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- 1. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October, pp. 88-98
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.3277 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
IJCIET
©IAEME
A STUDY OF SEISMIC SAFETY OF DISTRICT HOSPITAL IN
BARAMULLAH IN J&K
Mohammad Adil Dar1, Prof (Dr) A.R. Dar2 , Saqib Fayaz 3, Jayalakshmi Raju4
1
PG Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SDDIET, Kurukshetra University, India
2
Professor & Head Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Srinagar, India
3
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Srinagar, India
4
UG student, Department of Civil Engineering, MSRIT, Bangalore, India
ABSTRACT
The state of Jammu and Kashmir, with a total area of 222,236 sq. km., is located in the northern
part of Indian subcontinent. Kashmir region falls in a high seismic hazard zone. On October 8, 2005,
the Mw 7.6 earthquake occurring at a depth of 26 km, with epicenter at 34.6 0N, 73.0 0E near the
town of Muzaffarabad, was felt throughout Pakistan and India and N.W frontier parts of Pakistan.
The most severe impact of the earthquake was felt in the state of Jammu & Kashmir. About 90,000
households in the Kashmir Division and 8,000 households in the Jammu Division were greatly
affected.
In India there are about 80-90% of buildings which are non-engineered and are much
vulnerable to damage due to earthquakes. In the state J&K presently the earthquake problem is the
most important issue to be given serious consideration as it devastates societies. It is therefore,
essential to introduce such features in the buildings so that catastrophic damages could be
minimized.
The Kashmir region has witnessed frequent earthquakes in the past. But the recent
earthquakes demonstrated how extremely vulnerable the buildings in this region are. These
earthquakes shook the confidence of many Kashmiri in local building materials and even in the
techniques they had been using for centuries.
During our project survey we analyzed that the immediate reaction of the people towards
frequent earthquakes in the state has been a strong desire to abandon traditional architecture and
building systems and adopt cement and steel based construction, but still there are large number of
people whose spine has not shaken yet and while construction they do not seem to be aware of
threats posed by earthquake. During our interactions with the people we concluded that the main
reasons behind their negligence is lack of proper seismic knowledge among skilled workers like
masons, carpenters, bar binders and lack of attention shown by government officials. At times even
the practicing engineers are not adequately familiar with details of seismic resistant construction.
88
- 2. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
Key Words: Catastrophic Damage, Non-Engineered Buildings, Traditional Architecture, Lack Of
Engineered
Proper Seismic Knowledge, Details Of Seismic Resistant Construction.
INTRODUCTION
The 8th October 2005 earthquake in Jammu and Kashmir clearly demonstrated the
earthquake vulnerability profile of the state. Most of the losses in this earthquake have occurred due
to collapse of buildings constructed in traditional materials like stone brick and wood, which were
brick
not engineered to be earthquake resistant.
Construction of earthquake resistant new buildings alone is not the desired solution of the
problem but there are as many as 90% of structures in J&K that need to be reviewed and retrofitted ,
especially those structures which have higher importance factor viz. hospitals, schools etc. As we
know that just after the earthquake the first requirement to the injured people is to provide them
medical facility and if hospitals collapse, how can we avoid the further loss of the life? It is not the
ls
earthquake that kills the people but the buildings that are meant for shelter becomes the trap and
weapon for killing the people during earthquake. It is also evident that life becomes more miserable
becomes
when people become homeless especially in cold climate regions. Thus, the need of the hour is not
only to design earthquake resistant structures but also retrofitting of seismically unsafe existing
building in highly earthquake prone area
areas
Typical Rural Kashmiri Building
CONCEPT OF INERTIA IN SEISMIC STUDY
When an earthquake occurs, the first response of a building is not to move at all due to
the inertia of the structures mass. Almost instantaneously, however, the acceleration of the
ground causes the building to move sideways at the base causing a lateral load on the building
and a shear force at the base, as though forces were being applied in the opposite direction. See
Figure [a]. As the direction of the acceleration changes, the building begins to vibrate back and
changes,
forth. Theoretically, the force on the building can be found by using Newton’s law, which states
that force equals mass times acceleration. Since the acceleration is established by the given
earthquake, the greater the mass of the building, the greater the force acting on it. However, the
acceleration of the building depends on another property of the structure, its natural period. If a
building is deflected by a lateral force such as the wind or an earthquake, it moves from side to
moves
side. The period is the time in seconds it takes for a building to complete one full side
side-to-side
oscillation. See Figure (b). The period is dependent on the mass and the stiffness of the building.
The goal of seismic design is to build a structure that can safely transfer the loads to the
foundation and back to the ground and absorb some of the energy present rather than suffering
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- 3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
damage. The ability of a structure to absorb some of the energy is known as ductility, which
occurs when the building deflects in the inelastic range without failing or collapsing. The greater
the ductility of a building, the greater is its capacity to absorb energy.
