SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  4
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
ISSN: 2278-067X, Volume 1, Issue 7 (June 2012), PP.34-37
www.ijerd.com

  Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat
              Based Biodiesel and its various Blends
                                         Jagadale S.S., Jugulkar L.M.
                Department of Automobile Engineering, RIT Sakharale 415414, Sangli, Maharashtra, India,


Abstract––This paper represents the Transesterification reaction using heterogeneous base catalyst and analysis of
properties of chicken fat based biodiesel and its various blends. we compare here different properties of chicken fat based
biodiesel and its various blends.

Key words––Biodiesel, chicken fat, alternative fuel, reaction parameters, catalyst, chemical properties of chicken fat based
biodiesel.

                                             I.          INTRODUCTION
          Waste chicken fat is harmful for human health due to fat contain in the chicken. So there is large amount of
chicken fat is waste so we can use that chicken fat for production of chicken fat based biodiesel. After production it is
necessary to check various chemical properties of biodiesel to check that properties are within limit or not. In this article we
examined the use of solid base CaO catalyst for the production of biodiesel from fats produced from waste chicken fat and
determined suitable condition. Calcium oxide catalyst was chosen due to its cheap price, minor toxicity, high availability and
high basic strength.

                                          II.           EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Materials:
           waste chicken fat were brought from Baramati Agro chicken centre, Baramati. Methanol, phenolphthalein
indicator, calcium oxide powder were all bought from SCR chemicals Pune. Water used was double distilled.

2.2Apparatus with Specification Used for Production:
    1] Reactor: Make: Mahavir Electrical, Maximum capacity: 2000ml [2liters], Watt: 400 Watt, Maximum Temperature:
        300˚, Volts: 250v, Ampere: 1.7Amp
    2] Electronic Weighing Machine: Maximum capacity: 5kg, Minimum capacity: 0.5 gm
    3] Serological water Bath: Maximum Temperature Capacity: 110˚c.
    4] Separating funnel: Maximum capacity: 1liter, Make: Borosil
    5] Electrical Heating Plate: Maximum temperature obtained =110˚c
    6] Oswald’s viscometer: Make: Borosil




                   Figure 1: Schematic of Experimental setup for Chicken fat based Biodiesel Production

                                                              34
Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel and its

2.3Reaction Procedure:
Production Process Used: Batch Production Process
1] Raw Material Taken =Fresh waste chicken fat
2] Quantity taken =1500gram [1+1/2 Kg]
4] Per Kg chicken skins [chicken fat] price=35/- per kg

Step I: Feedstock Preparation & Oil Expelling: Later the oil from this feedstock is expelled by suitable means.
Pretreatment: First 1500gm waste chicken fat is heated to temperature 120˚for 1hour for demoisturing purpose.1000gm oil is
expelled after heating and filtration.

Step II: Oil pH Balance: This oil primarily consists of many impurities & is chemically imbalanced. Before it can be
actually used it has to be pre-treated to make it suitable for the production process. This is done by performing heating for
moisture removal, filtering for impurities removal. A pH value of is should between 6 to 7 is suitable for production process.
Filtration and separation of solid chicken fat particles and chicken fat oil is done.
 pH of chicken fat oil= 6.5.

Mixing of alcohol and catalyst: The catalyst is typically sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) or calcium oxide (lime). It is
dissolved in the alcohol using a standard agitator or mixer. Reaction: The alcohol/catalyst mix is then charged into a closed
reaction vessel and the oil or fat is added. The system from here on is totally closed to the atmosphere to prevent the loss of
alcohol. The reaction mix is kept just above the boiling point of the alcohol (around 160 °F) to speed up the reaction and the
reaction takes place. Recommended reaction time varies from 1 to 8 hours, and some systems recommend the reaction take
place at room temperature. Excess alcohol is normally used to ensure total conversion of the fat or oil to its esters.
Care must be taken to monitor the amount of water and free fatty acids in the incoming oil or fat. If the free fatty acid level
or water level is too high it may cause problems with soap formation and the separation of the glycerin by-product
downstream.
Reaction I=Esterification
1000ml chicken fat oil +3 ml concentrated H2SO4 +500ml Methanol [CH4OH]
Reaction Temperature set = 60˚c, Reaction Time = 1Hour [60Minits]
Calculation of Free Fatty Acid:
        Beurett Reading ×Normality ×28.2
 FFA =
             2gm (quantity of oil taken )
        0.2 ×0.25 ×28.2
 FFA=                   = 0.705.
               2



