Biomechanical study, 3 d modeling and kinematic analysis of shoulder joint 2-3-4

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) © IAEME
88
BIOMECHANICAL STUDY, 3D MODELING AND KINEMATIC ANALYSIS
OF SHOULDER JOINT
Pranav Birajdar1
, Shruti Bammani2
, Pravin Shinde3
, Rahul Bhandari4
, Jaya Bedare5
1, 2,3,4,5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, N.K. Orchid College of Engineering and Technology,
Solapur, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
The shoulder complex is the functional unit that results in movement of the arm with respect
to the trunk. This unit consists of the clavicle, scapula and humerus; the articulations linking them;
and the muscles that move them. These structures are so functionally interrelated to one another that
studying their individual functions is almost impossible. The present paper focuses on the anatomy,
3D scanning and modelling of humerus, scapula and clavicle. Finite element modelling of the
ligaments and the muscles are carried out using the hexa-penta mesh elements in HyperMesh. This
meshed model is then analysed for Von Mises stresses for flexion and extension motions at different
points using LS Dyna.
Keywords: 3D scanning, Biomechanics, CAD modelling, Extension, Flexion
1. INTRODUCTION
The shoulder has the greatest range of motions than any joint in the body. It is our shoulders
that allow us to put our hands where they need to be. To manage this, the shoulder must have the
right balance of strength, flexibility and stability. Loss of this balance can lead to pain and injury.
Maintaining this balance through exercises aimed at stretching and strengthening can help to avoid
shoulder problems [1].
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Walter Maurel and Daniel Thalmann investigated the problems regarding the realistic
animations of the shoulder joint of the improved model of shoulder joint. This was due to the fact
that it was difficult to coordinate the simultaneous motion of the shoulder components in a consistent
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online)
Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013), pp. 88-95
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July
way. On the basis of former biomechanical investigations, they proposed an extended s
model including scapulothoracic constraint and joint sinus
Douglas D. Robertson and his colleagues studied sixty cadaveric humeri and built 3
computer models from canal and periosteal contours extracted from computerized tomographic data
and multiple measured anatomical parameters (Siemens Somatom Plus S scanner), including
humeral canal axis, humeral head center, and hinge point offset; greater tuberosit
center [3].
Daniel Kluess, Jan Wieding
orthopaedic surgery of total hip replacement (THR). Firstly they presented a convenient modus
operandi of generating FE-models of the implant
tomograms of biological structures
CAD-models of the implant [4], [5].
3. ANATOMY OF SHOULDER JOINT
The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula
(shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and
tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The major
joint of the shoulder is the glenohumeral joint, which "shoulder joint" generally refers to.
anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula,
the head sitting in the glenoid fossa. The shoulder is the group of structures in the region of the joint.
3.1. Clavicle
The clavicle is a long bone. It supports the shoulder so that the arm can swing clearly away
from the trunk. The clavicle transmits the weight of the limb to the sternum. The bone has a
cylindrical part called the shaft and two ends, lateral and medial.
Figure I:
3.2. Humerus
The humerus is the bone of the arm. It is the longest bone of the upper limb. It has an upper
end, a lower end and a shaft.
3.3. Scapula
The scapula is a thin bone placed on the posterolateral
scapula has two surfaces, three borders, three angles and three processes.
6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) © IAEME
89
. On the basis of former biomechanical investigations, they proposed an extended s
thoracic constraint and joint sinus cones [2].
Douglas D. Robertson and his colleagues studied sixty cadaveric humeri and built 3
dels from canal and periosteal contours extracted from computerized tomographic data
humeral canal axis, humeral head center, and hinge point offset; greater tuberosity and
Daniel Kluess, Jan Wieding and Robert Souffrant used finite-element-method for implant in
models of the implant-bone-compound and developed computed
tomograms of biological structures for computational finite element-analysis and correspondi
ANATOMY OF SHOULDER JOINT
(upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and
joint of the shoulder is the glenohumeral joint, which "shoulder joint" generally refers to.
e. It supports the shoulder so that the arm can swing clearly away
cylindrical part called the shaft and two ends, lateral and medial.
Figure I: Anatomy of Shoulder Joint
erus is the bone of the arm. It is the longest bone of the upper limb. It has an upper
The scapula is a thin bone placed on the posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage. The
scapula has two surfaces, three borders, three angles and three processes.
August (2013) © IAEME
. On the basis of former biomechanical investigations, they proposed an extended shoulder
Douglas D. Robertson and his colleagues studied sixty cadaveric humeri and built 3-D
dels from canal and periosteal contours extracted from computerized tomographic data
and humeral head
method for implant in
compound and developed computed
analysis and corresponding
(upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and
joint of the shoulder is the glenohumeral joint, which "shoulder joint" generally refers to. In human
e. It supports the shoulder so that the arm can swing clearly away
erus is the bone of the arm. It is the longest bone of the upper limb. It has an upper
aspect of the thoracic cage. The