Building motion during earthquake
BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY BUILDINGS TO GROUND MOTION
Ground vibrations during earthquakes cause inertia forces at locations of mass in the
building. These forces travel through the roof and walls to the foundation. The main emphasis is on
ensuring that these forces reach the ground without causing major damage or collapse. Of the three
without
components of a masonry building (roof, wall and foundation) (Figure (a), the walls are most
(
)
vulnerable to damage caused by horizontal forces due to earthquake. A wall topples down easily if
pushed horizontally at the top in a direction perpendicular to its plane (termed weak direction), but
lly
offers much greater resistance if pushed along its length (termed strong direction) [Figure (b)].
)
FIG. (a) Flexural wall
FIG. (b) Shear wall
CATAGORISATION OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE STAGES IN LOAD BEARING
MASONRY WALLS
Diagonal crack
from the corner
opening.
Stage I of Earthquake. damage
.
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- 4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
Stage I of Earthquake. Damage
Minor damage at the
roof base.
Crack more than 10mm.
Stage II of Earthquake. Damage
Earthquake
Wide crack in shear wall
Stage II of Earthquake. Damage
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- 5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
Collapse of
large portion
of wall
Stage III of Earthquake. Damage
Corner failure
of coursed
stone masonry
building in
mud mortar
Stage III of Earthquake. Damage
Total
collapse
Stage IV of Earthquake. Damage
CASE STUDY
Case studies are the best way to learn the practical aspects of the real life problems from the
experience of others. They eliminate the need for reinvention, and a further benefit is that they can
help build confidence in prevailing building systems. The purpose of presenting case studies in our
project is to share the learning from cases that are relevant to the present day scenario of high level
seismic risk in the state of Jammu & Kashmir. This chapter includes field survey of a government
public building (DISTRICT HOSPITAL BARAMULLAH )in area of J&K.
DISTRICT
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- 6. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
Front view of Distt. Hospital Baramulla
The building is a typical double story load bearing masonry structure constructed in lime
surkhi as mortar. The building is located at the bank of river Jhelum.
SALIENT FEATURES IN ACCORDANCE WITH CODES
(IS 4326-1993, IS 13828-1993)
4326
1. LIGHTNESS
The building is light in weight, typically constructed in brick masonry. The weight
has been reduced by providing large openings which is not desirable. Further the presence of
timber roof truss also results in decrease in weight of the structure.
2. PROJECTION AND SUSPENDED PARTS
Structural projecting parts are absent. A thin coat of Ceiling plaster is present.
3. CONTINUITY OF CONSTRUCTION
The parts of the building were tied together in such a manner that the building acts as
one unit. Concrete slab was integrally cast with the support beams. However, structural
integrity is disturbed by using timber as wall infill material instead of brick masonry, as the
adjacent columns have been constructed in brick masonry as shown in figure below. The
short and the long wall of the building were integrally connected with each other by
interlocking of masonry courses at the junctions. However, due to large openings the box
action between all the elements of building has reduced considerably.
Structural integrity
disturbed by using
timber as wall infill
material, as the adjacent
columns are of brick
masonry
Continuity of construction disturbed
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- 7. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
4. BUILDING CONFIGURATION
The building is symmetrical in plan with offsets at certain places, and further the length of
the building exceeds thrice its width which is not in accordance with IS 4326-1993. And no
1993.
seismic joint is provided.
5. OPENING IN BEARING WALLS
Window openings are large in size and in most of the cases located at corners which is
not in accordance with code as per clause 8.3.1 and figure 7 IS 4326-1993. Openings too close to
4326
.
wall corners hamper the flow of forces from one wall to other. Further, large openings weaken
walls from carrying inertial force in their own plane. Thus location and size of opening in
hospital building reduce its seismic performance.
Opening at corner
reduces the
interlocking between
the two walls and
hence hamper the flow
of forces from one
wall to other
(a) Opening in bearing walls
Large opening in
shear and
flexural walls
weaken then
from carrying
inertial force in
their own plane
(b) Opening in bearing walls
6. HORIZONTAL BANDS
Lintel band is provided over all the openings and is continuous. However, there is level
difference at certain places.
Level difference
in lintel band
which disturbs the
structural
integrity
Discontinuous lintel band
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- 8. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
Roof band is provided and is necessary in building with CGI sheet roof, pitched or
sloping roof. It provides firm connectivity between roof truss and the sub-structure
sub structure
Roof band
provides firm
connectivity
between roof
truss and sub
structure
Roof band
7. STAIRCASE
The stair case is rigidly connected with the floors but no sliding joints were provided
which according to clause 5.5.1 of IS 4326-1993 produces bracing effect on floors. The staircase
4326
provided was built in type staircase and was built monolithic with floors. However, the separated
staircase should have been preferred which provides better performance during earthquake.
8. WORKMANSHIP
The quality of workmanship in brickwork is fair, vertical joints have been successfully
have
avoided. However, for the sake of aesthetics toothed joints have not been properly provided
which leads to development of vertical joints and hence shear cracks have occured as shown in
figure below.
