineapple: 51,500 has.
  • 44. MALAGOS WATERSHED 235 Has. Groundwater Groundwater Recharge Zone Extraction Zone TALOMO WATERSHED 20,695.92 Has. LIPADAS WATERSHED 17,764.94 Has. Legend: green – banana orange - pineapple
  • 45. Organic Diversified Integrated Farming System From… Monocroping to Diversified Organic Farming Cash Economy to Food Production Artificial to natural
  • 46. Productive land is  Lack of Support decreasing due to services conversion (usage (infrastructure, tech & crop) nology, capital, mar  Depletion of ket, etc.) resource base  Conflicting (soil, water, human) agriculture policies  Increasing cost of and directions production
  • 47. On a general level:  Improve and maintain the natural landscape and agro-ecosystem  Avoid over-exploitation and pollution of natural resources  Minimize consumption of non-renewable energy and resources  Produce sufficient quantities of nutritious wholesome and high quality food METSA FOUNDATION
  • 48. On a general level:  Provide adequate returns, within a safe, secure and healthy working environment  Acknowledge indigenous knowledge and traditional farming systems
  • 49. On a practical level:  Maintain and increase the long-term fertility of the soil  Enhance biological cycles within the farm, especially nutrient cycles  Provide nitrogen supply by intensive use of nitrogen fixing plants  Biological plant protection based on prevention instead of curing METSA FOUNDATION
  • 50. On a practical level:  Diversity of crop varieties and animal species, appropriate to the local conditions  Animal husbandry appropriate to the needs of the animals  Ban on synthetic chemical fertilizers, plant protection, hormones and growth regulators
  • 51. On a practical level:  Prohibition of Genetic Engineering and its products  Ban on synthetic or harmful methods, processing aids and ingredients in food processing
  • 52. Total certified organic farms: 95 has.  Organic exported products: ◦ Muscovado sugar (Germany, Japan) ◦ Fresh Banana (Japan) ◦ Banana Chips (US, Europe) ◦ Coconut oil & chips (US, Europe) METSA FOUNDATION
  • 53. Certification Body: ◦ EU Certifiers: IMO(SL), Natural Land (Germany), Ecocert (France) ◦ Local: Organic Certification Council of the Philippines (OCCP)
  • 54. Road transport is vital for economic development • Road construction and improvement programs • ADB (Asian Development Bank) provided 29 loans totaling more than 1.4 billion dollars (5.6Bpesos)
  • 55. Other Financing Partners  Export-Import Bank of Japan  OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID)  Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development  Overseas Development Administration of United Kingdom (finance institutions)
  • 56. Approved in 1996 and closed in 2007 • Improvement, replacement and repair of bridges, design and construction supervision for key roads • Focused attention to less developed and hard-to-reached areas
  • 57. Logging  Mining operations  Human population  Infrastructure development NewCAPP
  • 58. Established in 1988 for equitable land ownership and empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries  Outlined by then President Corazon C. Aquino and signed on June 10, 1988
  • 59. At least 900,000 hectares slated for acquisition and distribution • Priority will be on acquiring and distributing 961,974 hectares of private agricultural land from 107,639 landholdings Philippine Daily Inquirer
  • 61. ―Energy is the ability to do work.― – www.energyquest.ca.gov
  • 62. 1. FOSSIL FUELS 1.1 Coal - a hard, black coloured rock-like substance. It is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of sulphur. 1.2 Oil or Petroleum - was also formed more than 300 million years ago. Some scientists say that tiny diatoms are the source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures the size of a pin head. They do one thing just like plants; they can convert sunlight directly into stored energy. SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
  • 63. 1. FOSSIL FUELS 1.3 Natural gas - usually found near petroleum underground. It is pumped from below ground and travels in pipelines to storage areas. 2. RENEWABLE ENERGY 2.1 Hydropower- moving water, which has kinetic energy, can be used to make electricity. SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
  • 64. 2. RENEWABLE ENERGY 2.2 Ocean energy- We can use the ocean's waves, we can use the ocean's high and low tides, or we can use temperature differences in the water. SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
