1. Hypnotherapy
what is it and how did it evolve?
Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHS
Registered Clinical Hypnotherapist
www.HypnoFix.co.uk
advice@HypnoFix.co.uk
2. What Is Hypnosis ?
Altered state – not sleep
Motorway hypnosis
Books and TV
Exercise
Day dreaming
Hynpnogogic (Hypnagogic imagery is often auditory or has an auditory component.
Like the visuals, hypnagogic sounds vary in intensity from faint impressions to loud noises)and
Hypnopompic (The hypnopompic state is the transition state of semi consciousness
between sleeping and waking. For some people, this is a time of visual and auditory
hallucination.)state
3. The Trance State
Light hypnosis – 90%+
Eye closure
Fluttering lids
Stillness
Breathing slows – diaphragmatic
Features flatten
Swallowing
Smiling
Bradycardia (resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute)
4. The Trance State
Medium hypnosis – 70%+
Head drops
Eyelid catalepsy
Flushing or pallor
Responds to suggestions
Feeling of lethargy, heaviness
Some analgesia – dentistry , dressings
IMR (ideo-motor-response (IMR) is an exploratory
method of uncovering repressed material that has been used
extensively)
May feel as though in trance
5. The Trance State
Deep hypnosis 20% – somnambulism 5%
Amnesia
Anaesthesia
Direct logic ‘ can you tell me your name’
Out of body dissociation (floating sensation)
+ve /-ve hallucinations
Trance with eyes open
6. Hypnotic Phenomenon
Motor
IMR (ideo-motor-response (IMR) is an exploratory method of uncovering repressed material
that has been used extensively
Catalepsy(indefinitely prolonged maintenance of a fixed body posture; suspension of
sensation, muscular rigidity, fixity of posture)
Automatic writing
Swallowing
REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
12. Uses of Hypnotherapy
Psychosomatic disorders
Migraine
Hyperventilation
Stammering
Irritable bowel or bladder
Eczema
13. Uses of Hypnotherapy
Pain control
Chronic
Acute
Terminal care
Obstetric
Dental
14. Uses of Hypnotherapy
Other
Sports – motivational
Criminal investigation
Recovery of lost objects - memories
15. History Of Hypnosis
Who, when, where and why?
Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHS
Registered Clinical Hypnotherapist
www.HypnoFix.co.uk
advice@HypnoFix.co.uk
16. History of Hypnotherapy
3000BC – ancient Egyptians
Ancient Greeks
Indian Sanskrits
Hindu fakirs
Celtic druids
African witch doctors
Jesus’s miracles?
17. History of Hypnotherapy
1500 Paracelsus
Swiss doctor discovered mercury as cure for syphilis
Passed magnets over patient to effect cure
1600 Valentine Greatrakes
The ‘ great Irish Stroker’ – again stroked magnets to cure
18. History of Hypnotherapy
1725 Maximilian Hehl
Jesuit priest – using magnets to heal
Franz Anton Mesmer was his student
19. History of Hypnotherapy
(1734-1815 )Franz Anton Mesmer
Father of hypnosis
Found he could stop bleeding with a
stick and therefore postulated ‘
animal magnetism’
20. History of Hypnotherapy
Franz Anton Mesmer(cont.)
‘De Planatorium influxu’ – magnetic fields pervade
nature
Cured patient of paralysis and temporary blindness
Cured Maria Theresa Paradies – protégé of empress of
blindness. Angering parents
Moved from Vienna to Paris
Mozart was a fan
21. History of Hypnotherapy
Franz Anton Mesmer(cont.)
Developed the ‘baquet’
Asked Louis XVI for a board of enquiry in
1784
Benjamin Franklin, Guillotine, Lavoisier
Found all due to the imagination !
