2. Stocks of materials that exist in the
natural environment that are both
scarce and economically useful in
production or consumption, either in
their raw state or after a minimal
amount of processing
3. Three Key Concerns
1. Renewable resources are utilized
beyond their regenerative capacity
2. Nonrenewable resources are depleted
with insufficient savings in man-
made, human, or social capital
3. The ―sink‖ capacity of the
environment is overburdened by
pollution, which in turn damages
human health and ecosystem
functions.
4. Occur naturally, but can be affected
positively and negatively by human
behavior
If a forest is carefully replanted and
allowed to grow, it can exist in
balance. If the forest is cut down
faster than it can grow back, then it
will be used up quickly.
5. 1. Serve as home to many
of the organisms that
live on the land
2. Major contributors to
recycling and cleaning
the world supply of
oxygen
3. Provide wood, which is
useful both as a
construction material
and as a fuel source.
10. FIG. 1.3 AREA REFORESTED: 1976-2009
(AREA IN HECTARES)
160000
140000
120000
Government Private
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
Year
Source: forestry.denr.gov.ph
11. Decline of Mindanao Forest
Decline of Mindanao Forest
LEGEND
FOREST
RESIDUAL GROWTH FOREST
COASTLINE
COASTLINE
MOSSY FOREST
COASTLINE
REFERENCES
ESSC AND THE BOOKMARK INC., 1999
PHILIPPINES
1970
1960
1920
1900
2002
1987
(Landsat)
(SPOT)
12. 1. Mining over Forestry
The Mining Act of 1995 (RA No.
7942, 1995)-timberland and forest
lands are open to mineral agreements
2. Insecurity of government permits and
licenses
3. Logging Ban
4. Inadequate management of protected
areas
14. Consumed faster than
they can be produced
resulting to its
shortage
Major contributor to
air pollution
15. • Very rich potential for
copper, gold, nickel, chromite and
other metallic minerals through the
commercial operation of numerous
mines
• Also abundant in non-metallic and
industrial minerals such as
marble, limestone, clays, feldspar, roc
k aggregates, dolomite, guano, and
other quarry resources
18. 1. Environmental and social costs
• Collateral damage of non-mineral resources
such as freshwater and timber
• Social divisiveness
2. Institutional Capability
• Ensure sustainability of the country’s fragile
environment and natural resources
• Establish standard parameters that will
consider all relevant values (including non-
market values)
19. 3. ―The Fair Share‖
• Revenues of large-scale mining are not
declared properly
• For 2000-2009, the contribution of mining
excise taxes (large-scale, small scale, non-
metallic) to total BIR excise tax collections is
minimal, only about 0.7%
21. Optimize the use of limited land and
water for the growing population
Equity and sustainable development
Produce specific products suitable to
the land, water resources, and climate
of specific areas in the country
integration of environmental concerns
through policies and programs
22. Environment Code, EO No. 446
• phase out of leaded gasoline(2001)
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action
Plan (NBSAP)
• confront the problems and issues relating to
the conservation of biodiversity
24. • to strengthen environmental
protection, promote responsible mining and
provide a more equitable revenue-sharing
scheme amid the projected boom in the
sector
• bans mining in prime agricultural and fishing
areas as well as in 78 designated eco-
tourism sites
• NO NEW mining permits would be approved
until Congress passes a bill backing a
mining tax increase to 5 percent royalty on
mining companies' gross
earnings, compared with the current tax of 2
25. The Mindanao 2020 Framework
Improved Quality of
Life of Every Mindanaon
Peaceful and Sustainably
Developed Mindanao
Economy and Human Development Peace and
Environment & Social Cohesion Security
Enabling Conditions Governance and Institutions
26. ―There’s a need for shared responsibility and
accountability to protect and rehabilitate
Mindanao’s heavily degraded environment. We
need to do something now before it’s too late‖
MinDA Chair, Secretary Luwalhati Antonino
31. 1. Tractors – farming tasks on increased
speed and larger scale
2. Intensive agriculture – associated
with decreased soil quality
3. Move to Organic farming
32. Members of ASEAN
Brunei, Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, La
os, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapo
re, Thailand and Vietnam
Agriculture-based industries are included in
the 11 priority sectors agreed on under
ASEAN economic integration (Austria, 2004)
33. Impact of trade liberalization
• Decrease in imported goods prices
due to relaxation and reduction in tariff
• Increase in consumer demand due to
low prices and services
• Increase in domestic competitiveness
in international markets due to tariff
reductions across national borders
Most ASEAN Countries depend on
agricultural sector.