  • 65. 2. RENEWABLE ENERGY 2.3 SOLAR ENERGY - We use the sun's energy every day in many different ways. 2.4 WIND ENERGY- The kinetic energy of the wind can be changed into other forms of energy, either mechanical energy or electrical energy. Wind mill in Ilocos Norte SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
  • 66. 2. RENEWABLE ENERGY 2.4 BIOMASS ENERGY- Your trash contains some types of biomass that can be reused. The Payatas dumpsite SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
  • 67. 3. NUCLEAR ENERGY the energy that is trapped inside each atom. One of the laws of the universe is that matter and energy can't be created nor destroyed. But they can be The formula by Albert Einstein: changed in form. E [energy] equals m [mass] times c2 [c stands for the velocity or the speed of light. c2 means c times c, or the speed of light raised to the second power — or c-squared.] SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
  • 68. It determines the quality of our daily lives  It is probably the biggest business in the world economy, with a turnover of at least US$1.7 to 2 trillion a year  Energy services are required at each step of the energy chain SOURCE: www.un.org
  • 71. SOURCE: DOE presentation, Mindanao Energy Investment Forum, June 20, 2012, Davao City
  • 72. Mindanao Power Sector Profile : Capacity and Generation Mix 2011 Agus Complex (727 MW) 35.96 % share to Total Installed Capacity
  • 73. Oil based 17.61% Geothermal 9.52% Gross Generation 8,834 GWh
  • 74. Solar 0.05%; Biomass 1.04% Coal 11.47% Geothermal 5.36% Installed capacity 2,022 MWh
  • 75. Name of the Project Fuel Type Project Proponent Location Rated Capacity Project Status Target Commissioning (MW) 2 X 150 MW Coal-Fired Coal Therma South Inc. (Aboitiz Brgy. Binugao, Toril, 300 Secured right to land; on-going Therma South Energy Power Corporation) Davao City and Brgy. negotiation for financing; various 1st Quarter 2014 Project Inawayan, Sta. Cruz, permits obtained; secured SEC, Davao Del Sur BIR, BOC, BOI, ECC permits; LGU/Sangguniang Panlalawigan Davao City Reclassification already granted and issued on 12 Dec. 2011 Steag Expansion Project Coal Phividec, Misamis Oriental 200 On-going feasibility study; on -going December 2014 Steag State Power Corp. discussions with NPC/PSALM regarding the common facilities Tagoloan Hydropower Hydro Mindanao Hydro Power Corp. Bukidnon 20 Completed feasibility study December 2016 12 MW Tamugan Hydro Hedcor Baguio District, Davao City 12 Permits/government requirements July 2018 Hydropower Project already obtained: COE from DOE, GIS by NGCP, registered as Pioneering project from BOI 5 MW Camiguin Island Wind Energy Development Camiguin 5 Issued service contract; on going September 2015 Wind Power Corporation negotiations with lot owners Bukidnon Biomass Biomass Green Power Bukidnon Maramag, Bukidnon 35 Selection process is on-going September 2013 Power Project Philippines, Inc. among local banks; letter of intent executed on March 24, 2009 with Poyry Energy, Inc. as EPC contractor
  • 76. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Total Committed 35 500 5 20 12 572
  • 77. 1. Mindanao production capacity is 1,280 MW while the peak demand is 1,300 MW. Thus, a gap of 20MW but a reserve margin of 150MW must be met as well; This means Mindanao needs 170MW more 2. We need RELIABLE power, REASONABLE power, and LONG-TERM power 3. In 2003, NPC’s debt already reached P1.24 trillion, 24% of the total consolidated public sector debt; even bigger than the GAA for that year; This explains why the Congress passed the EPIRA SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
  • 78. 4. Hydropower needs water; its availability and timeliness of supply cannot be considered constant; situation is: demand is constant, but the supply isn’t 5. If Mindanao can no longer rely much on hydro- power to provide the base load, it needs more diverse mix of energy sources 6. We have to get more plants here ($2-M per MW – average cost to construct a coal or natural gas power plant; double for hydro) SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