22. History of Hypnotherapy
1727-1779 Father Gassner
Contemporary of Mesmer
Suggestion as faith healing
1787 Marquis de Puysegur
Student of Mesmer
Magnetised elm trees
Somnambulism
23. History of Hypnotherapy
1815 Abbe Jose Castodi de Faria
Fixed gaze method first to coin word
‘sleep’
Previously focus was on the "concentration"
of the subject
In Faria's terminology the operator became
"the concentrator" and somnambulism was
viewed as a lucid sleep
24. History of Hypnotherapy
1791 John Elliotson
Professor at University London
Became interested via a student of Faria
1837 Surgery under hypnosis – angered
other doctors as pain ‘ needed for healing’
Expelled from university hospital
25. History of Hypnotherapy
1795 – 1860 James Braid
Scottish surgeon coined term ‘ hypnosis’
Developed suggestions method
Saw Mesmer and was eventually
convinced
Changed term to ‘ monoidiesm’
‘Nervous sleep’ acting on subject whose
suggestibility is increased’
26. History of Hypnotherapy
1808-1859 James Esdaile
Scottish doctor
Reports in 1846 That 300 major
operations conducted using hypnosis
Reduced post op mortality from 505%
due to shock reaction being reduced
27. History of Hypnotherapy
1864 Nancy school of Hypnosis
Ambrose-Auguste Liebeault – ‘ de la suggestion’
Hippolyte Bernheim
Freud studied here Initially enthusiastic – eventually
discounted hypnosis
28. History of Hypnotherapy
1878 Jean Martin Charcot –
Started the school of Saltpierre
Pathological theory
Stages of hypnosis
Lethargy
Catalepsy
Somnambulism
29. History of Hypnotherapy
Dave Elman 1950’s
Stage Hypnotist
Studied Hypnosis for years
Taught doctors exclusively
Quick inductions
Deepening techniques
31. Theories of Trance
Suggestion Theory
Bernheim 1886 – suggestions bypass concious mind
Modified Sleep
Abbe Faria – a type of sleep BUT thought would
always amnesia
Pathological Theory
Charcot – BUT 90% hypnotisable NOT equivalent to
hysteria
32. Theories of Trance
Dissociation
Janet ‘ splitting of consciousness into two’ BUT not always
amnesia – can remove amnesia by suggestion
Neo Dissociation
Some cognition continuous throughout
Psychoanlanalytic
Freud – libidinal gratification
Ferenczi – parent/child BUT mirrors metronomes may
hypnotise
33. Theories of Trance
Conditioned response
Pavlov to word ‘ sleep’ BUT not sleep, metronomes,
quick awakening
Role Playing
R White – goal directed striving
Atavistic Regression
Ainslie Meares to a primitive level – primitive man
accepted ideas by suggestion
34. Theories of Trance
Neurophysiological
Barry Wyke – voice blocks other sensory input [like gate theory]
Hemispheric Specificity
L verbal/voluntary/language speech
R nonverbal/emotional/submissive/art music/imagination
Meszaros – induction L brain R brain
39. The Hypnotic Session
Induction
Intermediate
Vogt’s fractionation- (is to discover the personal experience of the subject as they
begin to enter trance and then to 'feed back' this information to take them deeper.
Subjects are relaxed into the early stages of trance and then roused and questioned for
their particular experience of hypnosis and this information is then used to help the
subject to go deeper still. So in a very real sense the subject is describing the best way
that they personally should be hypnotized! )
Hand levitation
Authoritative
Eye to eye
Mind body dissociation
40. The Hypnotic Session
Induction
Other
Tactile
Rhythmic eye movement
Hand rotation
Post hypnotic
41. The Hypnotic Session
Deepening
Balcony
Early learning set
‘Now’
Countdown
Limb catalepsy
Hand levitation
Minds eye
Hand rotation
42. The Hypnotic Session
Suggestions
Establish rapport
Create expectancy
Will – not maybe never ‘try’
Law of concentrated attention
Repetition of something result
Law of reversed effect
Try and bend your arm
Law of dominant effect
Strong emotions replace weaker
43. The Hypnotic Session
Suggestions
Positive – unconscious ignores negatives
Positive reinforcement
Yes set
Specific
Multiple senses
Implied – less directive
Unambiguous
44. The Hypnotic Session
Suggestions
Utilization
Of patients world – what are their :- interests , preferences, preferred
modality – visual, kinaesthetic
Current experience – ‘ feel the chair’
45. The Hypnotic Session
Types of suggestion
Implication
When your hand begins to lift – NOT if
Trance now or later
Truism
Everybody knows how to…
Not knowing and not doing
You don’t have to try to hard
46. The Hypnotic Session
Types of suggestion
Covering all response – failsafes
Your hand will be lighter or heavier
Questions
Can you, do you, does, will it
See , sense, feel
Contingent suggestions
As your hand lowers so you find yourself back in
time
47. The Hypnotic Session
Types of suggestion
Implied directive
Time binding introduction
Implied suggestion for internal response
Behavioural response showing completed
As soon as your mind has identified when the
problem developed your hand will float up
48. The Hypnotic Session
Types of suggestion
Apposition of opposites
As your arm becomes more rigid your body
becomes more relaxed
Wet/dry tense/heavy difficult/easy
Interspersal of metaphors
Own experience
Truisms
Tailored
49. The Hypnotic Session
Types of suggestion
Symbolism and imagery
Imagine what the pain looks like
Negatives - to discharge resistance
You can - can you not
You will - will you not
Double bind
If you are ready to go into trance your R hand will
lift otherwise your L hand will lift
50. The Hypnotic Session
Techniques to facilitate trance
Focus attention
Enhance awareness of immediate experience
Note and accept new aspects of the experience
Introducing immediate goal
Repetition – reinforcing partial response
Encourage dissociations and involuntary response
Build anticipation expectation
51. The Hypnotic Session
Belief +Imagination + Conviction + Expectation =
Hypnosis [ Roy Hunter]
Critical faculty is bypassed and selective thinking
established[David Elman]
52. History Of Hypnosis
Therapy for Psychological Disorders
Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHS
Registered Clinical Hypnotherapist
www.HypnoFix.co.uk
advice@HypnoFix.co.uk
53. Introduction
• Psychotherapy: An interpersonal, relational
intervention used by trained psychotherapists
to aid clients in problems of living.