34. ASEAN GUIDELINES ON RISK ASSESSMENT OF
AGRICULTURE-RELATED GENETICALLY
MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs)
assessment of risks of agriculture-
related GMOs to human health and the
environment; and
scientific basis for decisions relating
to the release of agriculture-related
GMOs in ASEAN Member Countries.
36. During 1565-1898 in the Philippines:
Regalian Doctrine – Encomienda and
Hacienda
1898-1945: US and Japan Time
- Beginning of establishments of
plantations
- Exportations of rubber, pineapple and
abaca
37. Green Revolution (late 1960s)
• development of high-yielding varieties
of cereal grains
• expansion of irrigation infrastructure
• modernization of management
techniques
• distribution of hybridized
seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and
pesticides to farmers
38. • Global development in the system of
agriculture
• Led by (IRRI) International Rice Research
Institute,(CIMMYT) International Maize and
Wheat Improvement Center, CGIAR
Consortium of International Agricultural
Research Centers
39. 1995 - Philippine entered (WTO) World Trade
Organization
Agricultural Framework of of the Philippines on
export production
- Cavendish banana
- Pineapple
- Oil palm
Philippines is open to imports such garlic and
onions
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act
(AFMA) of 1997
46. Productive land is Lack of Support
decreasing due to services
conversion (usage (infrastructure, tech
& crop) nology, capital, mar
Depletion of ket, etc.)
resource base Conflicting
(soil, water, human) agriculture policies
Increasing cost of and directions
production
47. On a general level:
Improve and maintain the natural
landscape and agro-ecosystem
Avoid over-exploitation and pollution of
natural resources
Minimize consumption of non-renewable
energy and resources
Produce sufficient quantities of nutritious
wholesome and high quality food
METSA FOUNDATION
48. On a general level:
Provide adequate returns, within a
safe, secure and healthy working
environment
Acknowledge indigenous knowledge
and traditional farming systems
49. On a practical level:
Maintain and increase the long-term
fertility of the soil
Enhance biological cycles within the
farm, especially nutrient cycles
Provide nitrogen supply by intensive
use of nitrogen fixing plants
Biological plant protection based on
prevention instead of curing
METSA FOUNDATION
50. On a practical level:
Diversity of crop varieties and animal
species, appropriate to the local
conditions
Animal husbandry appropriate to the
needs of the animals
Ban on synthetic chemical
fertilizers, plant protection, hormones
and growth regulators
51. On a practical level:
Prohibition of Genetic Engineering and
its products
Ban on synthetic or harmful
methods, processing aids and
ingredients in food processing
53. Certification Body:
◦ EU Certifiers: IMO(SL), Natural Land
(Germany), Ecocert (France)
◦ Local: Organic Certification Council
of the Philippines
(OCCP)
54. • Road transport is vital for economic
development
• Road construction and improvement
programs
• ADB (Asian Development Bank)
provided 29 loans totaling more than
1.4 billion dollars (5.6Bpesos)
55. Other Financing Partners
Export-Import Bank of Japan
OPEC Fund for International
Development (OFID)
Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic
Development
Overseas Development Administration
of United Kingdom
(finance institutions)
56. • Approved in 1996 and closed in 2007
• Improvement, replacement and repair
of bridges, design and construction
supervision for key roads
• Focused attention to less developed
and hard-to-reached areas
57. Logging
Mining operations
Human population
Infrastructure development
NewCAPP
58. Established in 1988 for equitable land
ownership and empowered agrarian reform
beneficiaries
Outlined by then President Corazon C.
Aquino and signed on June 10, 1988
59. • At least 900,000 hectares slated for
acquisition and distribution
• Priority will be on acquiring and
distributing 961,974 hectares of private
agricultural land from 107,639
landholdings
Philippine Daily Inquirer
61. ―Energy is the ability to do
work.― –
www.energyquest.ca.gov
62. 1. FOSSIL FUELS
1.1 Coal - a hard, black coloured
rock-like substance. It is made up
of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
and varying amounts of sulphur.