Reaction II = Transesterification
5gm CaO [Base catalyst] + 150ml methanol + 1503[first reaction Proceed]
=1658ml
Reaction Temperature set = 60˚c, Reaction Time = 1Hour [60Minits]
Indicator Used =Phenolphthalein
Quantity taken =1to2 drops
Quantity we get pure chicken fat biodiesel after Transterification from 1500gram chicken fat=1000 ml
 Quantity of methanol recovery is done after esterification is done = 50 ml

2.4Separation Process of Glycerin and Biodiesel:
2.4.1Separation: Once the reaction is complete, two major products exist: glycerin and biodiesel. Each has a substantial
amount of the excess methanol that was used in the reaction. The reacted mixture is sometimes neutralized at this step if
needed. The glycerin phase is much denser than biodiesel phase and the two can be gravity separated with glycerin simply
drawn off the bottom of the settling vessel. In some cases, a centrifuge is used to separate the two materials faster. A
successful reaction produces two liquid phases: ester and crude glycerol. The entire mixture then settles and glycerol is left
on the bottom and methyl esters (Biodiesel) is left on top. Crude glycerol, the heavier liquid will collect at the bottom after
several hours of settling. Phase separation can be observed within 10 min and can be complete within 2 h after stirring has
stopped. Complete settling can be taken as long as 18 hours. The more nearly neutral the pH, the quicker the glycerol phase
will coalesce. This is one reason to minimize the total catalyst use. In some batch systems the reaction mixture is neutralized
at the beginning of the glycerol/ester phase separation step. There are three categories of equipment used to separate the ester
and glycerol phases. Decanter systems rely solely on the density difference and residence time to achieve the separation. For
relatively small throughput, or batch processes, the 1 to 8 hours required for complete separation of the phases may be
acceptable. For lower extent of reaction, the separation is slower, and the decanter will have to be much larger. The primary
determinant for designing a decanter for biodiesel production is the desired residence time. This, plus the product mixture
flow rate determines the size of the unit. Decanter units should be rather tall and narrow to allow physical separation
between the ester and the glycerol withdrawal points. L/D ratios of 5 to 10 can work well. The temperature in the decanter
affects the solubility of the alcohol in both phases, and the viscosity of the two liquids. The increased viscosity will slow the
coalescence rate in the system. An alternative method is to allow the reactants to sit for at least an hour after mixing while
keeping the brew above 100 deg F (38 deg C), which keeps the glycerin semi-liquid (it solidifies below 100 deg F). Then
carefully decant the biodiesel. This can be done by draining the reactants out of the bottom of the container through a
transparent hose. The semi-liquid glycerin has a dark brown color; the biodiesel is honey-colored. Keep a watch on what
flows through the sight tube: when the lighter-colored biodiesel appears divert it to a separate container. If any biodiesel

                                                              35
Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel and its

     stays with the glycerin it is easy to retrieve it later once the glycerin has solidified. If you left the mixture in the tank until the
     glycerin gelled, reheat the tank just enough to liquefy the glycerin again. Don't stir it!

     2.4.2 Alcohol Removal: Once the glycerin and biodiesel phases separated, the excess alcohol in each phase is removed with
     a flash evaporation process or by distillation. In others systems, the alcohol is removed and the mixture neutralized before
     the glycerin and esters have been separated. Care must be taken to ensure no water accumulates in the recovered alcohol
     stream.

     2.4.3 Glycerin Neutralization: The glycerin by-product contains unused catalyst and soaps that are neutralized with an acid
     and sent to storage as crude glycerin. In some cases the salt formed during this phase is recovered for use as fertilizer. In
     most cases the salt is left in the glycerin. Water and alcohol are removed to produce 80-88% pure glycerin that is ready to be
     sold as crude glycerin. In more sophisticated operations, the glycerin is distilled to 99% or higher purity and sold into the
     cosmetic and pharmaceutical markets.

     2.4.4 Methyl Ester Wash: Once separated from the glycerin, the biodiesel is sometimes purified by washing gently with
     warm water to remove residual catalyst or soaps, dried, and sent to storage. In some processes this step is unnecessary. This
     is normally the end of the production process resulting in a clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity similar to petro diesel.
     In some systems the biodiesel is distilled in an additional step to remove small amounts of color bodies to produce a
     colorless biodiesel.