• Goal: to increase individual sense of well-being
and reduce subjective discomforting
experience.
• Techniques: based on experiential relationship
building, dialogue, communication and
behavior change.
theoretically-based
psychotherapy was
• Psychotherapists: psychologists, marriage and probably first developed in
family therapists, licensed clinical social the Middle East during the
workers, licensed associate professional 9th century by the Persian
counselors (lapc), licensed professional physician and
counselors (lpc), psychiatric nurses, and psychological thinker,
psychiatrists. Rhazes.
• Only psychiatrists may administer medical
treatments outside of the scope of
psychotherapy such as psychosurgery,
prescribe medications or give electroshock
treatments.
54. • Treatment of mental illnesses can take various forms:
• medication,
• talk-therapy,
• a combination of both, and can last only one session or take
many years to complete.
The core components of psychotherapy remain the same.
Psychotherapy consists of the following:
9. A positive, healthy relationship between a client or patient and a
trained psychotherapist
10. Recognizable mental health issues, whether diagnosable or not
11. Agreement on the basic goals of treatment
12. Working together as a team to achieve these goals
55. The main broad systems of psychotherapy:
Psychoanalysis
The first practice to be called a psychotherapy. It encourages the
verbalization of all the patient's thoughts, including free
associations, fantasies, and dreams, from which the analyst
formulates the nature of the unconscious conflicts which are
causing the patient's symptoms and character problems.
Cognitive behavioral
based on cognitions, assumptions, beliefs, and behaviors,
with the aim of influencing negative emotions that
relate to inaccurate appraisal of events.
Psychodynamic Albert Ellis, founder of
Rational Emotive
a form of depth psychology, the primary focus is to reveal the Behavior Therapy
unconscious content of a client's psyche in an effort to alleviate
psychic tension. Although it has its roots in psychoanalysis,
psychodynamic therapy tends to be briefer and less intensive
than traditional psychoanalysis.
56. The main broad systems of psychotherapy:
Existential
based on the existential belief that human beings are alone in
the world. This aloneness leads to feelings of
meaninglessness which can be overcome only by
creating one's own values and meanings. Starting in the 1950s Carl Rogers:
Person-centered psychotherapy
Humanistic
concerned with the human context of the development of the
individual with an emphasis on subjective meaning, a rejection
of determinism, and a concern for positive growth rather than
pathology.
It posits an inherent human capacity to maximise potential, 'the self-
actualing tendency'.
The task: to create a relational environment where this tendency
might flourish.
57. The main broad systems of psychotherapy:
Brief therapy
an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to psychotherapy.
differs from other types of therapy: it emphasizes a focus on a specific
problem and direct intervention. solution-based rather than problem-
oriented.
Systemic Therapy
to address people not at an individual level, but as people in relationship,
dealing with the interactions of groups, their patterns and dynamics,
including family therapy & marriage counseling.
Somatic Psychotherapy
also referred to as body psychotherapy, is a field in which the therapist
uses touch in some way as part of therapy process.
58. The main broad systems of psychotherapy:
Transpersonal Psychotherapy
a school that studies the transpersonal, the transcendent or spiritual
aspects of the human experience.
Hypno-Psychotherapy
undertaken with a subject in hypnosis.
Psychodrama / Dramatherapy
explores, through dramatic action in groups , the problems, issues,
concerns, dreams and highest aspirations of people.
59. Type of Psychotherapy
Treatment Approaches.
When describing 'talk' therapy or psychotherapy:
• First and foremost is empathy. It is a requirement for a successful
practitioner to be able to understand his or her client's feelings,
thoughts, and behaviors.
• Second, being non-judgmental is vital if the relationship and treatment
are going to work. Everybody makes mistakes, everybody does stuff
they aren't proud of. If the therapist judges the patient, the patient
doesn't feel safe talking about similar issues again.
• Finally, expertise. The therapist must have experience with issues
similar to yours, be abreast of the research, and be adequately trained.
60. Treatment Approaches
the same ultimate goal: to help the client reduce negative symptoms, gain insight into
why these symptoms occurred and work through those issues, and reduce the
emergence of the symptoms in the future.
The three main branches include Cognitive, Behavioral, and Dynamic.
• cognitive branch looks at dysfunctions and difficulties as arising from irrational or
faulty thinking.
• behavioural models look at problems as arising from our behaviors which we
have learned to perform over years of reinforcement.
• The dynamic or psychodynamic camp stem more from the teaching of Sigmund
Freud and look more at issues beginning in early childhood which then motivate
us as adults at an unconscious level.
• Most mental health professionals nowadays are more eclectic in that they study
how to treat people using different approaches. These professionals are
sometimes referred to as integrationists.
61. Treatment Modalities
• Therapy is most often thought of as a one-on-one relationship
(individual therapy) between a client or patient and a therapist.
