30120130405024

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September - October (2013) © IAEME

AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online)
Volume 4, Issue 5, September - October (2013), pp. 208-215
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.7731 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com

IJMET
©IAEME

INVESTIGATION OF EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF SI ENGINE
GENSET FUELLED WITH PETROL-KEROSENE BLENDS
Mr. Sumit Kumar1, Dr.Vishal Saxena2, Mr. Arun Kumar3
1

Student, M.Tech, Mechanical Engineering Department, IFTM University, Moradabad, India
Professor & Head, Mechanical Engineering Department, IFTM University, Moradabad, India
3
Assiatant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Dewan V.S Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Meerut, India
2

ABSTRACT
Due to the continuous consumption of energy resources, the price of conventional fossil fuel
is increasing too fast and lead to additional burden on the economy of the importing nations. The
scarcity and depletion of conventional petrol sources are cause of great concern worldwide and has
promoted research into alternate energy sources for IC engine
Spark Ignition Engine is widely used prime mover due to its smooth operation & low
maintenance. The Blending of alternative fuel with the conventional fuel may be the solution of
scarcity of conventional fuel for the spark ignition engine.
The present work is mainly concerned with an experimental investigation to study the petrol
engine performance, combustion, noise and emission characteristics using blends of petrol &
kerosene. The performance characteristics for different blends are evolved in running the engine
under steady state conditions.
It is observed that 80 % Petrol and 20 % Kerosene provides the lesser NOX and emission of
HC compared to other blends. 20 % and 40 % petrol give higher value of CO at lower load but as the
load increases, the concentration of CO by volume decreases, and the 20 % kerosene can be
preferred at higher load as it will give less CO emission. With the overall results of engine
performance and emission characteristics the optimum percentage of blend of petrol and kerosene is
found out to be 80:20 (80% petrol and 20% kerosene).
Keyword: Petrol, Kerosene, Emissions, Engine Genset, Blends
INTRODUCTION
Due to the present energy crisis there arises a need to develop a clean energy system which
can solve the purpose of emission reduction and performance enhancement. Several fuel systems like
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blends of alcohol with diesel, hydrogen with LPG, CNG and blends of kerosene and petrol have
turned out be the best alternative to be considered for SI and CI engines without major design
change. Recent explorations and experimental investigations have opened the wide area of fuel
system for these engines. This work is mainly concerned with the evaluation of the emission
characteristics of petrol engine fueled with blend of petrol & kerosene.
METHODOLOGY
All research work is described is a very brief manner in the form of thesis methodology. All
relevant information were analyzed to construct a precise summary of background information which
included the history of petrol and kerosene, advantages and limitations of it, physical and chemical
properties of petrol and kerosene and their emissions. At the same time, comparison between petrol
and kerosene were also noted. The emissions from the tailpipe of the engine such nitrogen oxide
(NOx) unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were also being
explained.
Department to collect emission data from the exhaust engine and simultaneously engine
performance was also be recorded. The experiments were conducted using different loads to collect
the emission data. All the data were analyzed to make comparisons between petrol and kerosene and
their respective blends. A conclusion was made after analyzing the data collected from the
experiments.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP & PROCEDURE
The main objective of the experiment is to investigate the effects of replacing individual
petrol and kerosene with their optimum mixture of blends and to prove the reduction of nitrogen
oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons in a spark ignition engine. The experimental
setup consisting of Honda Portable Genset Model E1000K was attached with Di-gas analyzer, load
bank and air measurement box devices. Modifications in the engine fuel supply system were done to
use the blends of kerosene and petrol.
An electrical power load circuit was attached to the test engine to allow variation of the
engine power using the bulb switches. Combinations of different values of engine load were used in
the experiment to evaluate the performance, pollutant emissions of the engine to compare between
petrol and kerosene fuels and their blends.
Engine Specifications
Table 1.1 Specifications of Honda Genset.
Ignition system
TCI
Starting system
Recoil starter
Fuel tank capacity (L) (Kerosene Rum)
6.1
Fuel tank capacity (L) (Petrol Rum)
.35
Continuing Running Hrs
8.7hrs
Frequency (Hz)
50
Rated Output (VA)
650VA
Maximum Output (VA)
750VA
Dry Weight (Kg)
30
L X W X H (mm)
482 X 328 X 438

