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ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 02, April 2012



      Optimization of Quality of Service in 4G Wireless
                        Networks
                            Firas Ousta*, Nidal Kamel*, Mohd Zuki* and Charles Sarraf**
    *Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak,
                                                        Malaysia
                                              **mtctouch, Beirut Lebanon

Abstract—4G radio access technologies should be able to              The structure of this paper is as follows, section 2 will provides
provide different types of IP services. These services rang from     an Introduction to 4G, Overview of QoS and various
narrow-band to broadband, from non-real-time to real-time,           definitions and specifications, ITU, 3GPP, WiMAX, IP, etc…
and from unicast to multicast broadcast applications. When
                                                                     will be presented in Section 3. We present, in section 4, an
the need arises for different levels of user mobility the access
systems are required with advanced capabilities of radio
                                                                     overview of related work regarding End-to-End QoS in 4G
resource management and Quality of Service (QoS). We                 Mobile Networks. And finally section 5 will conclude by
present, in this paper, the different QoS approaches by the          summing up, pointing out the main issues and challenges
various wireless and connectivity’s networks as well as the          providing some guidelines for future works
issues that will face their implementations in 4G.
                                                                                             II. 4G OVERVIEW
Index Terms—4G Mobile Networks, QoS, Mobile IP, Wireless
Networks                                                                 In the past decade, the telecommunications industry has
                                                                     witnessed an ever accelerated growth the usage of mobile
                       I. INTRODUCTION                               communications. As a result, the mobile communications
                                                                     technology has evolved from the so-called second generation
    Some of the most important trends, over the last decades,        (2G) technologies, GSM in Europe, IS-95 (CDMA) and IS-136
are the significant developments, deployments and the                (TDMA) in USA, to the third generation (3G) technologies,
tremendous growth in use of Mobile Networks from one side            UMTS/WCDMA in Europe and cdma2000 in USA, being
and the Internet from the other side. Even more, this                standardized by 3GPP and 3GPP2. Further the mobile industry
tremendous growth, in both technologies, have a great impact         has also witnessed an accelerated data transmission and
on developing various applications catered for mobility and          wireless Internet with higher and higher bandwidth supported
real-time access that will fundamentally change the                  from GPRS (General Packet Radio System) to 3¼G
environment of the telecommunications networks. These new            technologies such as HSPDA (High Speed Downlink Packet
development presents important challenges for the                    Access), through 2.75G EDGE and other packet data access
telecommunication and Internet industries as well as the             in CDMA and TDMA [2].
current network architectures and infrastructures. An                    In the wireless access field, various technologies have
explosive growth is expected in mobile communications [1],           emerged such as Bluetooth which was developed as a new
based heterogeneous wireless access technologies, over the           cable replacement technology providing a short-range (~10m),
next decade with higher speeds and larger capacities than            low bit rate (1Mbps) access in the 2.4GHz spectrums. IEEE
provided by 3G mobile systems. Various generations of                also developed a wireless LAN (WLAN) access family of
cellular, broadband wireless, WLANs and WMANs will                   protocol IEEE 802.11a/b/g/… operating over 100m range and
integrate to support services which vary in bandwidth, delay,        different spectrum access such as 2.4 GHz for 802.11b/g and
and mobility                                                         5.2 GHz for 802.11a as well as WiMAX (802.16) as WMAN.
    3G mobile networks such as UMTS and cdma2000 from                Nowadays, 802.11 and 802.16 have become widely popular
one side and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)             and easy ways to provide wireless access for laptop and
from the other side will allow operators to deliver high quality     PDA users which can easily use VoIP for voice
voice, video and data services. Therefore 3GPP have defined          communication, even many cellular phones and smart phones
many paths to 4G migration including W-CDMA, UMTS,                   that have the capabilities to access WiFi have recently been
cdma2000, WiFi and WiMAX based networks                              available in the market.