• can also take different forms: group therapy where individuals suffering
from similar illnesses or having similar issues meet together with one or
two therapists. The power of group is due to the need in all of us to
belong, feel understood, and know that there is hope. It can be
overwhelming in a very positive way and continues to be the second
most utilized treatment after individual therapy.
• Therapy can also take place in smaller groups consisting of a couple or
a family, with the issues centered around the relationship, with often an
educational component, e.g. to encourage the couple to work together
as a team rather than against each other.
62. Treatment Modalities
• Sometimes therapy can include more than one treatment modality. For
example: for a person with depression, social anxiety, and low self-
esteem, individual therapy may be used to reduce depressive
symptoms, work some on self-esteem and therefore reduce fears
about social situations. Once successfully completed, this person may
be transferred to a group therapy setting where he or she can practice
social skills, feel a part of a supportive group, therefore improving self-
esteem and further reducing depression.
The treatment approach and modality are always considered, along with
many other factors, in order to provide the best possible treatment for
any particular person.
63. Therapy Providers
There are many different types of physicians and there are many non-
physicians who treat medical illnesses, the same holds true for
mental illness.
Although medication for mental illness is prescribed by a medical doctor,
typically a psychiatrist, the vast majority of psychotherapy is
performed by non-physician professionals.
These mental health professionals typically have a minimum of a
Master's Degree and complete internships, residencies, and state
and federal testing just like all direct-care providers.
64. Therapy Providers
There are four most common mental health providers, including required
education and training, and the populations with whom they
typically work.
Psychologist
• A doctoral degree which means a minimum of four years of
graduate training beyond the bachelors degree is required in most
states, as well as one year of internship and at least one year of
post-graduate residency.
• Typically psychologists complete core coursework in therapy,
assessment, and research and are required to pass competency
exams and complete a dissertation prior to receiving their degree.
To be licensed, psychologists must pass a national and state
examination.
• School psychologists usually work in Social Worker
65. Therapy Providers
Social workers
• must hold a bachelors degree in social work although many complete
a Master's program.
• often referred to as the liaison between the patient or client and the
community.
• The Occupational Outlook Handbook (1998-1999), "Social work is a
profession for those with a strong desire to help people. Social
workers help people deal with their relationships with others; solve
their personal, family, and community problems; and grow and
develop as they learn to cope with or shape the social and
environmental forces affecting daily life. Social workers often
encounter clients facing a life-threatening disease or a social problem
requiring a quick solution. These situations may include inadequate
housing, unemployment, lack of job skills, financial distress, serious
illness or disability, substance abuse, unwanted pregnancy, or
antisocial behavior. They also assist families that have serious
conflicts, including those involving child or spousal abuse."
66. Therapy Providers
Mental Health Counselor
• typically have a Masters degree in psychology, social work, counseling,
mental health counseling or related field and pass a state exam in order
to be licensed.
• can practice independently in some states, although most are employed
in clinics and hospitals.
• They perform individual, couples/family, and group therapy, and may
assist psychologists with testing and other forms of treatment.
Marriage and Family Therapist
• a Master's degree is typically the minimal requirement.
• They receive special training in the dynamics of families and
relationships and often treat couples who are having marital or
relationship difficulties and families struggling with dysfunctional
interactions.
• Many are provided more general training, allowing them to perform
individual and group therapy as well for a variety of mental health related
issues.
67. Some specific approaches
Psychoanalysis
• developed in the late 1800s by Sigmund Freud.
• explores the dynamic workings of a mind understood to consist of
three parts: the hedonistic id, the rational ego, and the moral
superego.
• the majority of these dynamics are said to occur outside people's
awareness, Freudian psychoanalysis seeks to probe the unconscious
by way of various techniques, including dream interpretation and free
association.
• Freud maintained that the condition of the unconscious mind is
profoundly influenced by childhood experiences. So, in addition to
dealing with the defense mechanisms employed by an overburdened
ego, his therapy addresses fixations and other issues by probing
deeply into clients' youth.
68. Psychoanalysis
• free association: patients are asked to continually relate anything which
comes into their minds, regardless of how superficially unimportant or
potentially embarrassing the memory threatens to be. This technique
assumes that all memories are arranged in a single associative
network, and that sooner or later the subject will stumble across the
crucial memory.
• Defence mechanism: psychological strategies brought into play by
various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image.
• Fixation: a state in which an individual becomes obsessed with an
attachment to another person, being or object. Freud theorized that
humans may develop psychological fixation due to: A lack of proper
gratification during one of the psychosexual stages of development, or
Receiving too strong of an impression from one of these stages, in
which case the person's personality would reflect that stage throughout
adult life.