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Control Panel and Load Bank
Control panel consists of voltmeter (V), ammeter (A), a digital energy meter. Four electrical
bulbs acts as bank and are controlled by switches which are arranged in rows and columns. Two
bulbs consume 100W and another two bulbs consume 200W of power and are controlled by a
switch. An electrical power load circuit is attached to the engine control panel to provide the engine
with output loads used to power the electric bulbs. In this experiment, the output loads were set to be
W, 100W, 200W, 300W, 400W, 500W, and 600W.
AVL Gas Analyzer
The AVL Digas 4000 light is 4/5- gas measuring instrument is used to measure the emissions
such as CO, CO2, HC, NOx coming out from the engine during its performance. It meets the
requirements for smoke measurement equipment emission of auto ignition combustion engine being
tested for approval as stipulated by ministry of Road Transport.
EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES
The analysis was first performed on the petrol fuel system. The engine was up for around five
minutes to reach a steady condition using the original petrol fuel from the fuel tank of the engine. As
the engine was ready to run, the throttle of the engine was adjusted to be in a fully open position to
allow more petrol fuel be supplied into the test engine, thus ensuring the maximum speed. The
engine running at maximum speed had been selected as the reference point to compare the
performance between petrol and kerosene. In this experiment, the loads were fixed at 0W, 100 W,
200 W, 300 W, 400 W, 500 W, and 600 W for SI engine as the main application of SI engine are for
small personal use and usually loads for 200 W to 400 W are connected to them. Figure 1.1 shows
the schematic diagram of experimental set up. All the data collected which included the engine
speed, body temperature, exhaust temperature, voltage, current and concentration of emissions were
recorded when steady-state is reached for each set of load values. Next loads were applied to the
system by operating the electric bulbs.

Figure 1.1 Experimental set up.
With the help of gas analyzer we get the values of nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxygen for kerosene, petrol and their blends at different set of kerosene,
petrol and their blends at different set of loads were recorded. After that, the test was performed on
the kerosene fuel system. Before kerosene was allowed to flow into the combustion chamber, the
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remaining petrol in the carburetor had to be drained. Then, different sets of load were added to the
system to evaluate the engine performance. Again, the data were recorded at steady state for each set
of load values. All the collected data are then analyzer for comparative performance between petrol
and kerosene fuel system.
Exhaust
Temperature
Measurement

Gas
Analyzer

Kerosene

Petrol

Tank

Tank

Blended
Fuel

Air
Box

Engine

Control Panel & Load Bank

Generator

Carbure
-tor

Weighting machine

Figure 1.2 Line diagram of experimental setup
Then the same procedure was followed with the blends of kerosene and petrol with values of
blend engine from 20% petrol and 80% kerosene, 40% petrol and 60% kerosene, 60% petrol and
40% kerosene, 80% petrol and 20% kerosene. Then, different sets of load were added to the system
to evaluate the engine performance. Again, the data were recorded at steady state for each set of load
values. Figure 1.2 shows the line diagram of experiment set up used in the experiment.
RESULT & DISCUSSION
Experiments were conducted on air cooled, single cylinder, spark ignition engine (meant for
small generators) using petrol and kerosene as fuels. Different blends of petrol and kerosene were
tested. Major parameters like engine performance (brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc), indicated
work and efficiency) and emissions (NOx, CO2, CO, and HC) were determined and compared for
both the fuels at normal load maximum load. The following graphs were obtained from the data
recorded.

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Figure 1.3 Emission og NOX at vairable load

Figure 1.4 Emission og HC at vairable load

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Figure 1.5 Emission og CO2 at vairable load

Figure 1.6 Emission og CO at vairable load
SUMMARY
With the results of engine performance and emission characteristics the optimum percentage
of blend of petrol and kerosene is found out to be 80-20 (80% petrol and 20% kerosene). The
properties of this optimum blend are shown in the table 1.2 The following properties of optimum
blend are similar to petrol and hence the use of this blend in place of petrol in portable genset is
justified.
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Table 1.2 Properties of optimum blend of petrol and kerosene (80 : 20).
Properties
Results
Method Used
Density at 15 0C kg/m3
754.7
P:16 (Density by hydrometer)
Total sulphur content % mass
0.0407%
IP: 336 (Sulphur by EDXRF)
Boiling range
43 0C-242 0C
P:18 (Distillation of petroleum
fractions)
Calorific value
10460 cal/g
P:7 (determination of calorific value
by calculation)
(source: Jalandhar Terminal Laboratory, IOCL Jalandhar)
RESULT
•

•

Blend of 80% petrol and 20% kerosene fuel is fully capable of reducing the harmful
emissions gases such as nitrogen oxides because NOx emissions of the blend is same as that
of petrol and lesser than other blends of kerosene.
Blend of 80% petrol and 20% kerosene fuel show average reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2)
and carbon monoxide (CO). Emission of CO2 and CO is less as compare other and is not
significantly that of petrol. Same trend is seen in HC also.

CONCLUSIONS
The objective of this research work was to find the optimum blend of kerosene-gasoline fuel
mixture to have least emission. Blending kerosene with gasoline in SI engines is more practical than
using kerosene alone. However, before using these blends engines, the performance and emission
characteristics must be evaluated. An experimental study has been carried out to evaluate
performance and exhaust emissions for various concentration of kerosene addition to gasoline in the
engine.
Experimental results indicated that using optimum kerosene-gasoline blend, the output torque
of the engine increased slightly, the CO and HC emissions decreased dramatically as a result of the
leaning effect caused by the kerosene addition, and the CO2 emission increased because of the
improved combustion. CO and HC emissions were reduced approximately by 80% and 50%,
respectively, while the CO2 emission increased 20% depending on the engine conditions. It is further
observed that low fraction kerosene/ gasoline blends can be used in SI engines without any
modification. Kerosene gasoline blended fuel may lower HC and CO emissions. The most interesting
thing is that kerosene addition to gasoline improves the SI engine cold start and lower CO and HC
emissions significantly.
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