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Influence of cost less nanoparticles on electric and dielectric characteristics
- 1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNALand Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN
International Journal of Electrical Engineering OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME
& TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)
ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), pp. 58-67 IJEET
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.2031 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com ©IAEME
INFLUENCE OF COST-LESS NANOPARTICLES ON ELECTRIC AND
DIELECTRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYETHYLENE
INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
Ahmed Thabet
Nano-Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University,
Aswan, Egypt
athm@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
Nanoparticles have attracted wide interest for enhancing electrical properties of
polymer industrial materials as form nanocomposites, therefore, preparation new
Polyethylene nanocomposites will be helpful both the manufacturers and users for enhancing
electrical performance of Polyethylene applications. This paper has been enhancedelectricand
dielectric characterizations of polyethylene with adding costless nanoparticlesto low density
polyethylene (LDPE), and high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a base matrix. Polyethylene
trapping properties are highly modified by the presence of costless nanofillers(clay, and
fumed silica) nanoparticles. Also, it has been studiedexperimentally the influence of costless
nanofillers(clay, and fumed silica)and their concentrations on electric and dielectric
properties of polyethylene materials.Experimental comparative study has been discussed
about Polyethylene nanocomposites with respect to commercial polyethylene materials to
explain the effect of types and concentrations of nano-fillers for enhancing electric and
dielectric Polyethylenecharacteristics.
Keywords: Dielectric properties, Low density polyethylene, High density polyethylene,
Nano-composite, Nanoparticles, Polymers
1. INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnologies are present in a lot of domain since they are a great source of
innovation. They may have a powerful impact on development of advanced electrical and
electronic device. In the case of nanocomposite, it has been reported that a few percent of
functional nanofiller can improve mechanical characteristic permeability characteristic and
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0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME
electrical properties. The way to disperse nanofillers layer in polymer matrix at a nanometric level is
still under optimization, hut good results in terms of orientation, control of interaction between host
material and nanograin (intercalation, exfoliation) have been achieved already. The use of
nanoadditives in dielectric materials has made great progress in the last few years. Many papers
discussing the general overview, theory and the functionality of nanocomposite dielectrics have been
published [1-6]. Polymeric nanocomposites have gained importance in the manufacture of products of
high performance properties like light weight, material transparency, enhanced stiffness and
toughness, increased barrier properties, decreased thermal expansion, decreased flammability and
enhancement in dielectric properties for different industries such as automobiles, electrical and
electronics, packaging, coatings etc [7-14].
The addition of inorganic nanoparticles into polymer (polymer nanocomposite) has been studied and
applied to engineering materials for industrial products to improve various properties of material. It
has been reported that the polymer nanocomposite has abilities to improve the dielectric properties of
base material. The characteristics of polymer nanocomposite for electrical and dielectric properties
were also studied to ensure the high reliability of the insulating system. The effective properties of
dielectric mixtures have been investigated mathematically and experimentally for prediction of
effective dielectric properties [15-18]. The use of polymers as electrical insulating materials has been
growing rapidly in recent decades. The base polymer properties have been developed by adding small
amounts of different fillers but they are expensive to the polymer material. Recently, great
expectations have focused on costless nanofillers. However, there are few papers concerning the
effect of types of costless nanofillers on electrical properties of polymeric nanocomposite. With a
continual progress in polymer nanocomposites, this research depicts the effects of types and
concentration of costless nanoparticles in electrical properties of industrial polymer material.This
research has been investigatedexperimentally the results that detect the effects of nanoparticles (clay
and fumed silica)on electric and dielectric properties of polyethylene nanocomposites; low density
polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE).
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND MATERIAL PREPARATION CHARACTERIZATION
Nanoparticles: Nano-clay is Spherical particle shape and it is the most important characteristic of
nanoclay for polymer applications. Cost less of clay catalyst to be the best filler among nano-fillers
industrial materials. Nano-fumed silica is widely used as a rheology modifier, imparting highly
thixotropic properties at relatively low percentages. Fumed silica powders used in paints and coatings,
silicone rubber and silicone sealants, adhesives, cable compounds and gels, printing inks and toner,
and plant protection.
Polyethylene Materials: Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic made from petroleum
and it is defined by a density range of (0.910 - 0.940) g/cm³. LDPE contains the chemical
elementscarbon and hydrogen. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a polyethylenethermoplastic
made from petroleum. HDPE has little branching, giving it stronger intermolecular forces and tensile
strength than lower-density polyethylene.
