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INTERNATIONAL JOURNALand Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN
 International Journal of Electrical Engineering OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME
                               & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)
ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), pp. 58-67                       IJEET
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.2031 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com                                                          ©IAEME



   INFLUENCE OF COST-LESS NANOPARTICLES ON ELECTRIC AND
       DIELECTRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE
                   INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
                                      Ahmed Thabet
      Nano-Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University,
                                       Aswan, Egypt
                                    athm@hotmail.com


   ABSTRACT

          Nanoparticles have attracted wide interest for enhancing electrical properties of
   polymer industrial materials as form nanocomposites, therefore, preparation new
   Polyethylene nanocomposites will be helpful both the manufacturers and users for enhancing
   electrical performance of Polyethylene applications. This paper has been enhancedelectricand
   dielectric characterizations of polyethylene with adding costless nanoparticlesto low density
   polyethylene (LDPE), and high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a base matrix. Polyethylene
   trapping properties are highly modified by the presence of costless nanofillers(clay, and
   fumed silica) nanoparticles. Also, it has been studiedexperimentally the influence of costless
   nanofillers(clay, and fumed silica)and their concentrations on electric and dielectric
   properties of polyethylene materials.Experimental comparative study has been discussed
   about Polyethylene nanocomposites with respect to commercial polyethylene materials to
   explain the effect of types and concentrations of nano-fillers for enhancing electric and
   dielectric Polyethylenecharacteristics.

   Keywords: Dielectric properties, Low density polyethylene, High density polyethylene,
   Nano-composite, Nanoparticles, Polymers


   1. INTRODUCTION

           Nanotechnologies are present in a lot of domain since they are a great source of
   innovation. They may have a powerful impact on development of advanced electrical and
   electronic device. In the case of nanocomposite, it has been reported that a few percent of
   functional nanofiller can improve mechanical characteristic permeability characteristic and

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN
0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

electrical properties. The way to disperse nanofillers layer in polymer matrix at a nanometric level is
still under optimization, hut good results in terms of orientation, control of interaction between host
material and nanograin (intercalation, exfoliation) have been achieved already. The use of
nanoadditives in dielectric materials has made great progress in the last few years. Many papers
discussing the general overview, theory and the functionality of nanocomposite dielectrics have been
published [1-6]. Polymeric nanocomposites have gained importance in the manufacture of products of
high performance properties like light weight, material transparency, enhanced stiffness and
toughness, increased barrier properties, decreased thermal expansion, decreased flammability and
enhancement in dielectric properties for different industries such as automobiles, electrical and
electronics, packaging, coatings etc [7-14].

The addition of inorganic nanoparticles into polymer (polymer nanocomposite) has been studied and
applied to engineering materials for industrial products to improve various properties of material. It
has been reported that the polymer nanocomposite has abilities to improve the dielectric properties of
base material. The characteristics of polymer nanocomposite for electrical and dielectric properties
were also studied to ensure the high reliability of the insulating system. The effective properties of
dielectric mixtures have been investigated mathematically and experimentally for prediction of
effective dielectric properties [15-18]. The use of polymers as electrical insulating materials has been
growing rapidly in recent decades. The base polymer properties have been developed by adding small
amounts of different fillers but they are expensive to the polymer material. Recently, great
expectations have focused on costless nanofillers. However, there are few papers concerning the
effect of types of costless nanofillers on electrical properties of polymeric nanocomposite. With a
continual progress in polymer nanocomposites, this research depicts the effects of types and
concentration of costless nanoparticles in electrical properties of industrial polymer material.This
research has been investigatedexperimentally the results that detect the effects of nanoparticles (clay
and fumed silica)on electric and dielectric properties of polyethylene nanocomposites; low density
polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE).


2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND MATERIAL PREPARATION CHARACTERIZATION

Nanoparticles: Nano-clay is Spherical particle shape and it is the most important characteristic of
nanoclay for polymer applications. Cost less of clay catalyst to be the best filler among nano-fillers
industrial materials. Nano-fumed silica is widely used as a rheology modifier, imparting highly
thixotropic properties at relatively low percentages. Fumed silica powders used in paints and coatings,
silicone rubber and silicone sealants, adhesives, cable compounds and gels, printing inks and toner,
and plant protection.

Polyethylene Materials: Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic made from petroleum
and it is defined by a density range of (0.910 - 0.940) g/cm³. LDPE contains the chemical
elementscarbon and hydrogen. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a polyethylenethermoplastic
made from petroleum. HDPE has little branching, giving it stronger intermolecular forces and tensile
strength than lower-density polyethylene.

Additives of nanoparticles to the base industrial polymers have been fabricated by using mixing,
ultrasonic, and heating processes. HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester device is measuring device for
characterization of nanocomposite insulation industrial materials.HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester
device as shown in Figure (1) has been measured electrical parameters of nano-metric solid dielectric
insulation specimens at various frequencies. Specification of LCR is Power supply: 100, 120, 220 or
240 V(±10%) AC (selectable), 50/60 Hz, Frequency: DC, 1 mHz to 100 kHz, Display Screen: LCD
with backlight / 99999 (full 5 digits), Basic Accuracy: Z : ± 0.08% rdg. θ : ± 0.05˚, and External DC
bias ± 40 V max.(option) (3522-50 used alone ± 10 V max./ using 9268 ± 40 V max.).