     2.4.5 Product Quality: Prior to use as a commercial fuel, the finished biodiesel must be analyzed using sophisticated
     analytical equipment to ensure it meets ASTM specifications.
     The most important aspects of biodiesel production to ensure trouble free operation in diesel engines are:
     * Complete Reaction
     * Removal of Alcohol
     * Removal of Glycerin
     * Removal of Catalyst
     * Absence of Free Fatty Acid
                                           III.         RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Sr.        Characteristics            Unit            Test                 B100      B10          B15        B20          B25        B30
No.                                                   Method
1          Density                    gm/cc           ASTM D1448           0.87      0.837        0.837      0.839        0.839      0.840
2          Calorific value            Mj/kg           ASTM D6751           39.34     44.96        44.16      44.33        43.23      43.60
3          Content of                 %               ASTM                 94           90          90          90          91          91
           hydrocarbon
4          Content of oxygen          %               ASTM                 11        -            -          -            -          -

5          viscosity                  Cst             ASTM                 5.4           3.6          3.68       3.71         3.8    3.98
                                                      D445
6          Flash point                ˚c              ASTM                 174           78           78     79.5         80.5           82
                                                      D93
7          Pour point                 ˚c              ASTM                 12.3          -20      -20        -20          -18.5      -17
                                                      D2500
8          Cloud point                ˚c              ASTM D2500           14            -16      -16        -16          -13        -12

9          Calcium and                mg/kg           EN14538              2         0.3          0.3        0.36         0.46       0.83
           magnesium combine
10         Methanol content           %               EN14110              0.06      -            -          -            -          -
11         Water and sediment         Vol.%           ASTM                 0.02      0.01         0.01       0.01         0.01       0.01
                                                      D2709
12         Sulfated ash               Wt.%            ASTM                 0.03      1.0          0.9        0.82         0.85       0.88
                                                      D874
13         Cetane number              -               ASTMD                58.4      47.8         47.87      47.98        48.34      48.76
                                                      613
14         Carbon residue             %               ASTM                 0.024     0.045        0.045      0.041        0.038      0.035
                                                      D4530
15         Acid number                -               ASTM D664            0.8       0.35         0.35       0.32         0.320      0.325
16         Free glycerin              Wt.%            GC                   0.004     -            -          -            -          -
17         Phosphorus content         Wt.%            ASTM D4951           0.010     0.1          0.1        0.1          0.1        0.1
18         Sodium and                 mg/kg           EN14538              5         0.9          0.92       1.2          1.6        1.9
           potassium combined
19         Oxidation stability        Hrs.            EN14112              6         2.5          2.5        2.5          2.56       2.59
20         Cold soak filtration       seconds         ASTM                 360       160          162        165          171        183
                                                      D 6751

                                                                      36
Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel and its


                                            IV.           CONCLUSION
           The CaO catalyst is good heterogeneous catalyst for the production of biodiesel from oil of waste chicken skin.
When the reaction was carried out with a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 6:1, a reaction time of 60 minute, catalyst
concentration of 0.5% wt., and reaction temperature of 60°C, the conversion of skin-chicken oil was 67 % over the catalyst.
The easy preparation, low cost of CaO, high basic strength as well as the easy removal of a heterogeneous catalyst underline
the advantage of CaO as catalyst comparing to the homogeneous alkali base catalysts such as KOH and NaOH. Calorific
value of B10 of chicken fat biodiesel blend is more than other four blends, density of B10 and B15 is less than other four
blends. According to Bharat stage III viscosity Should be within range 2-4.5 which is fulfill by all the four blends, flash point
of B100 is more than other four Blends, pour point of B10, B15 and B20 is more than other blends, cloud point of B10, B15
and B20 is more than other blends, According to Bharat stage III Cetane number should minimum 51 which is fulfill by of
B100 is 58.4 .oxidation stability of B100 is maximum than other four chicken fat biodiesel blends. Carbone residue of B100
is less than other blends. Cold soak filtration point of B100 is maximum than other five blends.