3.4. Joints of shoulder joint
The four major joints of the shoulder complex are
joint, Scapulothoracic joint and Glenohumeral joint
4. 3D SCANNING AND MODELING OF BONES
Geometrically accurate and anatomically correct
implants are essential for successful preoperative planning in orthopaedic surgery. Such models are
often used in various software systems for the preparation surgical interventions. Therefore, it is very
important to create geometry of the bone rapidly and accurately
4.1. Scanning Process
In the data acquisition step of 3D scanning
on the bed of the digitizer. The ATOS sensor head mounted on a tripod can easily be positioned
relative to the bone. The laser probe projects a line of laser light onto the surface while 2 sensor
cameras continuously record the changing distance and shape of the
object. The result of the measurement is directly displayed. By rotat
be acquired without changing the relative position of object and
scans are imported into Geomagic Studio and
meshing procedure creates about 8 million triangles
cleaning procedure of Geomagic Studio re
orientation differences. Using 3D scanning and
the object with sharpened edges [8].
Figure II: Scanned M
4.2. CAD Modelling
Reverse modelling of a human bones using CAD software means generating digital 3D
model of bones geometry from 3D scanned model.
software and its modules were used.
Figure III: 3D M
90
major joints of the shoulder complex are Sternoclavicular joint, Acromioclavicular
Glenohumeral joint [6].
3D SCANNING AND MODELING OF BONES
Geometrically accurate and anatomically correct 3D geometric models of human bones and
the bone rapidly and accurately [7].
the data acquisition step of 3D scanning method, the bone that is to be scanned is placed
The laser probe projects a line of laser light onto the surface while 2 sensor
cameras continuously record the changing distance and shape of the bone as it sweeps along the
object. The result of the measurement is directly displayed. By rotating the object, further scans can
be acquired without changing the relative position of object and reference points. In the next step, all
imported into Geomagic Studio and merged into one single data set.
about 8 million triangles in 10 to 15 minutes of processing time.
cleaning procedure of Geomagic Studio re-adjusts neighbouring triangles which show large
3D scanning and digital software it was possible to scan
Scanned Models of Humerus, Clavicle and Scapula
model of bones geometry from 3D scanned model. In this particular case, CATIA V5R20
software and its modules were used.
3D Models of Humerus, Clavicle and Scapula
Acromioclavicular
of human bones and
bone that is to be scanned is placed
The laser probe projects a line of laser light onto the surface while 2 sensor
as it sweeps along the
ing the object, further scans can
In the next step, all
merged into one single data set. The automatic
10 to 15 minutes of processing time. The
adjusts neighbouring triangles which show large
possible to scan and construct
is particular case, CATIA V5R20 CAD

5. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
In any FE analysis, the work can be divided into three phases. First is pre
defining the finite element model, then analysis solver implying towards the solution of finite
element model and finally post-processing of results using visualization tool
5.1. Finite Element Modelling
Processing the shoulder joint assembled model in Hypermesh
IGES format. Then clean up tool was used for the missing data such as some edges, corners etc.
There is a tool available for creating surfaces in design workbench of HyperMesh for the finite
element modeling of muscles and ligaments. Here the surfaces are created with integration of Hexa
Penta mesh. For the simulation and analysis of shoulder joint, it is desirable to use a mesh of
hexahedral and pentahedral elements due to change in thickness at different points of ligament
muscles.
Figure IV:
5.2. Material Properties
In order to perform the FE analysis of the
properties. Based on these properties, we will obtain different stress distribution
material property values of different bones and muscles are mentioned in the following table.
Table I:
Table II:
Muscles
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Triceps
Bones Young’s Modulus
(MPa)
Cortical Bone 11000
Cancellous Bone 1100
91
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) OF SHOULDER JOINT
analysis, the work can be divided into three phases. First is pre
processing of results using visualization tools.
Processing the shoulder joint assembled model in Hypermesh required importing the joint in
ligaments. Here the surfaces are created with integration of Hexa
hexahedral and pentahedral elements due to change in thickness at different points of ligament
Figure IV: HyperMesh View of Shoulder Joint
perform the FE analysis of the model, we have to apply certain material
properties. Based on these properties, we will obtain different stress distribution in the model. The
Table I: Material Properties of Bones
Table II: Material Properties of Muscles
Eo (MPa) Poisson Ratio
1.2 0.45
1.2 0.45
0.5 0.45
Young’s Modulus
(MPa)
Poisson Ratio Yield Stress
(MPa)
11000 0.3 110
1100 0.3 7.7
analysis, the work can be divided into three phases. First is pre-processing i.e.
required importing the joint in
ligaments. Here the surfaces are created with integration of Hexa-
hexahedral and pentahedral elements due to change in thickness at different points of ligaments and
model, we have to apply certain material
in the model. The
Density
(Kg/m3
)
2000
1000

5.3. Meshing
Meshing of the model was carried out
elements were used for meshing the bones
ligaments and muscles. The meshed model
Fig. V: Meshed
6. RESULTS
The solved model file is exported to HyperView for post
viewed in various forms and judged by different parameters. In this case, two major parameters are
Von Mises stress and displacement of th
Dyna. The farther end of the Clavicle is fixed so that the other end of the Clavicle which joins the
Humerus and the Scapula is in relative motion. We have not applied any external load but instead we
have considered the self weight of the arm acting on the joint between Humerus and Scapula. The
velocity applied on the free end of Humerus is 10 mm/s. We have studied and worked on the Flexion
and Extension movement of the shoulder joint and mentioned th
and plots. The following figures and tables describe the various stresses acting on the ligaments,
muscles and bones of the shoulder joint.
Table III:
Ligament / Muscle
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
As we can observe, the maximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor i.e. 0.90 MPa while
the least stress is obtained at the long head of t
Table IV:
Ligament / Muscle
Teres Major
Coracobrachialis
Subscapularis
The stresses obtained after the simulation of shoulder joint vary for various parts on the costal
muscles. Maximum stress is obtained at the Teres
Subscapularis muscle. The stress at the Coracobrachialis muscle is 0.39 MPa.
92
was carried out after the material properties to each component. Tetra
elements were used for meshing the bones while hexa and penta elements were used for meshing
The meshed models are depicted in Fig. V.
Meshed Model of Humerus, Clavicle and Scapula
The solved model file is exported to HyperView for post-processing. The model can be
Von Mises stress and displacement of the components. The boundary conditions are defined in LS
and Extension movement of the shoulder joint and mentioned the stresses and displacement charts
muscles and bones of the shoulder joint.
Table III: Stresses near the Glenohumeral Joint
Stress
0.90 MPa
0.46 MPa
aximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor i.e. 0.90 MPa while
s obtained at the long head of triceps which is 0.01 MPa.
Table IV: Stresses on Costal Muscles
Stress
0.824 MPa
0.39 MPa
0.10 MPa
he stresses obtained after the simulation of shoulder joint vary for various parts on the costal
muscles. Maximum stress is obtained at the Teres Major while the least stress is obtained at the
Subscapularis muscle. The stress at the Coracobrachialis muscle is 0.39 MPa.
component. Tetra
were used for meshing
he model can be
e components. The boundary conditions are defined in LS
e stresses and displacement charts
aximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor i.e. 0.90 MPa while
he stresses obtained after the simulation of shoulder joint vary for various parts on the costal
Major while the least stress is obtained at the