    The end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) of an application            Even though a universal consensus on what is going to
depends on the overall performance achieved by the different         be 4G is not yet reached in the industry or the literature, there
components, spread over many domains and owned by                    is a reasonable understanding of some characteristics of 4G
different network and service providers, therefore the issue         mobile networks [3]. Some of the accepted characteristics
of End-to-End QoS must be addressed when designing and               are:
deploying 4G networks and applications as well as mapping                     All-IP based network architecture;
between the different QoS parameters and messages at setup                    Higher bandwidth;
level as well as when roaming, including handovers, vertically                Support for different access networks, including
and horizontally.
© 2012 ACEEE                                                     6
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ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 02, April 2012


       WLAN       and WiMAX technologies;                           ITU-T Rec. E-800 is widely used and referred to from most
         Worldwide roaming capability;                              publications, its framework does suffer from not being
         Full integration of “hot spot” and “cellular”;             application-oriented and in many areas, too vague to use.
         Support for multimedia applications.                       The ITU-T recommendation [6] focuses on four different
    Location management deals with tracking user mobility,           points of view:
and handling information about original, current and (if                     Customer’s QoS requirements;
possible) future cells and networks. Moreover it also must                   Service provider’s offering of QoS;
deal with authentication issues and QoS assurances [4]. Fig.                 QoS achieved or delivered;
1 depicts a logical architecture of 4G mobile networks. Such                 Customer survey rating of QoS.
architecture may consist of several Access Service Networks             Relationships between these four points of views is
(ASN) of different technologies.                                     presented if Fig. 2.
     The ASN may be connected to Connectivity Service
Network (CSN) of a visited network, which may be connected
over an IP-based network to the home mobile network.
Connections to the Internet may occur at either the visiting
network or the home network. There are so many key
challenges to migrate the current systems to 4G. The research
areas that present key challenges to migrate current systems
to 4G are many but can be summarized in the following:
Mobile Station, System and Service [4].
    Stations’ mobility must be able to provide wireless
services anytime, everywhere. This implies that roaming
between different networks must be automatic and transparent
                                                                                   Figure 2. The four viewpoints of QoS
to the user. There are two major issues in stations’ mobility,
location management and handoff management.                          However the main problems in this ITU-T Rec. were not being
                                                                     specific by defining target and/or thresholds values for
                                                                     acceptable criteria’s. Reference [7] defines a model for
                                                                     multimedia Quality of Service categories from an end-user
                                                                     viewpoint. By considering user expectations for a range of
                                                                     multimedia applications, eight distinct categories have been
                                                                     identified, based on tolerance to key parameters impacting
                                                                     the user such as delay and information loss, as shown in Fig.
                                                                     3.




      Figure 1. Local architecture of a 4G Mobile Network

                    III. OVERVIEW OF QOS
    Some of the major challenges of migrating the current
systems to 4G are QoS provisioning and security services
for mobile users’ communication flows [4]. The QoS problems
consist of two major issues:
     1. Mapping QoS parameters over different access/                       Figure 3. Mapping of user-centric QoS Requirements
         connectivity network at call setup.
                                                                     B. QoS in UMTS
     2. Maintain these QoS when Users move to different
         access networks that may cause changes in                       Frameworks for QoS within UMTS [8] and end-to-end
         backbone and connectivity’s networks.                       QoS involving GPRS[17] have been provided by 3GPP. The
    The different radio access and connectivity networks             main purpose in [8] is to specify the list of attributes applicable
have, through their standardization and specifications,              to UMTS Bearer Service and Radio Bearer Service, as well as
defined QoS parameters and classes.                                  describe the Quality of Service architecture to be used in
                                                                     UMTS networks, while [9] describes a the interaction between
A. ITU                                                               the TE/MT Local Bearer Service, the GPRS Bearer Service,
    ITU-T [5] defines QoS as “the collective effect of service       and the external Bearer Service, and how these together
performance which determine the degree of satisfaction of a          provide Quality of Service for the End-to-End Service. Such
user of the service”. Even though the definition of QoS in           architecture is depicted in Fig. 4.
