9. Example 2-1: Runner’s average velocity. The position of a runner as a function of time is plotted as moving along the x axis of a coordinate system. During a 3.00-s time interval, the runner’s position changes from x 1 = 50.0 m to x 2 = 30.5 m, as shown. What was the runner’s average velocity?
10. Example 2-2: Distance a cyclist travels. How far can a cyclist travel in 2.5 h along a straight road if her average velocity is 18 km/h?
11. Instantaneous Velocity The instantaneous velocity is the average velocity in the limit as the time interval becomes infinitesimally short.
12.
13.
14. Acceleration Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. In general (Unit: m/s 2 ) Example: 5 m/s 2 – velocity will increase 5 m/s in 1 second
15. Example 2-4: Average acceleration. A car accelerates along a straight road from rest to 90 km/h in 5.0 s. What is the magnitude of its average acceleration?
16. Example 2-6: Car slowing down. An automobile is moving to the right along a straight highway, which we choose to be the positive x axis. Then the driver puts on the brakes. If the initial velocity (when the driver hits the brakes) is v 1 = 15.0 m/s, and it takes 5.0 s to slow down to v 2 = 5.0 m/s, what was the car’s average acceleration?
17. There is a difference between negative acceleration and deceleration: Negative acceleration is acceleration in the negative direction as defined by the coordinate system. Deceleration occurs when the acceleration is opposite in direction to the velocity.
18. Instantaneous Acceleration The instantaneous acceleration is the average acceleration in the limit as the time interval becomes infinitesimally short.
19.
20.
21. You and your dog go for a walk to the park. On the way, your dog takes many side trips to chase squirrels or examine fire hydrants. When you arrive at the park, do you and your dog have the same displacement? 1) yes 2) no ConcepTest 2.1 Walking the Dog
22. You and your dog go for a walk to the park. On the way, your dog takes many side trips to chase squirrels or examine fire hydrants. When you arrive at the park, do you and your dog have the same displacement? 1) yes 2) no Yes, you have the same displacement. Since you and your dog had the same initial position and the same final position, then you have (by definition) the same displacement. ConcepTest 2.1 Walking the Dog Follow-up: Have you and your dog traveled the same distance?
23.
24.
25. If the position of a car is zero, does its speed have to be zero? 1) yes 2) no 3) it depends on the position ConcepTest 2.3 Position and Speed
26. If the position of a car is zero, does its speed have to be zero? 1) yes 2) no 3) it depends on the position No, the speed does not depend on position; it depends on the change of position. Since we know that the displacement does not depend on the origin of the coordinate system, an object can easily start at x = – 3 and be moving by the time it gets to x = 0. ConcepTest 2.3 Position and Speed
27. You drive for 30 minutes at 30 mi/hr and then for another 30 minutes at 50 mi/hr. What is your average speed for the whole trip? 1) more than 40 mi/hr 2) equal to 40 mi/hr 3) less than 40 mi/hr ConcepTest 2.6a Cruising Along I
28. You drive for 30 minutes at 30 mi/hr and then for another 30 minutes at 50 mi/hr. What is your average speed for the whole trip? 1) more than 40 mi/hr 2) equal to 40 mi/hr 3) less than 40 mi/hr It is 40 mi/hr in this case. Since the average speed is distance/time and you spend the same amount of time at each speed, then your average speed would indeed be 40 mi/hr. ConcepTest 2.6a Cruising Along I
29. You drive 4 miles at 30 mi/hr and then another 4 miles at 50 mi/hr. What is your average speed for the whole 8-mile trip? 1) more than 40 mi/hr 2) equal to 40 mi/hr 3) less than 40 mi/hr ConcepTest 2.6b Cruising Along II
30. You drive 4 miles at 30 mi/hr and then another 4 miles at 50 mi/hr. What is your average speed for the whole 8-mile trip? 1) more than 40 mi/hr 2) equal to 40 mi/hr 3) less than 40 mi/hr It is not 40 mi/hr! Remember that the average speed is distance/time. Since it takes longer to cover 4 miles at the slower speed, you are actually moving at 30 mi/hr for a longer period of time! Therefore, your average speed is closer to 30 mi/hr than it is to 50 mi/hr. ConcepTest 2.6b Cruising Along II
![Lecture Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)