                                                     REFERENCES
  1.      Amir Awaluddin, Saryono, Adhy Prayitno and Tearful Amri, “Transesterification of Waste Chicken Fats for
          Synthesizing Biodiesel by CaO as Heterogeneous Base Catalyst” , International Conference on Energy and
          Sustainable Development: Issues and Strategies, (2010), Pp.1-5.
  2.      Awaluddin A., “Production of Biodiesel from a Used Frying Oil and Crude Palm Oil Using Heterogeneous
          Catalyst CaO”, In Proceedings of the Fifth Riau University and UKM Malaysia, Indonesia, August 2008 Pp. 272-
          280.
  3.      Meher L.C., Sagar D.V., Naik S.N., “Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Production by Transesterification-a Review”,
          Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10 (3) Pp. 248-268.
  4.      Anjana Srivastava, Ram Prasad, “Triglycerides –Based Diesel fuels”, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews
          (2002).Pp.111-133.
  5.      Formo M.W., 1954, “Ester reactions of fatty materials”, J Am Oil Chern Soc 31:548-559.
  6.      Metin Guru, Atilla Koca, Ozer Can, Can Cinar, Fatih Sahin, “Biodiesel production from waste chicken fat based
          sources and evaluation with Mg based additive in a diesel engine”, Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 637–643.




                                                              37

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Progress, prospect and challenges in glycerol purification process
Progress, prospect and challenges in glycerol purification processProgress, prospect and challenges in glycerol purification process
Progress, prospect and challenges in glycerol purification processBijaya Kumar Uprety
 
Oil refinery(degumming process)
Oil refinery(degumming process)Oil refinery(degumming process)
Oil refinery(degumming process)Izyan Hanis
 
Basic oleochemical and its derivative
Basic oleochemical and its derivativeBasic oleochemical and its derivative
Basic oleochemical and its derivativeEffah Effervescence
 
Separation techniques in oils & fats science
Separation techniques in oils & fats scienceSeparation techniques in oils & fats science
Separation techniques in oils & fats scienceSadanand Patel
 
Edible oil refining
Edible oil refiningEdible oil refining
Edible oil refiningEhsan Moradi
 
ELT10 Bangera - Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Edible Oils
ELT10 Bangera - Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Edible OilsELT10 Bangera - Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Edible Oils
ELT10 Bangera - Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Edible OilsRohit Bangera
 
Animal fat process final ppt.
Animal fat process final ppt.Animal fat process final ppt.
Animal fat process final ppt.MehakJandyal1
 
Refining process of fat and oil
Refining process of fat and oilRefining process of fat and oil
Refining process of fat and oilArmia Naguib
 
Presentation on adulteration in fats and oils manoj
Presentation on adulteration in fats and oils manojPresentation on adulteration in fats and oils manoj
Presentation on adulteration in fats and oils manojhimaja donthula
 
edible oils and their quality aspects
edible oils and their quality aspectsedible oils and their quality aspects
edible oils and their quality aspectsBhagya Vijayan
 
Edible oil processing
Edible oil processingEdible oil processing
Edible oil processingVijay Kumar.N
 
Processing of oil and fat
Processing of oil and fatProcessing of oil and fat
Processing of oil and fatAsma Bano
 

Tendances (20)

Progress, prospect and challenges in glycerol purification process
Progress, prospect and challenges in glycerol purification processProgress, prospect and challenges in glycerol purification process
Progress, prospect and challenges in glycerol purification process
 
Production of mea triazine m1
Production of  mea triazine m1Production of  mea triazine m1
Production of mea triazine m1
 
Oil refinery(degumming process)
Oil refinery(degumming process)Oil refinery(degumming process)
Oil refinery(degumming process)
 
CT-3215
CT-3215CT-3215
CT-3215
 
Oils and fats
Oils and fatsOils and fats
Oils and fats
 
Basic oleochemical and its derivative
Basic oleochemical and its derivativeBasic oleochemical and its derivative
Basic oleochemical and its derivative
 
Separation techniques in oils & fats science
Separation techniques in oils & fats scienceSeparation techniques in oils & fats science
Separation techniques in oils & fats science
 
Project
ProjectProject
Project
 
Edible oil refining
Edible oil refiningEdible oil refining
Edible oil refining
 
ELT10 Bangera - Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Edible Oils
ELT10 Bangera - Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Edible OilsELT10 Bangera - Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Edible Oils
ELT10 Bangera - Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Edible Oils
 
Biodiesel production
Biodiesel productionBiodiesel production
Biodiesel production
 
Animal fat process final ppt.
Animal fat process final ppt.Animal fat process final ppt.
Animal fat process final ppt.
 