© 2012 ACEEE                                                     7
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ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 02, April 2012


                                                                      not cover the needed requirements for 4G. Many mechanisms
                                                                      have been therefore proposed to introduce traffic
                                                                      differentiation in IEEE 802.11 [10][11][12]. All these proposals
                                                                      require substantial changes to the current MAC protocol,
                                                                      leading to both higher channel utilization and effective
                                                                      differentiation among traffic flows. Although a wide
                                                                      consensus exists on a new standard, named IEEE 802.11e,
                                                                      including most of these mechanisms [13], more work is still
                                                                      needed to make this proposal fully operational and to fully
                                                                      support the 4G requirements.
                                                                      E. QoS in WiMAX (802.16)
                                                                          Similar to 802.11, the QoS in WiMAX networks is usually
          Figure 4. UMTS End-to-End QoS architecture                  managed at the medium access control (MAC) layer. [14][15]
[9] Also defines four QoS classes, corresponding to different         detail the QoS support in WiMAX networks issues. However
traffic QoS requirements (mainly, delay tolerance):                   the latest specification of WiMAX, 802.16e [16] has defined
         Conversational class. Audio and video                       5 different categories for QoS as outlined in Table 1.
          communications with real time constraints.                                  TABLE 1. WIMAX QOS    CATEGORIES

         Streaming class. This class comprises applications
          for downloading multimedia contents (audio and
          video) that are reproduced on-line.
         Interactive class. Remote access applications, in
          which a human or a machine sends requests to a
          distant server and waits for an answer in a
          “reasonable” time.
         Background class. A whole range of data applications
          for which delay is not a concern.
    A framework for IP end-to-end QoS negotiation and policy
requirements is also provided through the definition of a
logical element, the Policy Decision Function (PDF), which
enables the coordination between events in the application
layer and resource management in the IP bearer layer, that
can be realized by different ways including: signaling along
the flow path (e.g. RSVP, LDP); packet marking or labeling
(e.g. DiffServ, MPLS); interaction between Policy Control and/
or Resource Management elements; and Service Level
Agreements (SLA) enforced by the border routers between
networks.
                                                                      F. QoS in IP network
C. QoS in cdma2000
                                                                          In addition, the QoS of IP networks, both mobile and fixed
    The CDMA2000 standard is well poised to provide a
                                                                      IP/IPv6 are also very important issues in providing the End-
simplified and an elegant solution to not only meets the needs
                                                                      to-End QoS in 4G mobile networks. During the last years the
of user perception of end-to-end QoS at the application layer
                                                                      Internet community spent many efforts to develop an Internet
but ensures efficient utilization of system resources.
                                                                      QoS architecture based on various protocols such as
CDMA2000 defines two modes of QoS [18]: Assured Mode
                                                                      Integrated Services (IntServ) [19], Resource Reservation
QoS and Non-assured mode QoS. The different modes of
                                                                      Protocol (RSVP) [20] and Differential Services (DiffServ) [21].
packet data services are in turn are determined by an exclusive
                                                                          However, RSVP and IntServ approach may not be
set of Mobile Station specified QoS parameters. [17] Presents
                                                                      deployed in large-scale Internet backbones due to scaling
an overview of the architecture and implementation of an
                                                                      and billing problems. Also, these protocols have been
end-to-end QoS for CDMA2000 networks
                                                                      designed in the context of fixed environments (hosts and
D. QoS in WiFi (802.11)                                               networks) and as result, they may not fully adapted to mobile
    Despite the great success of the IEEE 802.11 standard,            environments when Mobile IP is used for mobility
several problems concerning security, power consumption               management. As matter of fact, there are several issues about
and quality of service of wireless LANs remain partially              QoS in Mobile IPv6: Handover and roaming in heterogeneous
unsolved. Although the current standard includes an optional          QoS domains, roaming between dissimilar media and no
traffic differentiation mechanism based on polling, it does           advanced resource reservation [22] [23].