  • 79. 7. P170-M is needed to produce a MW of hydro power; How can you entice anyone to invest if the generating cost is more than the selling cost? 8. There are only two choices: pay a little more for energy, or live with the rotating brownouts 9. Circulating stories saying that Mindanaoans have to pay P14/kWh more if it will install a more diverse generation mix IS SIMPLY NOT TRUE SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
  • 80. 10. P2.6-B is being allocated for the large scale rehab of Agus 6; Government is also spending for the rehab of Agus 2 11. NEDA has approved the Integrated Natural Resources and Environmental Management Program, which allocates P7.24-B for 4 river basins, 2 of which are in Mindanao 12. This isn’t just about energy; this is about attracting investments and creating jobs, and this is about securing the future of the region SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
  • 81. 13. Studying the formation of the Mindanao Power Monitoring Committee to be chaired by MinDA, with reps from DOE, NPC, NGCP, and others from civil society, electric coops, and business sector UPDATE: The MPMC has already been created by virtue of EO No. 81, s. 2012 SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
  • 82. ―The dream is that, by the time I step down in 2016, this energy situation will be one less worry in the minds of Mindanaoans and investors alike – that by then, I can truthfully say that I left you in good hands‖ Pres. Benigno S. Aquino III Mindanao Power Summit April 13, 2012 Davao City
  • 83. Narito ang mga paraan para makatipid sa kuryente: 1. I-low speed lamang ang electric fan dahil mas maliit ang konsumo nito kaysa sa hi-speed na elisi. 2. Kung bibili ng aircon, alamin muna ang sukat ng kuwartong paglalagyan nito. Dapat angkop ang horse power nito sa sukat ng kuwarto dahil mas malaking konsumo sa kuryente ang mataas na horsepower. 3. Sa paggamit ng aircon, gumamit ng timer. Paandarin ito ng ilang oras lamang. Kung walang timer ang aircon, orasan ito manually at kung malamig na ang kuwarto, i-off na ito.
  • 84. 4. Hinaan lang ang freezer. Kung may yelo na ang freezer, i-defrost ito. Ang freezer na puno ng yelo ay isa sa mga dahilan ng mataas na konsumo ng kuryente. 5. Tiyaking laging malinis ang bulb, fluorescent, o kahit anong appliance. Ang maalikabok na appliance ay nakadadagdag sa konsumo sa kuryente. 6. I-unplug ang mga appliances na hindi naman ginagamit. 7. Huwag i-overcharge ang cell phone, laptop, o batteries.
  • 85. 8. I-off ang water dispenser sa gabi. 9. Sa pagbili ng ref, piliin ang may pinakamataas na Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER). SOURCE: DTI radio bits
  • 86. ―We did not inherit the environment from our ancestors…. We are just borrowing it from future generations.‖

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. For the purposes of this report, we define the natural resources as stated. This is in conformity with the World Trade Report 2010.
  2. Explain first the concept of renewable resources, Nonrenewable, and sink capacity. Mention that the poorest frequently pay the human price for this development.
  3. Between 2005 and 2010 the area of forest in Southeast Asia declined at 0.5 percent per annum, compared to 0.3 during the previous five years and 1.0 percent between 1990 and 2000. Between 1990 and 2010 the forests of Southeast Asia contracted in size by an area greater thanthat of Viet Nam (FAO 2010). With forest conversion the primary driver of biodiversity loss, estimates are that between 13 and 42 percent of species will be lost in the subregion by 2100, at least half of which could represent global extinctions (Sodhiet al. 2004)
  4. The increase is attributed to resource rehabilitation efforts. The increase can also be a result of the change in what is reported as forest. While earlierwhat was considered as forest was a minimum of one hectare, now it is 0.5 ha; before plantations were not included in the reported forest cover, now they are included, also included are forests in private lands
  5. In view of this, the work plan of the contractor in developing the mining claim should include plans for rehabilitation, regeneration, and re-vegetation of mineralized areas. Despite efforts to rehabilitate mined out second growth forests or forest plantations it is doubtful if such efforts could bring back theoriginal state of the affected forest resources
  6. Fossil fuels will be taken up under the sub-topic ENERGY
  7. When fossil fuels are burned. they release many dangerous gases such as nitrogen dioxide, methane, and carbon dioxide.