Vertical joints
have not been
eliminated for
the sake of
aesthetics.
This has
proven fetal as
shown.
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- 9. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
Only patch work
done (after 2005
Eqk.) and no
retrofitting
measures have
been incorporated
Workmanship
9. BRICK NOGGEDED TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION
The wall construction consists of timber studs and corner posts framed into sills, top plates
ruction
and wall plates. Horizontal struts and diagonal braces are used to stiffen the frame against lateral
loads as shown in figure. The building in our assessment lacks diagonal braces which reduce the
braces
strength of the frame as shown in figure below.
Brick Nogged Timber Frame
Dhajji wall.
96
No bracing
provided
which
renders wall
weak in
strength
- 10. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
10. FIRE SAFETY
Burnt bricks have inherent fire safety but use of timber as construction material imposes
severe fire threat to the building.
CONCLUSION
It is quite pondering that even for a rider riding motorcycle; it has been put mandatory on his
part to wear a helmet just for his safety or even for buildings certain building bylaws have been
provisioned which need to be abided. These objectives are solely attributed for the safety and well
being of the public on the whole and refraining them from landing into any inconvenience. Thus in
this regard our domain i.e. the analysis made by us in regard of the earth quake too need to be given
a broader dimension like this. Its importance should be given a due domain in familiarizing the
message about the very same. Also certain measures should be taken by the Structural Designers on
the mandatory lines which would take into account not only raising the structures but raising them
with strength to mobilize the ill effects of the earthquake so that even if a structure fails at least it
should be in a position to alarm the people so that in the elapsed time they could make a safe
passage. The need of an hour is to produce low cost but earthquake resistant structures in severe and
severe most seismic zones and J&K being the most earthquake prone area, we and all other engineers
of the valley should understand that it is the masonry that would prove to be economical construction
on one hand and earthquake resistant on the other hand, provided an engineering approach to the said
material is adopted
REFERENCES
IS 4326:1993 “Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings Code of
Practice?”
2. IS 13828:1993 “Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings Guidelines.”
3. IS 1893(PART-I):1993 “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part 1
General provisions and Buildings”.
4. Earthquake Resistant Design, by S.K. Duggal.
5. IITK-BMTPC Earthquake Tips.
6. A manual of Earthquake Resistant Non- Engineered Construction .Indian Society Of
Earthquake Technology, Roorkee 2001.
7. Manual for Restoration and Retrofitting of Rural Structures in Kashmir 2007.
8. Report on the 8th October 2005, Kashmir Earthquake, Amita sinvhal, Ashok D. Pandey &
Sachin M. Pore. IIT ROORKEE.
9. “Masonry Codes and specifications, “International Conference on Building Officials,
10. “Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures,” ACI 530/ASCE 5? TMS 402 ACI.
Detroit; ASCE New York, Boulder, 1992.
11. Mohammed S. Al-Ansari, “Building Response to Blast and Earthquake Loading”,
International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012,
pp. 327 - 346, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
Web sites
www.sciencedirect.com,
www.nicee.org,
www.bmtpc.org,
www.geocites.com.
1.
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- 11. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME
M ADIL DAR
The Author has received his B.E(Hons) in Civil Engineering from M.S.R.I.T
Bangalore. He is presently pursuing his M-Tech in Structural Engineering in
Kurukshetra University. The Author has published papers in numerous peer reviewed
journals and International Conferences. His research interests include Earthquake
Engineering, Bridge Engineering & Steel Structures. His is the Life Member of
ISE,ISET,ICI,ISCE,SEFI & IAEME & Member of IASE,ACCE,ISSE,ASCE,ACI &
IRC.
Prof (Dr) A.R.DAR
The Author has received his B.E in R.E.C Srinagar (Presently N.I.T Srinagar),
M.E(Hons) in Structural Engineering from I.I.T Roorkee & Ph.d in Earthquake
Engineering from University of Bristol U.K under prestigious Commonwealth
Scholarship Award. He is presently working as a Distinguished Professor & Head of
Civil Engineering Department in N.I.T Srinagar. . The Author has published papers in
several International journals & Conferences..His research areas include Earthquake
Resistant Design, Tall Structures, Structural Dynamics, RCC design, Steel Design,
Prestressed Design. He is the life member of several professional bodies in structural
engineering. He is presently the senior most professor in NIT & holds many
administrative responsibilities in the same institution.
JAYALAKSHMI RAJU
The Author is pursuing her B.E (Final Year) in Civil Engineering in M.S.Ramaiah
Institute of Technology Bangalore. She has published many papers in numerous peer
reviewed journals and International Conferences. She has presented technical papers in
many State & National Level Technical Events. She has also participated in many
technical events like cube casting & technical debates. Her research interests include
Steel Design, RCC Design & Bridge Engineering.
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