© 2012 ACEEE                                                      8
DOI: 01.IJNS.03.02.75
ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 02, April 2012


                  IV. END-TO-END QOS IN 4G                              None of works presented in Section (IV) has addressed the
                                                                        full scope of End-to-End QoS in 4G networks. Theses works
    General and En-to-End QoS in mobile heterogeneous
                                                                        have either addressed some, most likely 2, of the access
environments have been studies and may architecture have
                                                                        networks or addressed the QoS for specific applications such
been proposed. In [24] the authors presents a comparative
                                                                        as multimedia.
analysis of alternative approaches that have been developed
                                                                            The following are some issues related to QoS that need
by IEEE, 3GPP and others for handover of PSTN and Internet
                                                                        to be addressed in order to have smooth migration from the
sessions among multiple wireless technologies including
                                                                        current mobile systems to 4G mobile networks:
UMTS, WiFi, WiMAX, Mobile-Fi and WPANs. [25] proposes
                                                                            Some standards need special measurement equipments.
a possible architecture of integrating UMTS and 802.11
                                                                               It makes very difficult for normal users to verify the
WLAN.
                                                                               parameters of their Service Level Agreements.
    New functionalities and interfaces in addition to some
                                                                                 Mappings between different standards and
extension to the existing SIP signalling are defined in [26] to
                                                                               specifications (ITU, ETSI, UMTS, IETF, WiMAX, WiFi,
resolve some of the existing problems existing in UMTS that
                                                                               cdma2000, etc…) are not clear.
don’t let End-to-End QoS control between different
                                                                            Mapping between Telecom standards and IP standards
technologies and domains. The authors of [27] presents a
                                                                               is not clear. The 3GPP specifications have addressed
network and mobile client architecture that provides seamless
                                                                               this at very high level by defining a PDF element and
roaming and mobility while maintaining connectivity across,
                                                                               the need for coordination; however the specific
UMTS and 802.16 these wireless networks providing quality
                                                                               mechanisms have not been addressed.
of service (QoS) support. [28] proposes a mechanism that
                                                                             Target values and thresholds for End-to-End QoS
supports Always Best-Connected (ABC) Quality of service
                                                                               parameters shall be defined in clear way. These values
(QoS) to the application in a heterogeneous network. The
                                                                               should be simple enough for the end-user to measure
heterogeneous network consists of IEEE 802.11e WLAN and
                                                                               and manage.
IEEE802.16d WiMAX access networks.
                                                                             Applications, that are currently exist, in the service
    A policy-based multi-domain QoS management
                                                                               provider domain (the Internet) may need some
architecture that provides consistent QoS control over an
                                                                               modifications to communicate with the PDF element
integrated UMTS and WLAN system is proposed in [29].
                                                                               and other QoS mechanisms of different Access Service
[30] describes a global QoS architecture for multimedia traffic
                                                                               Networks.
in mobile heterogeneous environments covering WiFi and
                                                                             Mobility, through routing, link error rate, available
WCDMA. This architecture supports both multiple access
                                                                               bandwidth and throughput, service and user location,
networks and multiple service provider scenarios. The
                                                                               security, handoff, may add other complications to QoS
architecture is able to provide QoS per user and per service,
                                                                               management and measurements and need to addressed
implementing the notion of a user profile associated with
                                                                               among the different Access Service Networks as well
control element functions. A solution allow for two-hop
                                                                               as the Connectivity’s Networks and IP based networks.
wireless paths between WLAN and 3G systems, and
                                                                            Roaming agreements between Access Service Networks
performing control over-high layer issues, specifically
                                                                               (ASN) providers, Connectivity Service Network (CSN)
focusing on End-to-End QoS provisioning is proposed in
                                                                               providers and external backbone providers should
[31].
                                                                               consider the promised QoS of the end-users.
    The authors in [32] present architecture for supporting
                                                                             QoS measurements and analysis should be measured
End-to-End QoS in WiFi and WCDMA based networks. This
                                                                               in real and simulated networks based on different
QoS architecture is able to support multi-service, multi-
                                                                               standards and proposals in order to better define the
operator environments, handling complex multimedia services,
                                                                               QoS architecture, attributes, parameters and mainly the
with per user and per service differentiation, and integrating
                                                                               target values.
mobility aspects.