1.2 Oil or Petroleum - was also formed
more than 300 million years ago. Some
scientists say that tiny diatoms are the
source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures
the size of a pin head. They do one
thing just like plants; they can convert
sunlight directly into stored energy.
SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
63. 1. FOSSIL FUELS
1.3 Natural gas - usually found near
petroleum underground. It is
pumped from below ground and
travels in pipelines to storage areas.
2. RENEWABLE ENERGY
2.1 Hydropower- moving
water, which has kinetic energy, can
be used to make electricity.
SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
64. 2. RENEWABLE ENERGY
2.2 Ocean energy- We
can use the ocean's
waves, we can use the
ocean's high and low
tides, or we can use
temperature
differences in the
water.
SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
65. 2. RENEWABLE ENERGY
2.3 SOLAR ENERGY - We use the sun's
energy every day in many different ways.
2.4 WIND ENERGY-
The kinetic energy of
the wind can be
changed into other
forms of energy, either
mechanical energy or
electrical energy.
Wind mill in Ilocos Norte
SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
66. 2. RENEWABLE ENERGY
2.4 BIOMASS ENERGY- Your trash contains
some types of biomass that can be reused.
The Payatas dumpsite
SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
67. 3. NUCLEAR ENERGY the energy that is trapped
inside each atom. One of
the laws of the universe is
that matter and energy
can't be created nor
destroyed. But they can be
The formula by Albert Einstein: changed in form.
E [energy] equals m [mass]
times c2 [c stands for the
velocity or the speed of light. c2
means c times c, or the speed of
light raised to the second power
— or c-squared.]
SOURCE: www.energyquest.ca.gov
68. It determines the quality of our daily lives
It is probably the biggest business in the
world economy, with a turnover of at least
US$1.7 to 2 trillion a year
Energy services are required at each step of
the energy chain
SOURCE: www.un.org
75. Name of the Project Fuel Type Project Proponent Location Rated Capacity Project Status Target Commissioning
(MW)
2 X 150 MW Coal-Fired Coal Therma South Inc. (Aboitiz Brgy. Binugao, Toril, 300 Secured right to land; on-going
Therma South Energy Power Corporation) Davao City and Brgy. negotiation for financing; various 1st Quarter 2014
Project Inawayan, Sta. Cruz, permits obtained; secured SEC,
Davao Del Sur BIR, BOC, BOI, ECC permits;
LGU/Sangguniang Panlalawigan
Davao City Reclassification
already granted and issued on 12
Dec. 2011
Steag Expansion Project Coal Phividec, Misamis Oriental 200 On-going feasibility study; on -going December 2014
Steag State Power Corp. discussions with NPC/PSALM
regarding the common facilities
Tagoloan Hydropower Hydro Mindanao Hydro Power Corp. Bukidnon 20 Completed feasibility study December 2016
12 MW Tamugan Hydro Hedcor Baguio District, Davao City 12 Permits/government requirements July 2018
Hydropower Project already obtained: COE from DOE, GIS
by NGCP, registered as Pioneering
project from BOI
5 MW Camiguin Island Wind Energy Development Camiguin 5 Issued service contract; on going September 2015
Wind Power Corporation negotiations with lot owners
Bukidnon Biomass Biomass Green Power Bukidnon Maramag, Bukidnon 35 Selection process is on-going September 2013
Power Project Philippines, Inc. among local banks; letter of
intent executed on March 24,
2009 with Poyry Energy, Inc. as
EPC contractor
77. 1. Mindanao production capacity is 1,280 MW
while the peak demand is 1,300 MW. Thus, a gap
of 20MW but a reserve margin of 150MW must be
met as well; This means Mindanao needs 170MW
more
2. We need RELIABLE power, REASONABLE
power, and LONG-TERM power
3. In 2003, NPC’s debt already reached P1.24
trillion, 24% of the total consolidated public sector
debt; even bigger than the GAA for that year; This
explains why the Congress passed the EPIRA
SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power
Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
78. 4. Hydropower needs water; its availability and
timeliness of supply cannot be considered
constant; situation is: demand is constant, but
the supply isn’t
5. If Mindanao can no longer rely much on hydro-
power to provide the base load, it needs more
diverse mix of energy sources
6. We have to get more plants here ($2-M per MW –
average cost to construct a coal or natural gas power
plant; double for hydro)
SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power
Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
79. 7. P170-M is needed to produce a MW of hydro
power; How can you entice anyone to invest if
the generating cost is more than the selling
cost?