Additives of nanoparticles to the base industrial polymers have been fabricated by using mixing,
ultrasonic, and heating processes. HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester device is measuring device for
characterization of nanocomposite insulation industrial materials.HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester
device as shown in Figure (1) has been measured electrical parameters of nano-metric solid dielectric
insulation specimens at various frequencies. Specification of LCR is Power supply: 100, 120, 220 or
240 V(±10%) AC (selectable), 50/60 Hz, Frequency: DC, 1 mHz to 100 kHz, Display Screen: LCD
with backlight / 99999 (full 5 digits), Basic Accuracy: Z : ± 0.08% rdg. θ : ± 0.05˚, and External DC
bias ± 40 V max.(option) (3522-50 used alone ± 10 V max./ using 9268 ± 40 V max.).
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0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME
Fig. 1 HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester device
Finally, It can be measured all dielectric properties for pure and nanocomposite industrial
materials by using HIOKI 3522-50 LCR Hi-tester device and have been detected. The studied
industrial materials in this research have been formulated utilizing nano particulates. Electric
and dielectric properties of the studied materials are detailed in table (1).
Table (1) Dielectric Properties of Pure and Nano-Composite Materials
Materials Dielectri Resistivit Materials Dielectric Resistivit
c y Constant at y
Constant ( .m) 1kHz ( .m)
at 1kHz
Pure LDPE 2.3 1014 Pure HDPE 2.3 1015
15
LDPE + 1%wt 2.23 10 HDPE + 1%wt 2.23 1016
Clay Clay
LDPE + 5%wt 1.99 1015-1018 HDPE + 5%wt 1.99 1016-1019
Clay Clay
LDPE + 10%wt 1.76 1018-1020 HDPE + 10%wt 1.76 1019-1021
Clay Clay
LDPE + 1%wt 2.32 1013 HDPE + 1%wt 2.32 1014
Fumed Silica Fumed Silica
LDPE + 5%wt 2.39 1013-1011 HDPE + 5%wt 2.39 1014-1012
Fumed Silica Fumed Silica
LDPE + 10%wt 2.49 1011-109 HDPE + 10%wt 2.49 1012-1010
Fumed Silica Fumed Silica
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Dielectric Spectroscopy is a powerful experimental method to investigate the
dynamical behavior of a sample through the analysis of its frequency dependent dielectric
response. The measurements were made using high resolution dielectric spectroscopy and
this technique is based on the measurement of the capacitance as a function of frequency of a
sample sandwiched between two electrodes. Dielectric loss (tan δ), and capacitance (C) were
measured as a function of frequency up to 100 kHz at 25 °C for all test samples.
3.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Characterization:
Figure 2.a shows loss tangent as a function of frequency for Clay/ Low-density
polyethylenenanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The measured loss tangent
contrasts on loss tangent with increasing frequency. The loss tangent increases with increases
the percentage of clay nanoparticles percentage up to 5%wt, specially, at low frequencies but
decreases with increasing clay nanoparticles percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high
frequencies. Figure 2.bcontrasts on loss tangent as a function of frequency for fumed silica/
Low-density polyethylenenanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The measured loss
tangent decreases with rising percentage of fumed silica nanofillers in the nanocomposite up
to 5wt% specially, at low frequencies but increases with increasing fumed silica nanoparticles
percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high frequencies.
0.02 0.02
Pure LDPE
Pure LDPE
LDPE+1%Fumed Silica
LDPE+1%Clay
0.015 0.015 LDPE+5%Fumed Silica
LDPE+5%Clay
LDPE+10%Fumed Silica
LDPE+10%Clay
Tan Delta
Tan Delta
0.01 0.01
0.005 0.005
0
0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
(a)Clay/LDPE nanocomposites (b)Fumed Silica/LDPE nanocomposites
Fig. 2 Measured loss tangent of Low Density Polyethylene nanocompositesat room
temperature (25oC)
Figure 3.a contrasts on capacitance of Clay/ Low-density polyethylenenanocompositesas a
function of frequency at room temperature (25oC). The measured capacitance decreases with
rising percentage of clay nanofillers in the nanocomposite up to 5%wt but it increases with
increasing clay percentage nanofillers up to percentage10%wt. Figure 3.b shows capacitance
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0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME
as a function of frequency for fumed silica/ Low-density polyethylenenanocomposites
at room temperature (25oC). The measured capacitance shows that decreasing in
capacitance with rising percentage of fumed silica nanofillers in fumed silica/ Low-
density polyethylene nanocomposite up to 1wt% but it increases with increasing
fumed silica percentage nanofillers at 5-10wt%.