                                                                                              VI. CONCLUSIONS
                        V. DISCUSSIONS
                                                                            Though there exist different architectures and mechanisms
   One of the major problems, in migrating the current
                                                                        that have been proposed to support QoS in heterogeneous
systems to 4G are End-to-End QoS provisioning. These
                                                                        networks, there are a number of issues that need further
problems could be addressed from two different angles:
                                                                        studies for smooth migration from the current mobile systems
      Mapping QoS parameters over different access/
                                                                        to 4G mobile networks. Among these issues is the mapping
        connectivity networks at call setup.
                                                                        between different standards, mobility, routing, and handover
      Maintain these QoS when Users handover, both
                                                                        between different access service networks and connectivity
        vertically and horizontally, by moving to different
                                                                        networks.
        Access Service Networks. Moving across different
        Access Service Networks may cause the route to
        move to different Connectivity’s service Networks
        and external backbone networks.
© 2012 ACEEE                                                      9
DOI: 01.IJNS.03.02.75
ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 02, April 2012


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© 2012 ACEEE                                                           10
DOI: 01.IJNS.03.02.75

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Optimization of Quality of Service in 4G Wireless Networks

  • 1. ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 02, April 2012 Optimization of Quality of Service in 4G Wireless Networks Firas Ousta*, Nidal Kamel*, Mohd Zuki* and Charles Sarraf** *Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia **mtctouch, Beirut Lebanon Abstract—4G radio access technologies should be able to The structure of this paper is as follows, section 2 will provides provide different types of IP services. These services rang from an Introduction to 4G, Overview of QoS and various narrow-band to broadband, from non-real-time to real-time, definitions and specifications, ITU, 3GPP, WiMAX, IP, etc… and from unicast to multicast broadcast applications. When will be presented in Section 3. We present, in section 4, an the need arises for different levels of user mobility the access systems are required with advanced capabilities of radio overview of related work regarding End-to-End QoS in 4G resource management and Quality of Service (QoS). We Mobile Networks. And finally section 5 will conclude by present, in this paper, the different QoS approaches by the summing up, pointing out the main issues and challenges various wireless and connectivity’s networks as well as the providing some guidelines for future works issues that will face their implementations in 4G. II. 4G OVERVIEW Index Terms—4G Mobile Networks, QoS, Mobile IP, Wireless Networks In the past decade, the telecommunications industry has witnessed an ever accelerated growth the usage of mobile I. INTRODUCTION communications. As a result, the mobile communications technology has evolved from the so-called second generation Some of the most important trends, over the last decades, (2G) technologies, GSM in Europe, IS-95 (CDMA) and IS-136 are the significant developments, deployments and the (TDMA) in USA, to the third generation (3G) technologies, tremendous growth in use of Mobile Networks from one side UMTS/WCDMA in Europe and cdma2000 in USA, being and the Internet from the other side. Even more, this standardized by 3GPP and 3GPP2. Further the mobile industry tremendous growth, in both technologies, have a great impact has also witnessed an accelerated data transmission and on developing various applications catered for mobility and wireless Internet with higher and higher bandwidth supported real-time access that will fundamentally change the from GPRS (General Packet Radio System) to 3¼G environment of the telecommunications networks. These new technologies such as HSPDA (High Speed Downlink Packet development presents important challenges for the Access), through 2.75G EDGE and other packet data access telecommunication and Internet industries as well as the in CDMA and TDMA [2]. current network architectures and infrastructures. An In the wireless access field, various technologies have explosive growth is expected in mobile communications [1], emerged such as Bluetooth which was developed as a new based heterogeneous wireless access technologies, over