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11/20/2011




                                                                         Chapter 4




    A gas turbine is a type of internal combustion engine. Used in application such as:

    •   Locomotives
    •   Power generation
    •   Aircraft propulsion




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




                                                                                                  1
11/20/2011




 Gas turbine consist of:

 1- Compressor:
 A mechanical device that increases the pressure of a
 gas by reducing its volume.
      1. 1 The reciprocating air compressor
         •   Two stroke engine
         •   No camshaft
         •   Pressure differential operated valves
         •   Very high compression pressure
         •   Intermittent flow of air (-ve)




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




  1.2 Rotary air compressors
         • Centrifugal
         • The axial-flow
         • The positive displacement

  •   Continues flow
  •   Deals with large quantity of air
  •   Moderate to high pressure range (10:1)
  •   High speed up to 30000rpm




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




                                                                2
11/20/2011




 2- Combustion Chamber:

A chamber where the air and fuel been mixed and burned



        • Tubular
        • Annular
        • Tubo-annular




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




 3- Turbine:




 Turbine is a rotary engine that extract energy from a fluid and converts it
 into useful work.

 There are two type of Turbine:
                  • Reaction (UK, Sir Parson)
                  • Impulse (Swedish, Gustaf)




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




                                                                                       3
11/20/2011




 4 – Auxiliary systems:
             1.    Fuel system
             2.    Starting system
                   • Air motors
                   • Diesel engines
                   • Electric motors
             3.    Lube oil system
             4.    Cooling system
             5.    Silencer




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




 Gas turbine mimic the working principal of the Windmill

 But the moving air or gas is controlled and directed against the blades of the
 turbine wheel




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




                                                                                          4
11/20/2011




Also mimic the working principal of Internal Combustion engine:




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




              Open                              Closed




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




                                                                          5
11/20/2011




              Single Shaft               Multi-Shaft




                             Multi-shaft turbine can be:
                                 1. Parallel
                                            Part load
                                            Two C.C
                                            Control T3
                                 2. Series:
                                            Independent shaft speed

Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




  Brayton Cycle




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




                                                                              6
11/20/2011




Compressor work:      𝑊 𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑃 𝑚 𝑎 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

Turbine Work:         𝑊 𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑃 𝑚 𝑔 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4 )

Network output:       𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊 𝑇 − 𝑊 𝐶                    If 𝑚 𝑎 = 𝑚 𝑔
                            = 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 − 𝑇2 − 𝑇1

Heat Supplied:        𝑄 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚 𝑓 × 𝐶. 𝑉
                           = 𝐶 𝑃 𝑚 𝑓 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 )
                               𝑚𝑓
Fuel Consumption:     𝑆𝑓𝑐 =
                              𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡

Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




Thermal efficiency:
                                     𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡
                          𝜂 𝑡ℎ =     𝑄 𝑖𝑛

                                     𝑊 𝑇 − 𝑊𝑐
                                =
                                    𝑚 𝑓 × 𝐶. 𝑉

                                    𝑇3 − 𝑇4 − (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
                                =
                                           𝑇3 − 𝑇2

Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




                                                                                  7
11/20/2011




                                                             rp


                               rp
Appling Gas Laws
              𝑃2   𝑃3
       𝑟𝑃 =      =
              𝑃1   𝑃4
       𝑇2              1                             1
                  1−                            1−
          = 𝑟𝑃         𝛾   →    𝑇2 = 𝑇1 × 𝑟 𝑃        𝛾
       𝑇1                                       −1−
                                                         1
                           →    𝑇1 = 𝑇2 × 𝑟 𝑃            𝛾
                                                                                 − 1−
                                                                                        1
                       1                                 1        𝜂 𝑡ℎ = 1 − (𝑟 𝑝)      𝛾
        𝑇3        1−                            −1−
           = 𝑟𝑃        𝛾   →    𝑇4 = 𝑇3 × 𝑟 𝑃            𝛾
        𝑇4                                      1−
                                                     1
                           → 𝑇3 = 𝑇4 × 𝑟 𝑃           𝛾




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




                                                                                                    8
11/20/2011




                          Answer all 17 questions.




Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani




                                                             9

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MET 211 gas-turbine

  • 1. 11/20/2011 Chapter 4 A gas turbine is a type of internal combustion engine. Used in application such as: • Locomotives • Power generation • Aircraft propulsion Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani 1
  • 2. 11/20/2011 Gas turbine consist of: 1- Compressor: A mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. 1. 1 The reciprocating air compressor • Two stroke engine • No camshaft • Pressure differential operated valves • Very high compression pressure • Intermittent flow of air (-ve) Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani 1.2 Rotary air compressors • Centrifugal • The axial-flow • The positive displacement • Continues flow • Deals with large quantity of air • Moderate to high pressure range (10:1) • High speed up to 30000rpm Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani 2
  • 3. 11/20/2011 2- Combustion Chamber: A chamber where the air and fuel been mixed and burned • Tubular • Annular • Tubo-annular Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani 3- Turbine: Turbine is a rotary engine that extract energy from a fluid and converts it into useful work. There are two type of Turbine: • Reaction (UK, Sir Parson) • Impulse (Swedish, Gustaf) Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani 3
  • 4. 11/20/2011 4 – Auxiliary systems: 1. Fuel system 2. Starting system • Air motors • Diesel engines • Electric motors 3. Lube oil system 4. Cooling system 5. Silencer Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani Gas turbine mimic the working principal of the Windmill But the moving air or gas is controlled and directed against the blades of the turbine wheel Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani 4
  • 5. 11/20/2011 Also mimic the working principal of Internal Combustion engine: Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani Open Closed Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani 5
  • 6. 11/20/2011 Single Shaft Multi-Shaft Multi-shaft turbine can be: 1. Parallel Part load Two C.C Control T3 2. Series: Independent shaft speed Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani Brayton Cycle Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani 6
  • 7. 11/20/2011 Compressor work: 𝑊 𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑃 𝑚 𝑎 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) Turbine Work: 𝑊 𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑃 𝑚 𝑔 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4 ) Network output: 𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊 𝑇 − 𝑊 𝐶 If 𝑚 𝑎 = 𝑚 𝑔 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 − 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 Heat Supplied: 𝑄 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚 𝑓 × 𝐶. 𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑃 𝑚 𝑓 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) 𝑚𝑓 Fuel Consumption: 𝑆𝑓𝑐 = 𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡 Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani Thermal efficiency: 𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝜂 𝑡ℎ = 𝑄 𝑖𝑛 𝑊 𝑇 − 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚 𝑓 × 𝐶. 𝑉 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 − (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani 7
  • 8. 11/20/2011 rp rp Appling Gas Laws 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑟𝑃 = = 𝑃1 𝑃4 𝑇2 1 1 1− 1− = 𝑟𝑃 𝛾 → 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 × 𝑟 𝑃 𝛾 𝑇1 −1− 1 → 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 × 𝑟 𝑃 𝛾 − 1− 1 1 1 𝜂 𝑡ℎ = 1 − (𝑟 𝑝) 𝛾 𝑇3 1− −1− = 𝑟𝑃 𝛾 → 𝑇4 = 𝑇3 × 𝑟 𝑃 𝛾 𝑇4 1− 1 → 𝑇3 = 𝑇4 × 𝑟 𝑃 𝛾 Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani 8
  • 9. 11/20/2011 Answer all 17 questions. Dr.Khaled S. Al-Zahrani 9