69. Psychoanalysis---Variations in technique
‘Classical technique’ best summarized by Allan Compton, MD:
• instructions (telling the patient to try to say what's on their mind, including interferences)
• exploration (asking questions)
• clarification (rephrasing and summarizing what the patient has been describing)
• confrontation (bringing an aspect of functioning, usually a defense, to the patient's attention)
• dynamic interpretation (explaining how being too nice guards against guilt, e.g. - defense vs. affect)
• genetic interpretation (explaining how a past event is influencing the present)
• resistance interpretation (showing the patient how they are avoiding their problems)
• transference interpretation (showing the patient ways old conflicts arise in current relationships,
including that with the analyst)
• dream interpretation (obtaining the patient's thoughts about their dreams and connecting this with their
current problems)
• reconstruction (estimating what may have happened in the past that created some current day
70. Psychoanalysis---Variations in technique
As object relations theory evolved, techniques with patients who had more
severe problems with basic trust and a history of maternal deprivation
led to new techniques with adults, sometimes called ‘interpersonal,
relational, or corrective object relations techniques’:
• expressing an experienced empathic attunement to the patient
• expressing a certain dosage of warmth
• exposing a bit of the analyst's personal life or attitudes to the patient
• allowing the patient autonomy in the form of disagreement with the
analyst
• explanations of the motivations of others which the patient misperceives
71. Psychoanalysis---Variations in technique
ego psychological concepts of deficit in functioning led to refinements in
supportive therapy. These techniques are particularly applicable to
psychotic and near-psychotic patients:
• discussions of reality
• encouragement to stay alive (including hospitalization)
• psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming depressive affect
• psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming fantasies
(hallucinations and delusions)
• advice about the meanings of things (to counter abstraction
failures)
72. Some specific approaches
Behavior therapy
• used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, etc.
• philosophical roots: the school of behaviorism, which states that
psychological matters can be studied scientifically by observing overt
behavior, without discussing internal mental states.
• Without holding inner states as causal, Skinner's radical behaviorism
accepted internal states as part of a causal chain of behavior, but
continued to hold that the only way to improve the internal state was
through environmental manipulation.
• Scientific basis: the principles of classical conditioning developed by
Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning developed by B.F. Skinner.
(confusions remain here)
73. Behavior therapy---Systematic desensitization
• used to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders.
• a type of Pavlovian therapy / classical conditioning therapy.
• one must first be taught relaxation skills in order to control fear and
anxiety responses to specific phobias.
• Then use the skills to react towards and overcome situations in an
established hierarchy of fears. The goal: an individual will learn to cope
and overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy, which will lead to
overcoming the last step of the fear in the hierarchy.
• Systematic desensitization is sometimes called graduated exposure
therapy.
74. Behavior therapy/ Behavior modification ---Aversion therapy
• in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously
being subjected to some form of discomfort.
• Principle: punishment of operant conditioning, intend to cause the
patient to associate the stimulus with unpleasant sensations in order to
stop the specific behavior.
• The major use: currently for the treatment of addiction to alcohol and
other drugs
• For example: pairing the use of an emetic with the experience of
alcohol; or pairing behavior with electric shocks of various intensities.
placing unpleasant-tasting substances on the fingernails to discourage
nail-chewing
• Key points: the stimulus is always available to the specific behavior;
the stimulus indeed causes definite aversion; the therapy continues
until the specific behavior disappears completely; reinforcement
75. Behavior therapy/ behavior modification ---operant conditioning, Positive
reinforcement
• Set up new social behavior via e.g. reward, a stimulus immediately following a
response.
• Method, e.g. token economy, the original proposal for such a system emphasized
reinforcing positive behavior by awarding "tokens" for meeting positive behavioral
goals.
• "Patients earn tokens, which they can exchange for privileges, such as time
watching television or walks on the hospital grounds, by completing assigned
duties (such as making their beds) or even just by engaging in appropriate
conversations with others"
• Early during the program, a participant would be required to spend all of his or
her tokens daily to emphasize the reinforcement activity early, and as time
passed and success was made, participants would be allowed (or required) to
accumulate their tokens over the course of longer time periods. This, as a
variable-rate scheduling system, helped prevent extinction of the behavior after
the program's termination.
76. Behavior therapy/ behavior modification ---Modeling (observational learning)
Albert Bandura (social learning modeling): people can learn new
information and behaviors by watching other people.
Three basic models of observational learning:
6) A live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behavior.
7) A verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and explanations of a behavior.
8) A symbolic model, which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in
books, films, television programs, or online media.
Four conditions required for a person to successfully model the behavior of
someone else:
12) Attention to the model: a person must first pay attention to a person engaging in a certain
behavior (the model)
13) Retention of details: Once attending to the observed behavior, the observer must be able
to effectively remember what the model has done
14) Motor reproduction: the observer must be able to replicate the behavior being observed.
15) Motivation and Opportunity: the observer must be motivated to carry out the action they
have observed and remembered, and must have the opportunity to do so.
77. Some specific approaches
Cognitive therapy
• developed by psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s,
seeks to identify and change "distorted" or "unrealistic"
ways of thinking, and to influence emotion and behavior.
• the way in which the clients perceived and interpreted and
attributed meaning—a process known scientifically as
cognition—in their daily lives was a key to therapy.
• Schema-Focused Therapy, clinical depression is typically
associated with negatively biased thinking and irrational
thoughts---a patient acquire a negative schema of the world
in childhood and adolescence through negative events.