the cable replacement technology providing a short-range (~10m), next decade with higher speeds and larger capacities than low bit rate (1Mbps) access in the 2.4GHz spectrums. IEEE provided by 3G mobile systems. Various generations of also developed a wireless LAN (WLAN) access family of cellular, broadband wireless, WLANs and WMANs will protocol IEEE 802.11a/b/g/… operating over 100m range and integrate to support services which vary in bandwidth, delay, different spectrum access such as 2.4 GHz for 802.11b/g and and mobility 5.2 GHz for 802.11a as well as WiMAX (802.16) as WMAN. 3G mobile networks such as UMTS and cdma2000 from Nowadays, 802.11 and 802.16 have become widely popular one side and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) and easy ways to provide wireless access for laptop and from the other side will allow operators to deliver high quality PDA users which can easily use VoIP for voice voice, video and data services. Therefore 3GPP have defined communication, even many cellular phones and smart phones many paths to 4G migration including W-CDMA, UMTS, that have the capabilities to access WiFi have recently been cdma2000, WiFi and WiMAX based networks available in the market. The end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) of an application Even though a universal consensus on what is going to depends on the overall performance achieved by the different be 4G is not yet reached in the industry or the literature, there components, spread over many domains and owned by is a reasonable understanding of some characteristics of 4G different network and service providers, therefore the issue mobile networks [3]. Some of the accepted characteristics of End-to-End QoS must be addressed when designing and are: deploying 4G networks and applications as well as mapping  All-IP based network architecture; between the different QoS parameters and messages at setup  Higher bandwidth; level as well as when roaming, including handovers, vertically  Support for different access networks, including and horizontally. © 2012 ACEEE 6 DOI: 01.IJNS.03.02.75
  • 2. ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 02, April 2012 WLAN and WiMAX technologies; ITU-T Rec. E-800 is widely used and referred to from most  Worldwide roaming capability; publications, its framework does suffer from not being  Full integration of “hot spot” and “cellular”; application-oriented and in many areas, too vague to use.  Support for multimedia applications. The ITU-T recommendation [6] focuses on four different Location management deals with tracking user mobility, points of view: and handling information about original, current and (if  Customer’s QoS requirements; possible) future cells and networks. Moreover it also must  Service provider’s offering of QoS; deal with authentication issues and QoS assurances [4]. Fig.  QoS achieved or delivered; 1 depicts a logical architecture of 4G mobile networks. Such  Customer survey rating of QoS. architecture may consist of several Access Service Networks Relationships between these four points of views is (ASN) of different technologies. presented if Fig. 2. The ASN may be connected to Connectivity Service Network (CSN) of a visited network, which may be connected over an IP-based network to the home mobile network. Connections to the Internet may occur at either the visiting network or the home network. There are so many key challenges to migrate the current systems to 4G. The research areas that present key challenges to migrate current systems to 4G are many but can be summarized in the following: Mobile Station, System and Service [4]. Stations’ mobility must be able to provide wireless services anytime, everywhere. This implies that roaming between different networks must be automatic and transparent Figure 2. The four viewpoints of QoS to the user. There are two major issues in stations’ mobility, location management and handoff management. However the main problems in this ITU-T Rec. were not being specific by defining target and/or thresholds values for acceptable criteria’s. Reference [7] defines a model for multimedia Quality of Service categories from an end-user viewpoint. By considering user expectations for a range of multimedia applications, eight distinct categories have been identified, based on tolerance to key parameters impacting the user such as delay and information loss, as shown in Fig. 3. Figure 1. Local architecture of a 4G Mobile Network III. OVERVIEW OF QOS Some of the major challenges of migrating the current systems to 4G are QoS provisioning and security services for mobile users’ communication flows [4]. The QoS problems consist of two major issues: 1. Mapping QoS parameters over different access/ Figure 3. Mapping of user-centric QoS Requirements connectivity network at call setup. B. QoS in UMTS 2. Maintain these QoS when Users move to different access networks that may cause changes in Frameworks for QoS within UMTS [8] and end-to-end backbone and connectivity’s networks. QoS involving GPRS[17] have been provided by 3GPP. The The different radio access and