Table V:
Name of Ligament
Infraspinatus
Supraspinatus
The maximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor muscle while the least stress is obtained
at the Subscapularis muscle. The stress at the Infraspinatus muscle is 0.39 MPa.
Fig. VI: Von Misses S
Fig. VII: Von
The graph represents the variation in
time. When the humerus starts displacing itself from the initial position, following the Flexion
motion, Von Mises stresses start inducing in the muscles and ligamen
Maximum stress is induced at 8 micro
this graph validate the previous stress plots.
93
Table V: Stresses on Dorsal Muscles
Name of Ligament Stress
0.39 MPa
0.22 MPa
aximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor muscle while the least stress is obtained
at the Subscapularis muscle. The stress at the Infraspinatus muscle is 0.39 MPa.
s Stresses on Glenohumeral Joint and Costal Muscles
Von Misses Stresses on the Dorsal Muscles
The graph represents the variation in the maximum stresses induced with respect to change in
start inducing in the muscles and ligaments as shown in the above graph.
Maximum stress is induced at 8 micro-seconds when the value is 0.9 MPa. The results observed from
this graph validate the previous stress plots.
aximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor muscle while the least stress is obtained
uscles
maximum stresses induced with respect to change in
ts as shown in the above graph.
seconds when the value is 0.9 MPa. The results observed from

Fig. VII: Graph of Max
7. CONCLUSION
An attempt has been made to achieve accurate results by using state
achieving accurate dimensions and using high end analysis softwares for the kinematics analysis.
The analysis of the shoulder joint was performed by using high end analysis softwares such as
Dyna and HyperMesh. The scope of the project can further be enhanced by assembling the further
bones of human arm, radius and ulna. More detailed analysis of othe
Abduction, Adduction, External Rotation, Internal rotation can be carried out. Same approach can be
used to model, simulate and analyze various human bones and joints
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors want to thank Mr. Shriniwas Metan and Dr. Vyankatesh Metan for their
invaluable guidance in biomechanics and anatomy of shoulder joint. We would also express our deep
gratitude to Mr. Jitendra Jagtap, the founder of
finite element modeling and analysis of shoulder joint.
9. REFERENCES
[1] Carol Oatis, “Kinesiology: The mechanics and pathomechanics of human movement
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009
[2] W. Maurel, D. Thalmann, “Human
and joint sinus cones”, Computers
[3] Douglas D. Robertson et al, “
relevance to arthroplasty”, The Journal of Bone and
[4] Rho, J. Y., M. C. Hobatho, et al.
numbers in human bone”, Med Eng Phys
94
Graph of Maxima of Effective Stresses with Respect to Time
An attempt has been made to achieve accurate results by using state-of-the-art 3D scanner for
analysis of the shoulder joint was performed by using high end analysis softwares such as
esh. The scope of the project can further be enhanced by assembling the further
bones of human arm, radius and ulna. More detailed analysis of other shoulder movements such as
used to model, simulate and analyze various human bones and joints.
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
gratitude to Mr. Jitendra Jagtap, the founder of Optimizt Technologies, Pune for their guidance on
finite element modeling and analysis of shoulder joint.
Kinesiology: The mechanics and pathomechanics of human movement
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, 118-119.
W. Maurel, D. Thalmann, “Human shoulder modelling including scapulo-thoracic constraint
and joint sinus cones”, Computers & Graphics, vol. 24, 2000, 203-218.
“Three-dimensional analysis of the proximal part of the humerus:
, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 82-A (11), 2000 159
Hobatho, et al., “Relations of mechanical properties to density and
Med Eng Phys, 17(5), 1995, 347-355.
espect to Time
art 3D scanner for
analysis of the shoulder joint was performed by using high end analysis softwares such as LS
esh. The scope of the project can further be enhanced by assembling the further
r shoulder movements such as
for their guidance on
Kinesiology: The mechanics and pathomechanics of human movement”,
thoracic constraint
dimensional analysis of the proximal part of the humerus:
11), 2000 159-602.
nical properties to density and CT

6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) © IAEME
95
[5] Snyder, S. M. and E. Schneider, “Estimation of mechanical properties of cortical bone by
computed tomography”, J Orthop Res 9(3), 1991, 422-431.
[6] B D Chaurasiya, “Human anatomy: Upper limb & thorax”, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
New Delhi, 2004, 4-23.
[7] M. Viceconti, C. Zannoni, L. Pierotti, “TRI2SOLID: an application of reverse engineering
methods to the creation of CAD models of bone segments”, Computer Methods and Programs
in Biomedicine, Vol.56, 1998, 211-220.
[8] Brian Curless, “From range scans to 3D models”, Computer Graphics, 33 (4), 2000, 38–41.
[9] Mayuri Y. Thorat and Vinayak K. Bairagi, “Hybrid Method to Compress Slices of 3D Medical
Images”, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology
(IJECET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 250 - 256, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online:
0976 –6472.

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