8. There are only two choices: pay a little more
for energy, or live with the rotating brownouts
9. Circulating stories saying that Mindanaoans have
to pay P14/kWh more if it will install a more diverse
generation mix IS SIMPLY NOT TRUE
SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power
Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
80. 10. P2.6-B is being allocated for the large scale
rehab of Agus 6; Government is also spending
for the rehab of Agus 2
11. NEDA has approved the Integrated Natural
Resources and Environmental Management
Program, which allocates P7.24-B for 4 river
basins, 2 of which are in Mindanao
12. This isn’t just about energy; this is about
attracting investments and creating jobs, and this
is about securing the future of the region
SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power
Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
81. 13. Studying the formation of the Mindanao Power
Monitoring Committee to be chaired by
MinDA, with reps from DOE, NPC, NGCP, and
others from civil society, electric coops, and
business sector
UPDATE: The
MPMC has already
been created by
virtue of EO No.
81, s. 2012
SOURCE: P-Noy’s speech, Mindanao Power
Summit, April 13, 2012, Davao City
82. ―The dream is that, by the time I step down in
2016, this energy situation will be one less
worry in the minds of Mindanaoans and
investors alike – that by then, I can truthfully
say that I left you in good hands‖
Pres. Benigno S. Aquino III
Mindanao Power Summit
April 13, 2012
Davao City
83. Narito ang mga paraan para makatipid sa kuryente:
1. I-low speed lamang ang electric fan dahil mas
maliit ang konsumo nito kaysa sa hi-speed na elisi.
2. Kung bibili ng aircon, alamin muna ang sukat ng
kuwartong paglalagyan nito. Dapat angkop ang
horse power nito sa sukat ng kuwarto dahil mas
malaking konsumo sa kuryente ang mataas na
horsepower.
3. Sa paggamit ng aircon, gumamit ng timer.
Paandarin ito ng ilang oras lamang. Kung walang
timer ang aircon, orasan ito manually at kung
malamig na ang kuwarto, i-off na ito.
84. 4. Hinaan lang ang freezer. Kung may yelo na ang
freezer, i-defrost ito. Ang freezer na puno ng yelo ay
isa sa mga dahilan ng mataas na konsumo ng
kuryente.
5. Tiyaking laging malinis ang bulb, fluorescent, o
kahit anong appliance. Ang maalikabok na appliance
ay nakadadagdag sa konsumo sa kuryente.
6. I-unplug ang mga appliances na hindi naman
ginagamit.
7. Huwag i-overcharge ang cell phone, laptop, o
batteries.
85. 8. I-off ang water
dispenser sa gabi.
9. Sa pagbili ng
ref, piliin ang may
pinakamataas na
Energy Efficiency
Ratio (EER).
SOURCE: DTI radio bits
86. ―We did not inherit the
environment from our
ancestors…. We are just
borrowing it from future
generations.‖
Notes de l'éditeur
For the purposes of this report, we define the natural resources as stated. This is in conformity with the World Trade Report 2010.
Explain first the concept of renewable resources, Nonrenewable, and sink capacity. Mention that the poorest frequently pay the human price for this development.