connectivity networks main purpose in [8] is to specify the list of attributes applicable have, through their standardization and specifications, to UMTS Bearer Service and Radio Bearer Service, as well as defined QoS parameters and classes. describe the Quality of Service architecture to be used in UMTS networks, while [9] describes a the interaction between A. ITU the TE/MT Local Bearer Service, the GPRS Bearer Service, ITU-T [5] defines QoS as “the collective effect of service and the external Bearer Service, and how these together performance which determine the degree of satisfaction of a provide Quality of Service for the End-to-End Service. Such user of the service”. Even though the definition of QoS in architecture is depicted in Fig. 4. © 2012 ACEEE 7 DOI: 01.IJNS.03.02.75
  • 3. ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 02, April 2012 not cover the needed requirements for 4G. Many mechanisms have been therefore proposed to introduce traffic differentiation in IEEE 802.11 [10][11][12]. All these proposals require substantial changes to the current MAC protocol, leading to both higher channel utilization and effective differentiation among traffic flows. Although a wide consensus exists on a new standard, named IEEE 802.11e, including most of these mechanisms [13], more work is still needed to make this proposal fully operational and to fully support the 4G requirements. E. QoS in WiMAX (802.16) Similar to 802.11, the QoS in WiMAX networks is usually Figure 4. UMTS End-to-End QoS architecture managed at the medium access control (MAC) layer. [14][15] [9] Also defines four QoS classes, corresponding to different detail the QoS support in WiMAX networks issues. However traffic QoS requirements (mainly, delay tolerance): the latest specification of WiMAX, 802.16e [16] has defined  Conversational class. Audio and video 5 different categories for QoS as outlined in Table 1. communications with real time constraints. TABLE 1. WIMAX QOS CATEGORIES  Streaming class. This class comprises applications for downloading multimedia contents (audio and video) that are reproduced on-line.  Interactive class. Remote access applications, in which a human or a machine sends requests to a distant server and waits for an answer in a “reasonable” time.  Background class. A whole range of data applications for which delay is not a concern. A framework for IP end-to-end QoS negotiation and policy requirements is also provided through the definition of a logical element, the Policy Decision Function (PDF), which enables the coordination between events in the application layer and resource management in the IP bearer layer, that can be realized by different ways including: signaling along the flow path (e.g. RSVP, LDP); packet marking or labeling (e.g. DiffServ, MPLS); interaction between Policy Control and/ or Resource Management elements; and Service Level Agreements (SLA) enforced by the border routers between networks. F. QoS in IP network C. QoS in cdma2000 In addition, the QoS of IP networks, both mobile and fixed The CDMA2000 standard is well poised to provide a IP/IPv6 are also very important issues in providing the End- simplified and an elegant solution to not only meets the needs to-End QoS in 4G mobile networks. During the last years the of user perception of end-to-end QoS at the application layer Internet community spent many efforts to develop an Internet but ensures efficient utilization of system resources. QoS architecture based on various protocols such as CDMA2000 defines two modes of QoS [18]: Assured Mode Integrated Services (IntServ) [19], Resource Reservation QoS and Non-assured mode QoS. The different modes of Protocol (RSVP) [20] and Differential Services (DiffServ) [21]. packet data services are in turn are determined by an exclusive However, RSVP and IntServ approach may not be set of Mobile Station specified QoS parameters. [17] Presents deployed in large-scale Internet backbones due to scaling an overview of the architecture and implementation of an and billing problems. Also, these protocols have been end-to-end QoS for CDMA2000 networks designed in the context of fixed environments (hosts and D. QoS in WiFi (802.11) networks) and as result, they may not fully adapted to mobile Despite the great success of the IEEE 802.11 standard, environments when Mobile IP is used for mobility several problems concerning security, power consumption management. As matter of fact, there are several issues about and quality of service of wireless LANs remain partially QoS in Mobile IPv6: Handover and roaming in heterogeneous unsolved. Although the current standard includes an optional QoS domains, roaming between dissimilar media and no traffic differentiation mechanism based on polling, it does advanced resource reservation [22] [23]. © 2012 ACEEE 8 DOI: 01.IJNS.03.02.75