When encounters a situation that resembles the conditions
in which the original schema was learned, the negative
schemas of the person are activated.
• a negative triad: A negative schema helps give rise to the
78. • Schema-Focused Therapy, clinical depression is typically
associated with negatively biased thinking and irrational
thoughts---a patient acquire a negative schema of the
world in childhood and adolescence through negative
events. When encounters a situation that resembles the
conditions in which the original schema was learned, the
negative schemas of the person are activated.
• a negative triad: A negative schema helps give rise to the
cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the
negative schema.
• depressed people also often have the following cognitive
biases: arbitrary inference, selective abstraction,
overgeneralization, magnification and minimization.
79. Cognitive therapy /The ABCs of Irrational Beliefs
A major aid in cognitive therapy is what Albert Ellis called the ABC
Technique of Irrational Beliefs.
The first three steps analyze the process by which a person has developed
irrational beliefs:
• A - Activating Event or objective situation. The first column records the
objective situation, that is, an event that ultimately leads to some type
of high emotional response or negative dysfunctional thinking.
• B - Beliefs. In the second column, the client writes down the negative
thoughts that occurred to him or her.
• C - Consequence. The third column is for the negative disturbed
feelings and dysfunctional behaviors that ensued. The negative
thoughts of the second column are seen as a connecting bridge
between the situation and the distressing feelings. The third column C
is next explained by describing emotions or negative thoughts that the
client believes are caused by A.
80. Cognitive therapy /THE A-B-C-D-E THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
The therapeutic interventions referred to by D are three parts of disputation. When
irrational beliefs are disputed, the client will experience E, a new effect. In
essences, the client will have a logical philosophy that allows her to challenge
her own irrational beliefs.
Disputing irrational beliefs is the major therapeutic technique, often done in three
parts:
1) Detecting – the client and therapist detect the irrational beliefs that
underlie activating events.
2) Discriminating – the therapist and client discriminate irrational from
rational beliefs.
3) Accepting 1 and 2, knowing that insight does not automatically change
people, and working hard to effect change.
• E (Effect): Developing an effective philosophy in which
irrational beliefs have been replaced by rational beliefs.
81. Some specific approaches
Client-centered therapy
• developed by the humanist psychologist Carl Rogers in the
1940s and 1950s.
• The basic elements: to have a more personal relationship with
the patient to help the patient reach a state of realization that
they can help themselves.
Carl Ransom
Rogers(1902 -1987)
• is used to help a person achieve personal growth and/or come to
terms with a specific event or problem they are having.
• based on the principle of talking therapy and is a non-directive
approach. The therapist encourages the patient to express their
feelings and does not suggest how the person might wish to
change, but by listening and then mirroring back what the patient
reveals to them, helps them to explore and understand their
feelings for themselves. The patient is then able to decide what
kind of changes they would like to make and can achieve
personal growth.
82. Some specific approaches
Morita therapy (Japanese psychiatrist Shoma Morita)
• People from different times and cultures actually do think differently.
• Shinkeishitsu (an anxiety-based disorder), a world of which most of us
at one time or another are living in, where we become lost in a stress,
pain and the aftermath of trauma. Morita Therapy Methods (MTM) is
structured for the person who needs a guide for self-rescue. It helps
patients find, and use, a well of inner strength deep within themselves
that enables them to make powerful changes in their life.
• Simple acceptance of what is, allows for active responding to what
needs doing.
• aims at building character to enable one to take action responsively in
life regardless of symptoms, natural fears, and wishes.
83. Morita therapy: The Four Areas of Treatment
• Phase one: the “rest phase”, a period of learning to separate ourselves from the
constant assault on our senses and thought processes by a loud and intrusive
world.
• Phase two: “light and monotonous work that is conducted in silence”. One of the
keystones of this stage of self-treatment is journal writing. Our thoughts and
feelings come to us in indistinguishable waves and flood our minds. Writing in our
personal journals helps us learn to separate our thoughts from our feelings and
define their different effects on our lives. In this phase we also go outside.
• Phase three is one of more strenuous work. Dr. Morita had his patients engage in
hard physical work outdoors. This is what we call the “chopping wood” phase.
• Phase four is when Morita would send patients outside the hospital setting. They
would apply what they had learned in the first three phases and use it to help the
with the challenge of reintegration into the non-treatment world.
84. Some specific approaches
Hypnotherapy
• therapy that is undertaken with a subject in hypnosis
(means "sleep of the nervous system“), a wakeful
state of focused attention and heightened
suggestibility, with diminished peripheral awareness.
• According to the American Psychological
Association's Division 30, hypnosis may bring about Asklepios, Greek god of
"...changes in subjective experience, alterations in medicine, healing, and
perception, sensation, emotion, thought or behavior.“ hypnosis, was said to
oversee the treatment of
sick people in "dream
• The hypnotic state may also facilitate change in the healing temples."
body: it has been successfully used as a treatment for
irritable bowel syndrome.