1.4E-09 1.6E-09
Pure LDPE
Pure LDPE
1.2E-09 1.4E-09
LDPE+1%Fumed Silica
LDPE+1%Clay
1.2E-09 LDPE+5%Fumed Silica
1E-09 LDPE+5%Clay LDPE+10%Fumed Silica
Capacitance (F)
1E-09
Capacitance (F)
LDPE+10%Clay
8E-10
8E-10
6E-10
6E-10
4E-10
4E-10
2E-10 2E-10
0 0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency (Hz)
(a)Clay/LDPE nanocomposites (b)Fumed Silica/LDPE nanocomposites
Fig 3 Measured capacitance of Low Density Polyethylenenanocomposites at room
temperature (25oC)
3.2 Effect of Nanoparticles on High Density Polyethylene HDPE Characterization:
Figure 4.a shows loss tangent as a function of frequency for Clay/HDPE
nanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The loss tangent of Clay/High Density
Polyethylenenanocomposite decreases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers up
to 1%wt Clay but, it increases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers from 5%wt
up to 10%wt. Figure 4.b shows loss tangent as a function of frequency for Fumed
Silica/ HDPE nanocomposites at room temperature (25oC). The measured loss tangent
of Fumed Silica/High Density Polyethylene decreases with increasing fumed silica
percentage nanofillers up to 1%wt fumed silica but, it increases with increasing fumed
silica percentage nanofillers up to 10%wt fumed silica nanoparticles.
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0.2 0.2
Pure HDPE Pure HDPE
HDPE+1%Clay HDPE+1%Fumed Silica
0.15 HDPE+5%Clay 0.15 HDPE+5%Fumed Silica
HDPE+10%Clay HDPE+10%Fumed Silica
Tan Delta
Tan Delta
0.1 0.1
0.05 0.05
0 0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
(a)Clay/HDPE nanocomposites (b)Fumed Silica/HDPE nanocomposites
Fig. 4 Measured loss tangent of High Density Polyethylene nanocompositesat room
temperature (25oC)
1.4E-09
1.6E-09
Pure HDPE
Pure HDPE 1.2E-09
1.4E-09
HDPE+1%Fumed Silica
HDPE+1%Clay
1.2E-09 1E-09 HDPE+5%Fumed Silica
HDPE+5%Clay
HDPE+10%Fumed Silica
Capacitance (F)
Capacitance (F)
1E-09 HDPE+10%Clay 8E-10
8E-10
6E-10
6E-10
4E-10
4E-10
2E-10 2E-10
0 0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
(a)Clay/HDPE nanocomposites (b)Fumed Silica/HDPE nanocomposites
Fig. 5 Measured capacitance of High Density Polyethylene nanocompositesat room
temperature (25oC)
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0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), © IAEME
Figure 5.a shows capacitance as a function of frequency for Clay/HDPE nanocomposites at
room temperature (25oC). The measured capacitance of Clay/High Density Polyethylene
increases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers up to 10%wt. Figure 5.b shows
capacitance as a function of frequency for Fumed silica/HDPE nanocomposites at room
temperature (25oC). Also, this figure illustrates that the capacitance of Fumed silica /High
Density Polyethylene increases with increasing fumed silica percentage nanofillers up to
10%wt. Noting that, Clay nanofillers increases capacitance of High Density Polyethylene
more than increasing fumed silica nanofillers in High Density Polyethylene at the same
percentages.
4. COMPARATIVE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF COMMERCIAL AND
NANOCOMPOSITE POLYETHYLENE INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
In the beginning, adding fumed silica has increased permittivity of the new
nanocomposite materials whatever, adding clay has decreased permittivity of the new
nanocomposite materials as shown in in table (1).