  • 4. ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 02, April 2012 IV. END-TO-END QOS IN 4G None of works presented in Section (IV) has addressed the full scope of End-to-End QoS in 4G networks. Theses works General and En-to-End QoS in mobile heterogeneous have either addressed some, most likely 2, of the access environments have been studies and may architecture have networks or addressed the QoS for specific applications such been proposed. In [24] the authors presents a comparative as multimedia. analysis of alternative approaches that have been developed The following are some issues related to QoS that need by IEEE, 3GPP and others for handover of PSTN and Internet to be addressed in order to have smooth migration from the sessions among multiple wireless technologies including current mobile systems to 4G mobile networks: UMTS, WiFi, WiMAX, Mobile-Fi and WPANs. [25] proposes Some standards need special measurement equipments. a possible architecture of integrating UMTS and 802.11 It makes very difficult for normal users to verify the WLAN. parameters of their Service Level Agreements. New functionalities and interfaces in addition to some  Mappings between different standards and extension to the existing SIP signalling are defined in [26] to specifications (ITU, ETSI, UMTS, IETF, WiMAX, WiFi, resolve some of the existing problems existing in UMTS that cdma2000, etc…) are not clear. don’t let End-to-End QoS control between different Mapping between Telecom standards and IP standards technologies and domains. The authors of [27] presents a is not clear. The 3GPP specifications have addressed network and mobile client architecture that provides seamless this at very high level by defining a PDF element and roaming and mobility while maintaining connectivity across, the need for coordination; however the specific UMTS and 802.16 these wireless networks providing quality mechanisms have not been addressed. of service (QoS) support. [28] proposes a mechanism that  Target values and thresholds for End-to-End QoS supports Always Best-Connected (ABC) Quality of service parameters shall be defined in clear way. These values (QoS) to the application in a heterogeneous network. The should be simple enough for the end-user to measure heterogeneous network consists of IEEE 802.11e WLAN and and manage. IEEE802.16d WiMAX access networks.  Applications, that are currently exist, in the service A policy-based multi-domain QoS management provider domain (the Internet) may need some architecture that provides consistent QoS control over an modifications to communicate with the PDF element integrated UMTS and WLAN system is proposed in [29]. and other QoS mechanisms of different Access Service [30] describes a global QoS architecture for multimedia traffic Networks. in mobile heterogeneous environments covering WiFi and  Mobility, through routing, link error rate, available WCDMA. This architecture supports both multiple access bandwidth and throughput, service and user location, networks and multiple service provider scenarios. The security, handoff, may add other complications to QoS architecture is able to provide QoS per user and per service, management and measurements and need to addressed implementing the notion of a user profile associated with among the different Access Service Networks as well control element functions. A solution allow for two-hop as the Connectivity’s Networks and IP based networks. wireless paths between WLAN and 3G systems, and Roaming agreements between Access Service Networks performing control over-high layer issues, specifically (ASN) providers, Connectivity Service Network (CSN) focusing on End-to-End QoS provisioning is proposed in providers and external backbone providers should [31]. consider the promised QoS of the end-users. The authors in [32] present architecture for supporting  QoS measurements and analysis should be measured End-to-End QoS in WiFi and WCDMA based networks. This in real and simulated networks based on different QoS architecture is able to support multi-service, multi- standards and proposals in order to better define the operator environments, handling complex multimedia services, QoS architecture, attributes, parameters and mainly the with per user and per service differentiation, and integrating target values. mobility aspects. VI. CONCLUSIONS V. DISCUSSIONS Though there exist different architectures and mechanisms One of the major problems, in migrating the current that have been proposed to support QoS in heterogeneous systems to 4G are End-to-End QoS provisioning. These networks, there are a number of issues that need further problems could be addressed from two different angles: studies for smooth migration from the current mobile systems  Mapping QoS parameters over different access/ to 4G mobile networks. Among these issues is the mapping connectivity networks at call setup. between different standards, mobility, routing, and handover  Maintain these QoS when Users handover, both between different access service networks and connectivity vertically and horizontally, by moving to different networks. Access Service Networks. Moving across different Access Service Networks may cause the route to move to different Connectivity’s service Networks and external backbone networks. © 2012 ACEEE 9 DOI: 01.IJNS.03.02.75
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