85. Some Specific schools and approaches
Hypnotherapy
• Skeptics point out the difficulty distinguishing
between hypnosis and the placebo effect,
proposing that the state called hypnosis is
"so heavily reliant upon the effects of
suggestion and belief that it would be hard
to imagine how a credible placebo control
could ever be devised for a hypnotism
study.“
• Self-hypnosis is popularly used by people
who want to quit smoking and reduce stress,
while stage hypnosis can be used to
Professor Charcot (left) of Paris'
persuade people to perform unusual public
Salpêtrière demonstrates
feats. hypnosis on a "hysterical"
patient, "Blanche" (Marie)
Wittman, who is supported by
Dr. Joseph Babinski.
86. Relaxation and Hypnosis
Many internal and external factors affect how we think, feel, and
behave.
The internal factors influencing state of mind: relaxation and hypnosis.
Relaxation
a focusing on the mind and a relaxing of the body's muscles.
being too tense and/or living with too much stress has significant
negative impacts on lives: physical illnesses and many
psychological issues.
different forms of relaxation: breathing exercises, deep muscle
relaxation, imagery, meditation, yoga, etc. with the main goal to
relax the body's muscles and focus the mind.
Since the body and the mind cannot be separated, both of the
components must be present for any relaxation technique to
work.
87. Hypnosis
similar to relaxation: the same two components of physical and mental
must be addressed together.
a very deep state of relaxation where your mind is more focused and the
connection between your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are more
clear.
a hypnotherapist is typically a licensed professional who uses hypnosis
as part of a treatment regimen for certain psychological disorders.
most beneficial when used with relaxation and talk-therapy for a more
rounded therapeutic approach.
many factors affect individual susceptibility: belief in hypnosis, trust for the
therapist, etc. and the absence of external factors such as noise,
uncomfortable temperature, and physical comfort.
the key to successful hypnosis: the ability to focus on your body and mind
and to trust and believe in your therapist.
88. Some specific approaches
Biofeedback therapy
• providing the user access to physiological information about which he or
she is generally unaware, allows users to gain control of physical
processes previously considered an automatic response of the
autonomous nervous system.
• measuring a subject's quantifiable bodily functions (blood pressure,
heart rate, skin temperature, muscle tension) conveying the information
to the patient in real-time, which raises the patient's awareness and
conscious control of their unconscious physiological activities.
89. Some specific approaches
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
• a surgical treatment involving the implantation of a
medical device called a brain pacemaker, which
sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain.
• remarkable therapeutic benefits for otherwise
treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders
such as chronic pain, PD, tremor and dystonia.
• Despite the long history of DBS, its underlying
principles and mechanisms are still unclear.
• directly changes brain activity in a controlled manner,
its effects are reversible (unlike those of lesioning
techniques) and is one of only a few neurosurgical
methods that allows blinded studies.
• has been used to treat various affective disorders,
including major depression.
• there is potential for serious complications and side
effects.
90. Thank you for listening I
hope you enjoyed the
presentation
Safe Journey Home
That Presentation was
Hypnotherapy
Who, when, where and why?
What is it and how did it evolve?
Therapy for Psychological Disorders
Phil Green Dip.H, MNCH(Lic),LAPHP,LHS
Registered Clinical Hypnotherapist
www.HypnoFix.co.uk
advice@HypnoFix.co.uk
Notes de l'éditeur
2002 Spiegal – finds changes in blood flow in hypnotised subjects
TYPES OF HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION 1] Implication – A method of indirect suggestion ie – when you hear the sound of the wind and the birds singing – nod your head. The when not if => implication Which of your hands feels lighter. In which of your hands will your unconscious mind develop a lightness Would you like to go into a trance now or later NOT – lets try and hypnotize you now. 2] Truism – Something people have experienced so often they can’t deny it. ‘ Most people .. you already know, … some of us… Everybody… sooner or later everyone…’ 3] Not knowing and Not doing - Facilitates unconscious responsiveness – stop patients trying too hard. ‘ You don ’ t have to think or reply or even concentrate because your unconscious mind will hear everything I say ’ ‘ It isn’t necessary’ ‘It will just happen by itself’ 4 ]Covering all possibilities of response - ‘failsafe’ Defines any response as successful and hypnotic ‘ Shortly your L hand or your R hand will be light or heavy. Perhaps you ’ ll notice something in your little finger movement or sensation. ’ ‘ Important thing is not how it happens but to be fully aware of what happens to that hand’ 5] Questions – Help to concentrate, stimulate associations , in duce trance. DON’T – communicate doubt with ‘ is your hand getting numb?’ BUT be positive with ‘ And the numbness, do you notice it beginning? ’ @ Dos your hand float up to our face? ’ Can you Notice Do you Sense And would you like to Feel Does Hear, taste smell Will (it your) Listen Are you aware of Remember See Experience Choose Let yourself, Let your 6] Contingent suggestions - connect suggestion to ongoing or inevitable behavior. – ‘ As your hand lowers – you will find yourself going back to a time when ’ [ More difficult to reject chained suggestions ] ‘ and when, ’ ‘ as soon as ‘ ‘ if… then…until… [ NB Inevitable cues ie ‘ tying shoe lace, lying down, brushing teeth]. ‘ As you feel … you recognise ’ 7] Implied Directive – 3 parts 1. A time binding introdcution 2. An Implied suggestion for an internal response 3. A behavioural response to show it has been accomplished. Eg (1)‘ As soon as ’ (2)your mind has identifed when the problem developed (3)your hand will float up 8] Apposition of opposites – Balancing of opposites eg ‘ As your arm becomes more rigid your body becomes more relaxed. ‘ ‘ As your head is warmer your body is cooler ‘ Wet/dry Tense /relaxed light/heavy difficult /easy anasthesia/hyesthesia 9] Insterspersal of suggestions and metaphors - insight / motivation / bypass resistance change. Deeding an idea – if given prior to explanation eg ‘ scar – remaining – not painful – metaphor for someone how was once bereaved / raped etc Types – 1. From own experience 2. Truisms – re nature / life experiences 3. Tailored to pts situation – Can be brief. Don’t overuse 10] Symbolism and metaphoric imagery – eg Imagine what your pain looks like and change it analgesia 11] Phrasing of suggestions – Rework for oneself – Rhythm and pauses – slow down during induction Unless resistant patient – when speeds up to stop too careful analysis 13] Negatives to discharge resistance ‘ You will – will you not? ‘ You can – can you not? You do – don’t you 14] Bind of comparable alternatives -2 things sounding like options but in fact the same. – illusion of choice ‘ would you rather go in a trance sitting up Or lying back ’ Would rather to into a light OR medium Or deep trance’ ‘ You can be aware of just the sound of my voice or simply ignore everything else’ ‘ Numbness more in the R or L hand 15] Conscious / Unconscious double bind ‘ If your unconscious mind is ready to go into a trance your R hand will lift up. If not your L will lift up.’ 16] Confusional Suggestion – ‘ Depotentiates conscious mental sets ’ therefore liberating unconscious process eg. 1] shock and surprise – ‘and what the hand is doing next will amaze and surprise you’ ‘it would be a disaster if you didn’t change direction and arrived where you are currently going. 2] Double dissociation double bind ‘ In a moment you can awake as a person but it isn ’ t necessary for your body to awaken or your can awake only with your body, but without being aware of your body ’
Process of suggestions in facilitating phenomena 1]Focus Attention – ‘ Something is beginning to happen to one yof your hands but you don ’ t know what – its is yet ’ curiosity or directly ‘ I want you to listen carefully ’ 2]Enhancing awareness of immediate experience - ‘ and you can simply tell me which hand feels lighter ‘ ‘ and notice the texture of your trousers, and the sensation s being picked up by your ‘ = PACING – activity NOT suggested , seeks to increase current awareness 3]Noting and accepting any new aspect of the experience or leading the subject -Suggestion to create expectation ‘ and one of your hands will feel lighter than the other and you ’ ll notice a tendency to movement on one hand and then a finger will twitch and move and then start to float up ’ ‘ and I don’t know if you’ll begin to notice the numbness in your fingers, or in the palm or in the back of your hand first. But when you notice the numbness beginning nod your head ( pause 30 secs) . do you notice the numbness yet?’ 4Indroduceing the immediate goal of the suggestion ‘ and as that lightness increases, soon the entire hand and arm will begin to float up off your lap [GOAL] Use THAT hand not your hand – is dissocitative 5]Repetition of suggestion . Reinforce partial response ‘ and that hand is getting lighter and lighter ( said during inhalations) lifting lifting that ’ s rights ( r einforcing small twitches) You can really enjoy the way it effortlessly floats up 6]Encourage Dissocaition and involuntary response ‘ Use The hand , its floating up, just allow that hand all by itself , all at its own pace 7]Build anticipation and expectation ‘ and soon you’ll become aware of the tendency for movement’ ‘ and first one finger then another , will Begin to develop a lightness. And before long you’ll sense a finger twitch or move and the hand will begin to lift’ ‘ And something ’ s beginning to happen to one of your hands, and soon you ’ ll become aware of what it is. 8]Accepting patient’s pace of response Can increase with other suggestions – ‘ huge helium balloon pushing up under the palm ’ Failure to Respond – options 1] Accepts – that’s oK – then move on or better 2] ‘ Whole remaining deep in a trance tell me verbally what you are experiencing ’ -If says feel something in a finger v but it dos not want to move – say OK when feel voluntarily indicate with finger says often occurs. Reduce perceptions of failure.
The information in this presentation has been compiled to provide information and education about stress, the effects of stress, and the most popular stress management and relaxation techniques that are being used today. This information could be helpful for people who want to learn how to react to stress in a more constructive, proactive way. The basic premise of this presentation is that the benefits of stress reduction and relaxation techniques can be best noticed after they have been practiced regularly over a period of time.