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN
0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME




                          Fig. 1 HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester device

Finally, It can be measured all dielectric properties for pure and nanocomposite industrial
materials by using HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester device and have been detected. The studied
industrial materials in this research have been formulated utilizing nano particulates. Electric
and dielectric properties of the studied materials are detailed in table (1).


          Table (1) Dielectric Properties of Pure and Nano-Composite Materials
    Materials       Dielectri Resistivit           Materials     Dielectric               Resistivit
                         c            y                         Constant at                   y
                    Constant       ( .m)                            1kHz                   ( .m)
                     at 1kHz
    Pure LDPE           2.3         1014          Pure HDPE           2.3                    1015
                                       15
  LDPE + 1%wt          2.23         10          HDPE + 1%wt          2.23                    1016
       Clay                                          Clay
  LDPE + 5%wt          1.99       1015-1018     HDPE + 5%wt          1.99                 1016-1019
       Clay                                          Clay
  LDPE + 10%wt         1.76       1018-1020    HDPE + 10%wt          1.76                 1019-1021
       Clay                                          Clay
  LDPE + 1%wt          2.32         1013        HDPE + 1%wt          2.32                    1014
   Fumed Silica                                  Fumed Silica
  LDPE + 5%wt          2.39       1013-1011     HDPE + 5%wt          2.39                 1014-1012
   Fumed Silica                                  Fumed Silica
  LDPE + 10%wt         2.49       1011-109     HDPE + 10%wt          2.49                 1012-1010
   Fumed Silica                                  Fumed Silica




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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN
0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

        Dielectric Spectroscopy is a powerful experimental method to investigate the
dynamical behavior of a sample through the analysis of its frequency dependent dielectric
response. The measurements were made using high resolution dielectric spectroscopy and
this technique is based on the measurement of the capacitance as a function of frequency of a
sample sandwiched between two electrodes. Dielectric loss (tan δ), and capacitance (C) were
measured as a function of frequency up to 100 kHz at 25 °C for all test samples.

3.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Characterization:

Figure 2.a shows loss tangent as a function of frequency for Clay/ Low-density
polyethylenenanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The measured loss tangent
contrasts on loss tangent with increasing frequency. The loss tangent increases with increases
the percentage of clay nanoparticles percentage up to 5%wt, specially, at low frequencies but
decreases with increasing clay nanoparticles percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high
frequencies. Figure 2.bcontrasts on loss tangent as a function of frequency for fumed silica/
Low-density polyethylenenanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The measured loss
tangent decreases with rising percentage of fumed silica nanofillers in the nanocomposite up
to 5wt% specially, at low frequencies but increases with increasing fumed silica nanoparticles
percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high frequencies.


        0.02                                                             0.02
                                                                                                Pure LDPE
                                   Pure LDPE
                                                                                                LDPE+1%Fumed Silica
                                   LDPE+1%Clay
    0.015                                                           0.015                       LDPE+5%Fumed Silica
                                   LDPE+5%Clay
                                                                                                LDPE+10%Fumed Silica
                                   LDPE+10%Clay
 Tan Delta




                                                             Tan Delta




        0.01                                                             0.01



    0.005                                                           0.005



             0
                                                                           0
                 1   10   100      1000    10000   100000
                                                                                1   10   100      1000    10000   100000
                          Frequency (Hz)
                                                                                         Frequency (Hz)

             (a)Clay/LDPE nanocomposites                          (b)Fumed Silica/LDPE nanocomposites
             Fig. 2 Measured loss tangent of Low Density Polyethylene nanocompositesat room
                                             temperature (25oC)

Figure 3.a contrasts on capacitance of Clay/ Low-density polyethylenenanocompositesas a
function of frequency at room temperature (25oC). The measured capacitance decreases with
rising percentage of clay nanofillers in the nanocomposite up to 5%wt but it increases with
increasing clay percentage nanofillers up to percentage10%wt. Figure 3.b shows capacitance

                                                            61
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN
   0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

   as a function of frequency for fumed silica/ Low-density polyethylenenanocomposites
   at room temperature (25oC). The measured capacitance shows that decreasing in
   capacitance with rising percentage of fumed silica nanofillers in fumed silica/ Low-
   density polyethylene nanocomposite up to 1wt% but it increases with increasing
   fumed silica percentage nanofillers at 5-10wt%.