With comparing results for depicting the effect of raising concentration of clay and fumed
silica nanofillerswhich are pointed out in Figures (2,3) where loss tangent and capacitance of
new Low-density polyethylenenanocomposite materials are reported for different weight
concentrations of modified nanofillers concentration at room temperature (T=25oC). i.e the
loss tangent increases with increases the percentage of clay nanoparticles percentage up to
5%wt, specially, at low frequencies but decreases with increasing clay nanoparticles
percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high frequencies. Whatever, the measured loss tangent
decreases with rising percentage of fumed silica nanofillers in the nanocomposite up to 5wt%
specially, at low frequencies but increases with increasing fumed silica nanoparticles
percentage up to 10%wt, specially, at high frequencies. With respect to the measured
capacitance of new Low-density polyethylenenanocomposites, it is cleared that, the measured
capacitance decreases with rising percentage of clay nanofillers in the nanocomposite up to
5%wt but the measured the capacitance of Low-density
polyethylenenanocompositesincreases with increasing clay percentage of nanofillers up to
10%wt. Whatever, The measured capacitance decreases with rising percentage of fumed
silica nanofillers in the Low-density polyethylenenanocomposite up to 1wt% but it increases
with increasing fumed silica percentage nanofillers at 5%wt - 10%wt.
Also, the effect of raising concentration of clay nanofillers is pointed out in Figures (4,5)
where loss tangent and capacitance of new High Density Polyethylenenanocomposite
materials are reported for different weight concentrations of modified nanofillers
concentration. i.e. the loss tangent of Clay/ High Density Polyethylenenanocomposite
decreases with increasing clay percentage nanofillers up to 1%wt Clay but, it increases with
increasing clay nanofillers from 5%wt up to 10%wt. Also, The measured loss tangent of
Fumed Silica/High Density Polyethylene nanocompositesdecreases with increasing fumed
silica percentage nanofillers up to 1%wt fumed silica but, it increases with increasing fumed
silica percentage nanofillers up to 10%wt fumed silica nanoparticles. Whatever, the measured
capacitance of High Density Polyethylene nanocomposites increases with increasing Clay
and Fumed silica nanoparticles percentage up to 10%wt.
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5. CONCLUSIONS
Adding clay is decreasing the permittivity of new nanocomposite materials and the
effects of adding small amount of clay nanoparticles percentage to Low density
polyethylene decreases capacitance and loss tangent. Whatever, adding small amount
of clay nanoparticles percentage to High density polyethylene increases capacitance
and loss tangent, specially, at low frequencies.
Adding clay nanofillers increases capacitance of High Density Polyethylene more than
increasing fumed silica nanofillers in High Density Polyethylene at the same
percentages.
Adding fumed silica is increasing the permittivity of new nanocomposite materials,
small amount of fumed silica nanoparticles on Low density polyethylene increases
capacitance and loss tangent, specially, at low frequencies. Whatever, small amount of
fumed silica nanoparticles on High density polyethylene increases capacitance but
decreases loss tangent, specially, at low frequencies.
Adding large amounts of clay or fumed silica nanoparticles to polyethylene will be
reverse dielectric behavior characteristics gradually which depends on nature of
nanoparticles structure in polymer matrix.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The present work was supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund
(STDF), Egypt, Grant No: Project ID 505.
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Published by IAEME
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AUTHORS’ INFORMATION
Ahmed Thabetwas born in Aswan, Egypt in 1974. He received the BSc
(FEE) Electrical Engineering degree in 1997 and MSc (FEE) Electrical
Engineering degree in 2002 both from Faculty of Energy Engineering,
Aswan, Egypt. PhD degree had been received in Electrical Engineering in
2006 from El-Minia University, Minia, Egypt. He joined with Electrical
Power Engineering Group of Faculty of Energy Engineering in Aswan
University as a Demonstrator at July 1999, until; he held Associate
Professor Position at October 2011 up to date. His research interests lie in the areas of
analysis and developing electrical engineering models and applications, investigating novel
nano-technology materials via addition nano-scale particles and additives for usage in
industrial branch, electromagnetic materials, electroluminescence and the relationship with
electrical and thermal ageing of industrial polymers. Many of mobility’s have investigated for
supporting his research experience in UK, Finland, Italy, and USA …etc. On 2009, he had
been a Principle Investigator of a funded project from Science and Technology development
Fund “STDF” for developing industrial materials of ac and dc applications by nano-
technology techniques. He has been established first Nano-Technology Research Centre in
the Upper Egypt (http://www.aswan.svu.edu.eg/nano/index.htm). He has many of
publications which have been published and under published in national, international
journals and conferences and held in Nano-Technology Research Centre website.
67