Refining process of fat and oil
Refining process of fat and oilRefining process of fat and oil
Refining process of fat and oil
 
D04914450
D04914450D04914450
D04914450
 
Presentation on adulteration in fats and oils manoj
Presentation on adulteration in fats and oils manojPresentation on adulteration in fats and oils manoj
Presentation on adulteration in fats and oils manoj
 
edible oils and their quality aspects
edible oils and their quality aspectsedible oils and their quality aspects
edible oils and their quality aspects
 
Edible oil processing
Edible oil processingEdible oil processing
Edible oil processing
 
Processing of oil and fat
Processing of oil and fatProcessing of oil and fat
Processing of oil and fat
 
Isotridecyl alcohol
Isotridecyl alcoholIsotridecyl alcohol
Isotridecyl alcohol
 
Deodorization
DeodorizationDeodorization
Deodorization
 

En vedette

Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas Turbine
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas TurbineComparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas Turbine
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas TurbineJOACHIM AGOU
 
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...eSAT Journals
 
Comparison between centralized and decentralized arul joy
Comparison between centralized and decentralized arul joyComparison between centralized and decentralized arul joy
Comparison between centralized and decentralized arul joyarul pandian
 
Biodiesel from Waste Chicken Fats by Base Tranesterification Using Microwave ...
Biodiesel from Waste Chicken Fats by Base Tranesterification Using Microwave ...Biodiesel from Waste Chicken Fats by Base Tranesterification Using Microwave ...
Biodiesel from Waste Chicken Fats by Base Tranesterification Using Microwave ...Universiti Teknologi Malaysia KL Campus
 
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
 
The Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Exhaust Emissions
The Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Exhaust EmissionsThe Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Exhaust Emissions
The Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Exhaust Emissionscharan samanchi
 
Emission and performance characteristics of blended biodiesel
Emission and performance characteristics of blended biodieselEmission and performance characteristics of blended biodiesel
Emission and performance characteristics of blended biodieselShyam Kumar
 

En vedette (16)

209 n.k gurusala
209 n.k gurusala209 n.k gurusala
209 n.k gurusala
 
F012262733
F012262733F012262733
F012262733
 
WCO ppr
WCO pprWCO ppr
WCO ppr
 
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas Turbine
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas TurbineComparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas Turbine
Comparative Study for Biodiesel Properties and Standards for Gas Turbine
 
The Biodiesel Project
The Biodiesel ProjectThe Biodiesel Project
The Biodiesel Project
 
JOURNAL
JOURNALJOURNAL
JOURNAL
 
WCO: Research Unit
WCO: Research UnitWCO: Research Unit
WCO: Research Unit
 
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...
 
Comparison between centralized and decentralized arul joy
Comparison between centralized and decentralized arul joyComparison between centralized and decentralized arul joy
Comparison between centralized and decentralized arul joy
 
Biodiesel from Waste Chicken Fats by Base Tranesterification Using Microwave ...
Biodiesel from Waste Chicken Fats by Base Tranesterification Using Microwave ...Biodiesel from Waste Chicken Fats by Base Tranesterification Using Microwave ...
Biodiesel from Waste Chicken Fats by Base Tranesterification Using Microwave ...
 
Biodiesel fuel quality
Biodiesel fuel qualityBiodiesel fuel quality
Biodiesel fuel quality
 
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...
 
The Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Exhaust Emissions
The Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Exhaust EmissionsThe Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Exhaust Emissions
The Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Exhaust Emissions
 
Biodiesel Fuel Quality
Biodiesel Fuel QualityBiodiesel Fuel Quality
Biodiesel Fuel Quality
 
Emission and performance characteristics of blended biodiesel
Emission and performance characteristics of blended biodieselEmission and performance characteristics of blended biodiesel
Emission and performance characteristics of blended biodiesel
 
Biodiesel
Biodiesel Biodiesel
Biodiesel
 

Similaire à Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel and its various Blends

Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oil
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oilCharacterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oil
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
 
Engineers and Consultants Services By SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd, ...
Engineers and Consultants Services By SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd, ...Engineers and Consultants Services By SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd, ...
Engineers and Consultants Services By SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd, ...IndiaMART InterMESH Limited
 
Biodiesel Production Technology & Feedstocks For India
Biodiesel Production Technology & Feedstocks For IndiaBiodiesel Production Technology & Feedstocks For India
Biodiesel Production Technology & Feedstocks For Indiashekhar619
 
UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL AS FEEDSTOCK AND CATALYST.pptx
UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL AS FEEDSTOCK AND CATALYST.pptxUTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL AS FEEDSTOCK AND CATALYST.pptx
UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL AS FEEDSTOCK AND CATALYST.pptxNurAzy1
 