                  1.4E-09                                                                      1.6E-09
                                                                                                                    Pure LDPE
                                           Pure LDPE
                  1.2E-09                                                                      1.4E-09
                                                                                                                    LDPE+1%Fumed Silica
                                           LDPE+1%Clay
                                                                                               1.2E-09              LDPE+5%Fumed Silica
                   1E-09                   LDPE+5%Clay                                                              LDPE+10%Fumed Silica




                                                                             Capacitance (F)
                                                                                                1E-09
Capacitance (F)




                                           LDPE+10%Clay
                   8E-10
                                                                                                8E-10
                   6E-10
                                                                                                6E-10

                   4E-10
                                                                                                4E-10

                   2E-10                                                                        2E-10

                       0                                                                            0
                            1   10   100    1000       10000   100000                                    1   10    100     1000    10000   100000
                                                                                                                  Frequency (Hz)


                  (a)Clay/LDPE nanocomposites                                          (b)Fumed Silica/LDPE nanocomposites
                  Fig 3 Measured capacitance of Low Density Polyethylenenanocomposites at room
                                                temperature (25oC)


   3.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on High Density Polyethylene HDPE Characterization:

   Figure 4.a shows loss tangent as a function of frequency for Clay/HDPE
   nanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The loss tangent of Clay/High Density
   Polyethylenenanocomposite decreases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers up
   to 1%wt Clay but, it increases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers from 5%wt
   up to 10%wt. Figure 4.b shows loss tangent as a function of frequency for Fumed
   Silica/ HDPE nanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The measured loss tangent
   of Fumed Silica/High Density Polyethylene decreases with increasing fumed silica
   percentage nanofillers up to 1%wt fumed silica but, it increases with increasing fumed
   silica percentage nanofillers up to 10%wt fumed silica nanoparticles.




                                                                        62
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN
                        0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME
                                    0.2                                                                                0.2
                                                                           Pure HDPE                                                             Pure HDPE
                                                                           HDPE+1%Clay                                                           HDPE+1%Fumed Silica

                                0.15                                       HDPE+5%Clay                            0.15                           HDPE+5%Fumed Silica
                                                                           HDPE+10%Clay                                                          HDPE+10%Fumed Silica
                    Tan Delta




                                                                                                               Tan Delta
                                    0.1                                                                                0.1




                                0.05                                                                              0.05




                                     0                                                                                     0
                                          1          10      100      1000       10000     100000                              1   10   100       1000   10000    100000
                                                             Frequency (Hz)                                                             Frequency (Hz)




                                              (a)Clay/HDPE nanocomposites                                                  (b)Fumed Silica/HDPE nanocomposites
                                          Fig. 4 Measured loss tangent of High Density Polyethylene nanocompositesat room
                                                                          temperature (25oC)


                                                                                                              1.4E-09
                  1.6E-09
                                                                                                                                           Pure HDPE
                                                                 Pure HDPE                                    1.2E-09
                  1.4E-09
                                                                                                                                           HDPE+1%Fumed Silica
                                                                 HDPE+1%Clay
                  1.2E-09                                                                                      1E-09                       HDPE+5%Fumed Silica
                                                                 HDPE+5%Clay
                                                                                                                                           HDPE+10%Fumed Silica
                                                                                            Capacitance (F)
Capacitance (F)




                   1E-09                                         HDPE+10%Clay                                  8E-10
                   8E-10
                                                                                                               6E-10
                   6E-10
                                                                                                               4E-10
                   4E-10

                   2E-10                                                                                       2E-10


                                0                                                                                          0
                                     1          10        100      1000       10000    100000                                  1   10   100       1000   10000    100000
                                                                                                                                        Frequency (Hz)
                                                          Frequency (Hz)



                                (a)Clay/HDPE nanocomposites                                                   (b)Fumed Silica/HDPE nanocomposites
                                          Fig. 5 Measured capacitance of High Density Polyethylene nanocompositesat room
                                                                         temperature (25oC)




                                                                                                                63
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN
0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

Figure 5.a shows capacitance as a function of frequency for Clay/HDPE nanocomposites at
room temperature (25oC). The measured capacitance of Clay/High Density Polyethylene
increases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers up to 10%wt. Figure 5.b shows
capacitance as a function of frequency for Fumed silica/HDPE nanocomposites at room
temperature (25oC). Also, this figure illustrates that the capacitance of Fumed silica /High
Density Polyethylene increases with increasing fumed silica percentage nanofillers up to
10%wt. Noting that, Clay nanofillers increases capacitance of High Density Polyethylene
more than increasing fumed silica nanofillers in High Density Polyethylene at the same
percentages.

4.  COMPARATIVE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF COMMERCIAL                                                AND
NANOCOMPOSITE POLYETHYLENE INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS

      In the beginning, adding fumed silica has increased permittivity of the new
nanocomposite materials whatever, adding clay has decreased permittivity of the new
nanocomposite materials as shown in in table (1).

With comparing results for depicting the effect of raising concentration of clay and fumed
silica nanofillerswhich are pointed out in Figures (2,3) where loss tangent and capacitance of
new Low-density polyethylenenanocomposite materials are reported for different weight
concentrations of modified nanofillers concentration at room temperature (T=25oC). i.e the
loss tangent increases with increases the percentage of clay nanoparticles percentage up to
5%wt, specially, at low frequencies but decreases with increasing clay nanoparticles
percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high frequencies. Whatever, the measured loss tangent
decreases with rising percentage of fumed silica nanofillers in the nanocomposite up to 5wt%
specially, at low frequencies but increases with increasing fumed silica nanoparticles
percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high frequencies. With respect to the measured
capacitance of new Low-density polyethylenenanocomposites, it is cleared that, the measured
capacitance decreases with rising percentage of clay nanofillers in the nanocomposite up to
5%wt        but        the     measured        the      capacitance      of       Low-density
polyethylenenanocompositesincreases with increasing clay percentage of nanofillers up to
10%wt. Whatever, The measured capacitance decreases with rising percentage of fumed
silica nanofillers in the Low-density polyethylenenanocomposite up to 1wt% but it increases
with increasing fumed silica percentage nanofillers at 5%wt - 10%wt.