Between 2005 and 2010 the area of forest in Southeast Asia declined at 0.5 percent per annum, compared to 0.3 during the previous five years and 1.0 percent between 1990 and 2000. Between 1990 and 2010 the forests of Southeast Asia contracted in size by an area greater thanthat of Viet Nam (FAO 2010). With forest conversion the primary driver of biodiversity loss, estimates are that between 13 and 42 percent of species will be lost in the subregion by 2100, at least half of which could represent global extinctions (Sodhiet al. 2004)
The increase is attributed to resource rehabilitation efforts. The increase can also be a result of the change in what is reported as forest. While earlierwhat was considered as forest was a minimum of one hectare, now it is 0.5 ha; before plantations were not included in the reported forest cover, now they are included, also included are forests in private lands
In view of this, the work plan of the contractor in developing the mining claim should include plans for rehabilitation, regeneration, and re-vegetation of mineralized areas. Despite efforts to rehabilitate mined out second growth forests or forest plantations it is doubtful if such efforts could bring back theoriginal state of the affected forest resources
Fossil fuels will be taken up under the sub-topic ENERGY
When fossil fuels are burned. they release many dangerous gases such as nitrogen dioxide, methane, and carbon dioxide.
Philippine Natural Resources as stated in The World Factbook /www.cia.gov, updated as on July 2o12.Five of the 8 reported Phils. Natural resources are products of MINING
Hyperlink to mineral resources.xlsx
Mining does not only involve extraction of minerals, but often also necessitates collateral damage of of non-mineral resources, such as freshwater, timber, as well as cause social divisiveness and the need to provide PNP and AFP protection. All translates to public costsGovernment capacity for resource management needs to be reinforced, as acknowledged by Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016.
The KPA approach is premised on the need to optimize the use of limited land and water to provide for the food requirements of the growing population and foster "export winners" within the context of equitable and sustainable development. It encourages farmers and fisher folk to produce specific products suitable to the land, water resources, and climate of specific areas in the country. The integration of environmental concerns is being implemented through policies and programs harnessing appropriate, cost efficient and environment-friendly strategies and technologies to satisfactorily meet both long-term economic and ecological needsThe integration of environmental concerns is being implemented through policies and programs harnessing appropriate, cost efficient and environment-friendly strategies and technologies to satisfactorily meet both long-term economic and ecological needs The integration of environmental concerns is being implemented through policies and programs harnessing appropriate, cost efficient and environment-friendly strategies and technologies to satisfactorily meet both long-term economic and ecological needs
Mindanao’s environment is now facing serious challenges over decades of wanton logging, unregulated mining activities, illegal fishing practices, and unsustainable manufacturing activities by extractive industries. Damage brought on Mindanao’s rich natural environment range from moderate to severe, some of which are irreparable. Sustainable development warrants sustainable environment as well.
1. rapid rise of mechanization in the late 19th century and the 20th century, particularly in the form of the tractor, farming tasks could be done with a speed and on a scale previously impossible. These advances have led to efficiencies enabling certain modern farms in the United States, Argentina, Israel, the United Kingdom Germany, and a few other nations to output volumes of high-quality produce per land unit at what may be the practical limit.2. Concerns have been raised over the sustainability of intensive agriculture. Intensive agriculture has become associated with decreased soil quality in India and Asia, and there has been increased concern over the effects of fertilizers and pesticides on the environment particularly as population increases and food demand expands. 3. In the past century agriculture has been characterized by enhanced productivity, the substitution of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor, water pollution, and farm subsidies. In recent years there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic movement.
development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers
The Government of the Philippines has recognized the importance of road transport for Economic development and has, since 1970s, implemented road construction and improvement programs.ADB (Asian Development Bank) provided 29 loans totaling more than 1.4 billion dollars (5.6Bpesos)
The project, which was approved in 1996 and closed in 2007 included road improvement, replacement and repair of bridges, design and construction supervision as well as other form of support for key road around the Philippines, particularly in less developed and hard-to-reach areas.
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program of 1988, also known as CARP, is a Philippine state policy that ensures and promotes welfare of landless farmers and farm workers, as well as elevation of social justice and equity among rural areas. CARP was established by the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (CARL) which aimed for a nation with equitable land ownership and empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries while, at least, improving social lives.The law was outlined by former President Corazon C. Aquino through Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on June 22, 1987. The law was finally enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines and signed by Aquino on June 10, 1988.
At least 900,000 hectares of private landholdings are slated for acquisition and distribution in the last two years of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) said in a report. The report by DAR Secretary Virgilio de los Reyes said that the DAR would focus on acquiring and distributing 961,974 hectares of land from 107,639 landholdings, most of these are private agricultural land.