  8. Philippine Natural Resources as stated in The World Factbook /www.cia.gov, updated as on July 2o12.Five of the 8 reported Phils. Natural resources are products of MINING
  9. Hyperlink to mineral resources.xlsx
  10. Mining does not only involve extraction of minerals, but often also necessitates collateral damage of of non-mineral resources, such as freshwater, timber, as well as cause social divisiveness and the need to provide PNP and AFP  protection. All translates to public costsGovernment capacity for resource management needs to be reinforced, as acknowledged by Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016.
  11. The KPA approach is premised on the need to optimize the use of limited land and water to provide for the food requirements of the growing population and foster "export winners" within the context of equitable and sustainable development. It encourages farmers and fisher folk to produce specific products suitable to the land, water resources, and climate of specific areas in the country. The integration of environmental concerns is being implemented through policies and programs harnessing appropriate, cost efficient and environment-friendly strategies and technologies to satisfactorily meet both long-term economic and ecological needsThe integration of environmental concerns is being implemented through policies and programs harnessing appropriate, cost efficient and environment-friendly strategies and technologies to satisfactorily meet both long-term economic and ecological needs The integration of environmental concerns is being implemented through policies and programs harnessing appropriate, cost efficient and environment-friendly strategies and technologies to satisfactorily meet both long-term economic and ecological needs
  12. Mindanao’s environment is now facing serious challenges over decades of wanton logging, unregulated mining activities, illegal fishing practices, and unsustainable manufacturing activities by extractive industries. Damage brought on Mindanao’s rich natural environment range from moderate to severe, some of which are irreparable. Sustainable development warrants sustainable environment as well.
  13. 1. rapid rise of mechanization in the late 19th century and the 20th century, particularly in the form of the tractor, farming tasks could be done with a speed and on a scale previously impossible. These advances have led to efficiencies enabling certain modern farms in the United States, Argentina, Israel, the United Kingdom Germany, and a few other nations to output volumes of high-quality produce per land unit at what may be the practical limit.2. Concerns have been raised over the sustainability of intensive agriculture. Intensive agriculture has become associated with decreased soil quality in India and Asia, and there has been increased concern over the effects of fertilizers and pesticides on the environment particularly as population increases and food demand expands. 3. In the past century agriculture has been characterized by enhanced productivity, the substitution of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor, water pollution, and farm subsidies. In recent years there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic movement.
  14. development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers
  15. The Government of the Philippines has recognized the importance of road transport for Economic development and has, since 1970s, implemented road construction and improvement programs.ADB (Asian Development Bank) provided 29 loans totaling more than 1.4 billion dollars (5.6Bpesos)
  16. The project, which was approved in 1996 and closed in 2007 included road improvement, replacement and repair of bridges, design and construction supervision as well as other form of support for key road around the Philippines, particularly in less developed and hard-to-reach areas.
  17. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program of 1988, also known as CARP, is a Philippine state policy that ensures and promotes welfare of landless farmers and farm workers, as well as elevation of social justice and equity among rural areas. CARP was established by the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (CARL) which aimed for a nation with equitable land ownership and empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries while, at least, improving social lives.The law was outlined by former President Corazon C. Aquino through Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on June 22, 1987. The law was finally enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines and signed by Aquino on June 10, 1988.
  18. At least 900,000 hectares of private landholdings are slated for acquisition and distribution in the last two years of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) said in a report. The report by DAR Secretary Virgilio de los Reyes said that the DAR would focus on acquiring and distributing 961,974 hectares of land from 107,639 landholdings, most of these are private agricultural land.