Also, the effect of raising concentration of clay nanofillers is pointed out in Figures (4,5)
where loss tangent and capacitance of new High Density Polyethylenenanocomposite
materials are reported for different weight concentrations of modified nanofillers
concentration. i.e. the loss tangent of Clay/ High Density Polyethylenenanocomposite
decreases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers up to 1%wt Clay but, it increases with
increasing clay nanofillers from 5%wt up to 10%wt. Also, The measured loss tangent of
Fumed Silica/High Density Polyethylene nanocompositesdecreases with increasing fumed
silica percentage nanofillers up to 1%wt fumed silica but, it increases with increasing fumed
silica percentage nanofillers up to 10%wt fumed silica nanoparticles. Whatever, the measured
capacitance of High Density Polyethylene nanocomposites increases with increasing Clay
and Fumed silica nanoparticles percentage up to 10%wt.



                                                 64
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN
0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

5. CONCLUSIONS

       Adding clay is decreasing the permittivity of new nanocomposite materials and the
       effects of adding small amount of clay nanoparticles percentage to Low density
       polyethylene decreases capacitance and loss tangent. Whatever, adding small amount
       of clay nanoparticles percentage to High density polyethylene increases capacitance
       and loss tangent, specially, at low frequencies.

       Adding clay nanofillers increases capacitance of High Density Polyethylene more than
       increasing fumed silica nanofillers in High Density Polyethylene at the same
       percentages.

       Adding fumed silica is increasing the permittivity of new nanocomposite materials,
       small amount of fumed silica nanoparticles on Low density polyethylene increases
       capacitance and loss tangent, specially, at low frequencies. Whatever, small amount of
       fumed silica nanoparticles on High density polyethylene increases capacitance but
       decreases loss tangent, specially, at low frequencies.

       Adding large amounts of clay or fumed silica nanoparticles to polyethylene will be
       reverse dielectric behavior characteristics gradually which depends on nature of
       nanoparticles structure in polymer matrix.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

      The present work was supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund
(STDF), Egypt, Grant No: Project ID 505.

REFERENCES

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN
 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN
0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME

AUTHORS’ INFORMATION


                     Ahmed Thabetwas born in Aswan, Egypt in 1974. He received the BSc
                    (FEE) Electrical Engineering degree in 1997 and MSc (FEE) Electrical
                    Engineering degree in 2002 both from Faculty of Energy Engineering,
                    Aswan, Egypt. PhD degree had been received in Electrical Engineering in
                    2006 from El-Minia University, Minia, Egypt. He joined with Electrical
                    Power Engineering Group of Faculty of Energy Engineering in Aswan
                    University as a Demonstrator at July 1999, until; he held Associate
Professor Position at October 2011 up to date. His research interests lie in the areas of
analysis and developing electrical engineering models and applications, investigating novel
nano-technology materials via addition nano-scale particles and additives for usage in
industrial branch, electromagnetic materials, electroluminescence and the relationship with
electrical and thermal ageing of industrial polymers. Many of mobility’s have investigated for
supporting his research experience in UK, Finland, Italy, and USA …etc. On 2009, he had
been a Principle Investigator of a funded project from Science and Technology development
Fund “STDF” for developing industrial materials of ac and dc applications by nano-
technology techniques. He has been established first Nano-Technology Research Centre in
the Upper Egypt (http://www.aswan.svu.edu.eg/nano/index.htm). He has many of
publications which have been published and under published in national, international
journals and conferences and held in Nano-Technology Research Centre website.




                                                 67

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Influence of cost less nanoparticles on electric and dielectric characteristics

