1. Taxonomic publications are considered "legal documents" as they establish nomenclatural decisions under taxonomic codes. As such, everyone should have access to these legally binding documents.
2. Taxonomic descriptions are factual knowledge based on direct observations, so the descriptive parts of publications cannot be copyrighted and should be open access.
3. Publications can be broken down into the basic data elements of individual taxon descriptions, which contain details like descriptions, specimens examined, and characters. These descriptions are the building blocks of taxonomic knowledge.
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Donat Agosti & Norman F. Johnson - Copyright: the new taxonomic impediment
1. Copyright:
the new taxonomic impediment
Donat Agosti* & Norman F. Johnson**
*AMNH / **OSU
ZOOBANK-Symposium, ESA, Dec. 18, 2005
2.
3. Copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted by
government for a limited time to regulate the use of a
particular form, way or manner in which an idea or
information is expressed.
In law, an exclusive right is the power or right to perform
an action in relation to an object or other thing which
others cannot perform. The law may require that a
person seek such rights through application, or it may
automatically grant such rights.
Exclusive rights may be granted in intellectual property
law.
Most governments recognize a bundle of exclusive rights in
relation to creative and scientific works and property
under the umbrella term "intellectual property". An
example is copyright..
(Source: Wikipedia)
4. Access to ant taxonomic publications through antbase.org /Smithsonian Institution, including currently the
entire body of non-copyrighted publications since 1758 (>4,000 publications or 85,000 pages. Source:
(Agosti 2005 and antbase.org)
Directly through enforcement of copyright
5. Approved by 148 against 2 votes (4
abstentions) by the General
Conference of UNESCO in Paris,
October 20
6. Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
ARTICLE 6 Towards access for all to cultural diversity
While ensuring the free flow of ideas by word and image, care
should be exercised that all cultures can express themselves and
make themselves known.
Freedom of expression, media pluralism, multilingualism, equal
access to art and to scientific and technological knowledge,
including in digital form, and the possibility for all cultures to have
access to the means of expression and dissemination are the
guarantees of cultural diversity.
7. “The Real Death of Print”
A. von Bubnoff, Nature 438:550-552, 01 Dec. 2005
9. Index 1 Index n DocsIndex ..
RDBMS
Retrieval Engine
- Analyze queries
- Use indices for SE and result improvement
- Retrieve documents
- Functionality in Query Executor & Plugins
Query Pipeline
Retrieval
Plugin1
Retrieval
Plugin...
Measure
Plugin1
Measure
Plugin...
Retrieval
Pluginn
Query
Exe-
cutor
Document Analyzer
- Analyze documents (NLP)
- Store documents
- Create indices from analysis results
- Functionality in GATE & Plugins
NLP Analysis Pipeline
Pre-
Plugin1
Pre-
Plugin...
Analyzer
Plugin...
Analyzer
Pluginn
Analyzer
Plugin1
GATE
Doc
Doc
Doc
Result
Doc
Doc
Doc
Result
Doc
Doc
Doc
Result
User
User
User
User
User
User
???
Query
???
Query
???
Query
Doc
Doc
Doc
Questions /
Feedback
Legend
Document / Query
Meta Data
Information Retrieval for Biodiversity Information Guido Sautter
10. • Taxonomic publications are “legal documents”,
they must conform to the Codes to make the
presented nomenclatorial decisions valid. Thus
everybody should have access to these legally
binding documents.
11. • Taxonomic publications are “legal documents”,
they must conform to the Codes to make the
presented nomenclatorial decisions valid. Thus
everybody should have access to these binding
documents.
• Taxonomic descriptions are factual knowledge,
that is knowledge based on direct observations.
Thus, taxonomic publications, at least the
descriptive part, cannot be copyrighted, and can
be open access.
13. Species 1
Species 2
Species 3
Species 4
Species ..
Species n
Species
descriptions
Nomenclature
Diagnosis
Distribution
Material
Examined
Comments
Description
Graphic art
Species 1
The structure of a systematics publication, continued
Species (or taxa in case of
higher level revisions)
descriptions can be
considered the building
blocks or basic data
elements of taxonomic
publications. They are very
rich in detail. All the other
elements of a publications,
are inferred from the analysis
and synthesis of taxon
descriptions.
The descriptions are also the
‚legal‘ element of the
publication in compliance
with the ICZN.
14. Nomenclature
Diagnosis
Distribution
Material
Examined
Comments
Description
Graphic art
Species
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen …
Specimen n
Material exam.
Description
Character 1
Character 2
Character …
Character n
The structure of a systematics publication, continued
Species descriptions
can be further
resolved into the
basic units,
characters in the
description sensu
str., and the
specimen records,
which are a species
at a given time at a
given locality
(collecting event).
They could be
enhanced by shared
ontologies and
gazetteers
15. From text document to XML-document,
or the deconstruction of documents
Taxon-xschema
16. Data Domains and Standards
• Taxonomic names and concepts
• Taxonomic Concept Schema (approved 2005)
• Specimen occurrence records
• ABCD (approved 2005)
• DarwinCore (under development)
• Characters and character states
• Structure of Descriptive Data (approved 2005)
• Literature
• TaxonX (under development)
• TaXMLit (under development)
• Digital objects
• Analytical results
17. ms submission
Edited ms
Revised ms
Publication: pdf
Publication: hard copy Ontology
Bibliography
analysis &
ms preparation
Name Server
Character DB
Specimen DB
Description DB
Distribution DB
Char. Matrix DB
Phyl. Tree DB
Char-state img
Specimen img
Habitat Image
Legacy Pub.
TaxonDB
New Data
Accepted ms
The old - new taxonomy
18. ms submission
(„Taxon-x-version“)
new ms alertPosting for review
Edited ms
Revised msPublication: pdf
„Version control“
Publication: hard copy
Publication database
(„taxon-x-version“)
Ontology
Bibliography
analysis &
ms preparation
ZooBank / NS
Character DB
Specimen DB
Description DB
Distribution DB
Char. Matrix DB
Phyl. Tree DB
Char-state img
Specimen img
Habitat image
Legacy Pub.
TaxonDB
New Data
feedback
Accepted ms
New taxon alert
… and the Future of Publication