  • 1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNALand Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN International Journal of Electrical Engineering OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), pp. 58-67 IJEET © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.2031 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com ©IAEME INFLUENCE OF COST-LESS NANOPARTICLES ON ELECTRIC AND DIELECTRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Ahmed Thabet Nano-Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt athm@hotmail.com ABSTRACT Nanoparticles have attracted wide interest for enhancing electrical properties of polymer industrial materials as form nanocomposites, therefore, preparation new Polyethylene nanocomposites will be helpful both the manufacturers and users for enhancing electrical performance of Polyethylene applications. This paper has been enhancedelectricand dielectric characterizations of polyethylene with adding costless nanoparticlesto low density polyethylene (LDPE), and high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a base matrix. Polyethylene trapping properties are highly modified by the presence of costless nanofillers(clay, and fumed silica) nanoparticles. Also, it has been studiedexperimentally the influence of costless nanofillers(clay, and fumed silica)and their concentrations on electric and dielectric properties of polyethylene materials.Experimental comparative study has been discussed about Polyethylene nanocomposites with respect to commercial polyethylene materials to explain the effect of types and concentrations of nano-fillers for enhancing electric and dielectric Polyethylenecharacteristics. Keywords: Dielectric properties, Low density polyethylene, High density polyethylene, Nano-composite, Nanoparticles, Polymers 1. INTRODUCTION Nanotechnologies are present in a lot of domain since they are a great source of innovation. They may have a powerful impact on development of advanced electrical and electronic device. In the case of nanocomposite, it has been reported that a few percent of functional nanofiller can improve mechanical characteristic permeability characteristic and 58
  • 2. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME electrical properties. The way to disperse nanofillers layer in polymer matrix at a nanometric level is still under optimization, hut good results in terms of orientation, control of interaction between host material and nanograin (intercalation, exfoliation) have been achieved already. The use of nanoadditives in dielectric materials has made great progress in the last few years. Many papers discussing the general overview, theory and the functionality of nanocomposite dielectrics have been published [1-6]. Polymeric nanocomposites have gained importance in the manufacture of products of high performance properties like light weight, material transparency, enhanced stiffness and toughness, increased barrier properties, decreased thermal expansion, decreased flammability and enhancement in dielectric properties for different industries such as automobiles, electrical and electronics, packaging, coatings etc [7-14]. The addition of inorganic nanoparticles into polymer (polymer nanocomposite) has been studied and applied to engineering materials for industrial products to improve various properties of material. It has been reported that the polymer nanocomposite has abilities to improve the dielectric properties of base material. The characteristics of polymer nanocomposite for electrical and dielectric properties were also studied to ensure the high reliability of the insulating system. The effective properties of dielectric mixtures have been investigated mathematically and experimentally for prediction of effective dielectric properties [15-18]. The use of polymers as electrical insulating materials has been growing rapidly in recent decades. The base polymer properties have been developed by adding small amounts of different fillers but they are expensive to the polymer material. Recently, great expectations have focused on costless nanofillers. However, there are few papers concerning the effect of types of costless nanofillers on electrical properties of polymeric nanocomposite. With a continual progress in polymer nanocomposites, this research depicts the effects of types and concentration of costless nanoparticles in electrical properties of industrial polymer material.This research has been investigatedexperimentally the results that detect the effects of nanoparticles (clay and fumed silica)on electric and dielectric properties of polyethylene nanocomposites; low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE). 2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND MATERIAL PREPARATION CHARACTERIZATION Nanoparticles: Nano-clay is Spherical particle shape and it is the most important characteristic of nanoclay for polymer applications. Cost less of clay catalyst to be the best filler among nano-fillers industrial materials. Nano-fumed silica is widely used as a rheology modifier, imparting highly thixotropic properties at relatively low percentages. Fumed silica powders used in paints and coatings, silicone rubber and silicone sealants, adhesives, cable compounds and gels, printing inks and toner, and plant protection. Polyethylene Materials: Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic made from petroleum and it is defined by a density range of (0.910 - 0.940) g/cm³. LDPE contains the chemical elementscarbon and hydrogen. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a polyethylenethermoplastic made from petroleum. HDPE has little branching, giving it stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength than lower-density polyethylene. Additives of nanoparticles to the base industrial polymers have been fabricated by using mixing, ultrasonic, and heating processes. HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester device is measuring device for characterization of nanocomposite insulation industrial materials.HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester device as shown in Figure (1) has been measured electrical parameters of nano-metric solid dielectric insulation specimens at various frequencies. Specification of LCR is Power supply: 100, 120, 220 or 240 V(±10%) AC (selectable), 50/60 Hz, Frequency: DC, 1 mHz to 100 kHz, Display Screen: LCD with backlight / 99999 (full 5 digits), Basic Accuracy: Z : ± 0.08% rdg. θ : ± 0.05˚, and External DC bias ± 40 V max.(option) (3522-50 used alone ± 10 V max./ using 9268 ± 40 V max.). 59
  • 3. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME Fig. 1 HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester device Finally, It can be measured all dielectric properties for pure and nanocomposite industrial materials by using HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester device and have been detected. The studied industrial materials in this research have been formulated utilizing nano particulates. Electric and dielectric properties of the studied materials are detailed in table (1). Table (1) Dielectric Properties of Pure and Nano-Composite Materials Materials Dielectri Resistivit Materials Dielectric Resistivit c y Constant at y Constant ( .m) 1kHz ( .m) at 1kHz Pure LDPE 2.3 1014 Pure HDPE 2.3 1015 15 LDPE + 1%wt 2.23 10 HDPE + 1%wt 2.23 1016 Clay Clay LDPE + 5%wt 1.99 1015-1018 HDPE + 5%wt 1.99 1016-1019 Clay Clay LDPE + 10%wt 1.76 1018-1020 HDPE + 10%wt 1.76 1019-1021 Clay Clay LDPE + 1%wt 2.32 1013 HDPE + 1%wt 2.32 1014 Fumed Silica Fumed Silica LDPE + 5%wt 2.39 1013-1011 HDPE + 5%wt 2.39 1014-1012 Fumed Silica Fumed Silica LDPE + 10%wt 2.49 1011-109 HDPE + 10%wt 2.49 1012-1010 Fumed Silica Fumed Silica 60
  • 4. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Dielectric Spectroscopy is a powerful experimental method to investigate the dynamical behavior of a sample through the analysis of its frequency dependent dielectric response. The measurements were made using high resolution dielectric spectroscopy and this technique is based on the measurement of the capacitance as a function of frequency of a sample sandwiched between two electrodes. Dielectric loss (tan δ), and capacitance (C) were measured as a function of frequency up to 100 kHz at 25 °C for all test samples. 3.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Characterization: Figure 2.a shows loss tangent as a function of frequency for Clay/ Low-density polyethylenenanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The measured loss tangent contrasts on loss tangent with increasing frequency. The loss tangent increases with increases the percentage of clay nanoparticles percentage up to 5%wt, specially, at low frequencies but decreases with increasing clay nanoparticles percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high frequencies. Figure 2.bcontrasts on loss tangent as a function of frequency for fumed silica/ Low-density polyethylenenanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The measured loss tangent decreases with rising percentage of fumed silica nanofillers in the nanocomposite up to 5wt% specially, at low frequencies but increases with increasing fumed silica nanoparticles percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high frequencies. 0.02 0.02 Pure LDPE Pure LDPE LDPE+1%Fumed Silica LDPE+1%Clay 0.015 0.015 LDPE+5%Fumed Silica LDPE+5%Clay LDPE+10%Fumed Silica LDPE+10%Clay Tan Delta Tan Delta 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.005 0 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) (a)Clay/LDPE nanocomposites (b)Fumed Silica/LDPE nanocomposites Fig. 2 Measured loss tangent of Low Density Polyethylene nanocompositesat room temperature (25oC) Figure 3.a contrasts on capacitance of Clay/ Low-density polyethylenenanocompositesas a function of frequency at room temperature (25oC). The measured capacitance decreases with rising percentage of clay nanofillers in the nanocomposite up to 5%wt but it increases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers up to percentage10%wt. Figure 3.b shows capacitance 61
  • 5. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME as a function of frequency for fumed silica/ Low-density polyethylenenanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The measured capacitance shows that decreasing in capacitance with rising percentage of fumed silica nanofillers in fumed silica/ Low- density polyethylene nanocomposite up to 1wt% but it increases with increasing fumed silica percentage nanofillers at 5-10wt%. 1.4E-09 1.6E-09 Pure LDPE Pure LDPE 1.2E-09 1.4E-09 LDPE+1%Fumed Silica LDPE+1%Clay 1.2E-09 LDPE+5%Fumed Silica 1E-09 LDPE+5%Clay LDPE+10%Fumed Silica Capacitance (F) 1E-09 Capacitance (F) LDPE+10%Clay 8E-10 8E-10 6E-10 6E-10 4E-10 4E-10 2E-10 2E-10 0 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Frequency (Hz) (a)Clay/LDPE nanocomposites (b)Fumed Silica/LDPE nanocomposites Fig 3 Measured capacitance of Low Density Polyethylenenanocomposites at room temperature (25oC) 3.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on High Density Polyethylene HDPE Characterization: Figure 4.a shows loss tangent as a function of frequency for Clay/HDPE nanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The loss tangent of Clay/High Density Polyethylenenanocomposite decreases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers up to 1%wt Clay but, it increases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers from 5%wt up to 10%wt. Figure 4.b shows loss tangent as a function of frequency for Fumed Silica/ HDPE nanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The measured loss tangent of Fumed Silica/High Density Polyethylene decreases with increasing fumed silica percentage nanofillers up to 1%wt fumed silica but, it increases with increasing fumed silica percentage nanofillers up to 10%wt fumed silica nanoparticles. 62
  • 6. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 0.2 0.2 Pure HDPE Pure HDPE HDPE+1%Clay HDPE+1%Fumed Silica 0.15 HDPE+5%Clay 0.15 HDPE+5%Fumed Silica HDPE+10%Clay HDPE+10%Fumed Silica Tan Delta Tan Delta 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) (a)Clay/HDPE nanocomposites (b)Fumed Silica/HDPE nanocomposites Fig. 4 Measured loss tangent of High Density Polyethylene nanocompositesat room temperature (25oC) 1.4E-09 1.6E-09 Pure HDPE Pure HDPE 1.2E-09 1.4E-09 HDPE+1%Fumed Silica HDPE+1%Clay 1.2E-09 1E-09 HDPE+5%Fumed Silica HDPE+5%Clay HDPE+10%Fumed Silica Capacitance (F) Capacitance (F) 1E-09 HDPE+10%Clay 8E-10 8E-10 6E-10 6E-10 4E-10 4E-10 2E-10 2E-10 0 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) (a)Clay/HDPE nanocomposites (b)Fumed Silica/HDPE nanocomposites Fig. 5 Measured capacitance of High Density Polyethylene nanocompositesat room temperature (25oC) 63
  • 7. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME Figure 5.a shows capacitance as a function of frequency for Clay/HDPE nanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The measured capacitance of Clay/High Density Polyethylene increases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers up to 10%wt. Figure 5.b shows capacitance as a function of frequency for Fumed silica/HDPE nanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). Also, this figure illustrates that the capacitance of Fumed silica /High Density Polyethylene increases with increasing fumed silica percentage nanofillers up to 10%wt. Noting that, Clay nanofillers increases capacitance of High Density Polyethylene more than increasing fumed silica nanofillers in High Density Polyethylene at the same percentages. 4. COMPARATIVE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF COMMERCIAL AND NANOCOMPOSITE POLYETHYLENE INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS In the beginning, adding fumed silica has increased permittivity of the new nanocomposite materials whatever, adding clay has decreased permittivity of the new nanocomposite materials as shown in in table (1). With comparing results for depicting the effect of raising concentration of clay and fumed silica nanofillerswhich are pointed out in Figures (2,3) where loss tangent and capacitance of new Low-density polyethylenenanocomposite materials are reported for different weight concentrations of modified nanofillers concentration at room temperature (T=25oC). i.e the loss tangent increases with increases the percentage of clay nanoparticles percentage up to 5%wt, specially, at low frequencies but decreases with increasing clay nanoparticles percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high frequencies. Whatever, the measured loss tangent decreases with rising percentage of fumed silica nanofillers in the nanocomposite up to 5wt% specially, at low frequencies but increases with increasing fumed silica nanoparticles percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high frequencies. With respect to the measured capacitance of new Low-density polyethylenenanocomposites, it is cleared that, the measured capacitance decreases with rising percentage of clay nanofillers in the nanocomposite up to 5%wt but the measured the capacitance of Low-density polyethylenenanocompositesincreases with increasing clay percentage of nanofillers up to 10%wt. Whatever, The measured capacitance decreases with rising percentage of fumed silica nanofillers in the Low-density polyethylenenanocomposite up to 1wt% but it increases with increasing fumed silica percentage nanofillers at 5%wt - 10%wt. Also, the effect of raising concentration of clay nanofillers is pointed out in Figures (4,5) where loss tangent and capacitance of new High Density Polyethylenenanocomposite materials are reported for different weight concentrations of modified nanofillers concentration. i.e. the loss tangent of Clay/ High Density Polyethylenenanocomposite decreases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers up to 1%wt Clay but, it increases with increasing clay nanofillers from 5%wt up to 10%wt. Also, The measured loss tangent of Fumed Silica/High Density Polyethylene nanocompositesdecreases with increasing fumed silica percentage nanofillers up to 1%wt fumed silica but, it increases with increasing fumed silica percentage nanofillers up to 10%wt fumed silica nanoparticles. Whatever, the measured capacitance of High Density Polyethylene nanocomposites increases with increasing Clay and Fumed silica nanoparticles percentage up to 10%wt. 64
  • 8. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME 5. CONCLUSIONS Adding clay is decreasing the permittivity of new nanocomposite materials and the effects of adding small amount of clay nanoparticles percentage to Low density polyethylene decreases capacitance and loss tangent. Whatever, adding small amount of clay nanoparticles percentage to High density polyethylene increases capacitance and loss tangent, specially, at low frequencies. Adding clay nanofillers increases capacitance of High Density Polyethylene more than increasing fumed silica nanofillers in High Density Polyethylene at the same percentages. Adding fumed silica is increasing the permittivity of new nanocomposite materials, small amount of fumed silica nanoparticles on Low density polyethylene increases capacitance and loss tangent, specially, at low frequencies. Whatever, small amount of fumed silica nanoparticles on High density polyethylene increases capacitance but decreases loss tangent, specially, at low frequencies. Adding large amounts of clay or fumed silica nanoparticles to polyethylene will be reverse dielectric behavior characteristics gradually which depends on nature of nanoparticles structure in polymer matrix. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present work was supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF), Egypt, Grant No: Project ID 505. REFERENCES [1] J. I. Hong, L.S. Schadler, R. W. Siegel, E. Martensson, “Rescaled electrical properties of ZnO/low density polyethylene nanocomposites” Applied Physics Letters, Volume: 82 Issue: 12, pp. 1956 – 1958, Mar 2003. [2] G. C. Montanari, D. Fabiani, F. Palmieri, D. Kaempfer, R. Thomann and R. M¨ulhaupt, “Modification ofElectrical Properties and Performance of EVA and PP Insulation through Nanostructure by Organophilic Silicates” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 11, No. 5; pp. 754-762, October 2004. [3] T. Tanaka, “Dielectric Nanocomposites with Insulating Properties” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 12, No. 5; pp. 914-928, October 2005. [4] N. Shi and R. Ramprasad, “Local Properties at Interfaces in Nanodielectrics: An ab initio Computational Study” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 15, No. 1; pp. 170-177, February 2008. [5] X. Y. Huang, P. K. Jiang, C. U. Kim,“Electrical properties of polyethylene/aluminum nanocomposites” Journal of Applied Physics, Volume: 102 Issue: 12, pp. 124103 - 124103-8, Dec 2007. [6] Z. Dang, B. Xia, Sh. Yao, M. Jiang, H. Song, L. Zhang, D. Xie, “High-dielectric- permittivity high-elasticity three-component nanocomposites with low percolation threshold and low dielectric loss” Journal of Applied Physics Letters, Volume: 94 Issue: 4, pp. 042902 - 042902-3, Jan 2009. 65
  • 9. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME [7] X. Huang, Ch. Kim, P. Jiang, Y. Yin, Z. Li, “Influence of aluminum nanoparticle surface treatment on the electrical properties of polyethylene composites” Journal of Applied Physics, Volume: 105 Issue: 1, pp. 014105 - 014105-10, Jan 2009. [8] M. Roy, J.K. Nelson, R.K. MacCrone, L.S. Schadler, C.W. Reed, R. Keefe, “Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics-the role of the interface” IEEE Transactions onDielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, pp. 629 – 643, Aug. 2005. [9] V. Tomer, G. Polizos, C. A. Randall, E. Manias, “Polyethylene nanocomposite dielectrics: Implications of nanofiller orientation on high field properties and energy storage” Journal of Applied Physics, Volume: 109 Issue: 7, pp. 074113 - 074113-11, Apr 2011. [10] Y. Murakami, M. Nemoto, S. Okuzumi, S. Masuda, M. Nagao, N. Hozumi, Y. Sekiguchi, “DC conduction and electrical breakdown of MgO/LDPE nanocomposite” IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, pp. 33 – 39, February 2008. [11] G. D. Liang and S. C. Tjong, “Electrical Properties of Percolative Polystyrene/Carbon Nanofiber Composites” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 15, No. 1; pp. 214-220, February 2008. [12] M.G. Veena, N.M. Renukappa, S. Seetharamu, P. Sampathkumararr, “Effect of Nanofiller at Low Frequency behavior of Dielectric Insulator” IEEE, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials July 19- 23, Harbin, China, 2009. [13] K. Ishimoto, E. Kanegae, Y. Ohki, T. Tanaka, Y. Sekiguchi, Y. Murata and C. C. Reddy, “Superiority of Dielectric Properties of LDPE/MgONanocomposites over Microcomposites” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 16, No. 6; pp. 1735-1742, December 2009. [14] K.S. Shah, R.C. Jain, V. Shrinet, A.K. Singh, D.P. Bharambe, “High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Clay Nanocomposite for Dielectric Applications” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 16, No. 3;pp 853 - 861, 2009. [15] L.A. Utracki, “Clay-containing polymeric nanocomposites and their properties” IEEE, Electrical Insulation Magazine, Volume : 26 , Issue:4 , Pages (8), July 2010. [16] N. Fuse, Y. Ohki, and T. Tanaka, “Comparison of Nano-structuration Effects in Polypropylene among Four Typical Dielectric Properties” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 17, No. 3;pp. 671-677, June 2010. [17] M. Takala, H. Ranta, P. Nevalainen, P. Pakonen, J. Pelto, M. Karttunen, S. Virtanen, V. Koivu, M. Pettersson, B. Sonerud and K. Kannus, “Dielectric Properties and Partial Discharge Endurance of Polypropylene-Silica Nanocomposite” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 17, No. 4; pp. 1259-1267, August 2010. [18] M. Amhid, D. Mary, G. TeyssedreI, C. Laurent , G. C. Montanari, D. Kaempfer, R. Miilhaupt, “Effect of Filler Concentration on Dielectric Behaviour and on Charge Trapping in PP/clay Nanocomposite” IEEE, Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2004. [19] L. Bois, F.Chassagneux, S.Parola, F.Bessueille. “Growth of ordered silver nanoparticles in silica film mesostructured with a triblock copolymer PEO–PPO–PEO” Journal of Solid State Chemistry Vol. 182 2009, pp. 1700–1707. [20] Ahmed Thabet and Youssef A. Mobarak, “Experimental Study For Dielectric Strength Of New Nanocomposite Polyethylene Industrial Materials” International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 353-364, Published by IAEME 66
  • 10. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME AUTHORS’ INFORMATION Ahmed Thabetwas born in Aswan, Egypt in 1974. He received the BSc (FEE) Electrical Engineering degree in 1997 and MSc (FEE) Electrical Engineering degree in 2002 both from Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan, Egypt. PhD degree had been received in Electrical Engineering in 2006 from El-Minia University, Minia, Egypt. He joined with Electrical Power Engineering Group of Faculty of Energy Engineering in Aswan University as a Demonstrator at July 1999, until; he held Associate Professor Position at October 2011 up to date. His research interests lie in the areas of analysis and developing electrical engineering models and applications, investigating novel nano-technology materials via addition nano-scale particles and additives for usage in industrial branch, electromagnetic materials, electroluminescence and the relationship with electrical and thermal ageing of industrial polymers. Many of mobility’s have investigated for supporting his research experience in UK, Finland, Italy, and USA …etc. On 2009, he had been a Principle Investigator of a funded project from Science and Technology development Fund “STDF” for developing industrial materials of ac and dc applications by nano- technology techniques. He has been established first Nano-Technology Research Centre in the Upper Egypt (http://www.aswan.svu.edu.eg/nano/index.htm). He has many of publications which have been published and under published in national, international journals and conferences and held in Nano-Technology Research Centre website. 67