5_Days_Hands_on_workshop_on_biodiesel_g4[1].pptx
5_Days_Hands_on_workshop_on_biodiesel_g4[1].pptx5_Days_Hands_on_workshop_on_biodiesel_g4[1].pptx
5_Days_Hands_on_workshop_on_biodiesel_g4[1].pptxhinalkuntar
 
Production of Biodiesel from Vernonia Galamensis Oil using Ethanol with Alkal...
Production of Biodiesel from Vernonia Galamensis Oil using Ethanol with Alkal...Production of Biodiesel from Vernonia Galamensis Oil using Ethanol with Alkal...
Production of Biodiesel from Vernonia Galamensis Oil using Ethanol with Alkal...IRJET Journal
 
Production_methods_Biodiesel_KS.pptx
Production_methods_Biodiesel_KS.pptxProduction_methods_Biodiesel_KS.pptx
Production_methods_Biodiesel_KS.pptxRohithBurle
 
Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil
Biodiesel from Waste Cooking OilBiodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil
Biodiesel from Waste Cooking OilTuhin Samanta
 
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
 
Biodiesel lecture notes
Biodiesel lecture notesBiodiesel lecture notes
Biodiesel lecture notesRavi Teja
 
CH-04-Module-1-Fats, Oils and Detergents
CH-04-Module-1-Fats, Oils and DetergentsCH-04-Module-1-Fats, Oils and Detergents
CH-04-Module-1-Fats, Oils and DetergentsBhimrajGawade1
 
Presentacion ingles tecnico (saia)
Presentacion ingles tecnico (saia)Presentacion ingles tecnico (saia)
Presentacion ingles tecnico (saia)nesmarlyrivas
 
 A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...
 A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B... A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...
 A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...theijes
 

Similaire à Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel and its various Blends (20)

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF CI ENGIN...
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF CI ENGIN...AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF CI ENGIN...
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF CI ENGIN...
 
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oil
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oilCharacterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oil
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oil
 
Engineers and Consultants Services By SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd, ...
Engineers and Consultants Services By SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd, ...Engineers and Consultants Services By SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd, ...
Engineers and Consultants Services By SPEC Engineers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd, ...
 
Biodiesel Production Technology & Feedstocks For India
Biodiesel Production Technology & Feedstocks For IndiaBiodiesel Production Technology & Feedstocks For India
Biodiesel Production Technology & Feedstocks For India
 
Biodiesel production
Biodiesel productionBiodiesel production
Biodiesel production
 
Biodiesel production
Biodiesel productionBiodiesel production
Biodiesel production
 
UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL AS FEEDSTOCK AND CATALYST.pptx
UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL AS FEEDSTOCK AND CATALYST.pptxUTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL AS FEEDSTOCK AND CATALYST.pptx
UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL AS FEEDSTOCK AND CATALYST.pptx
 
Biodiesel production
Biodiesel productionBiodiesel production
Biodiesel production
 
5_Days_Hands_on_workshop_on_biodiesel_g4[1].pptx
5_Days_Hands_on_workshop_on_biodiesel_g4[1].pptx5_Days_Hands_on_workshop_on_biodiesel_g4[1].pptx
5_Days_Hands_on_workshop_on_biodiesel_g4[1].pptx
 
Production of Biodiesel from Vernonia Galamensis Oil using Ethanol with Alkal...
Production of Biodiesel from Vernonia Galamensis Oil using Ethanol with Alkal...Production of Biodiesel from Vernonia Galamensis Oil using Ethanol with Alkal...
Production of Biodiesel from Vernonia Galamensis Oil using Ethanol with Alkal...
 
Production_methods_Biodiesel_KS.pptx
Production_methods_Biodiesel_KS.pptxProduction_methods_Biodiesel_KS.pptx
Production_methods_Biodiesel_KS.pptx
 
Biodiesel
BiodieselBiodiesel
Biodiesel
 
Formation of Glycerol from Biodiesel
Formation of Glycerol from BiodieselFormation of Glycerol from Biodiesel
Formation of Glycerol from Biodiesel
 
Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil
Biodiesel from Waste Cooking OilBiodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil
Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil
 
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...
 
Biodiesel lecture notes
Biodiesel lecture notesBiodiesel lecture notes
Biodiesel lecture notes
 
CH-04-Module-1-Fats, Oils and Detergents
CH-04-Module-1-Fats, Oils and DetergentsCH-04-Module-1-Fats, Oils and Detergents
CH-04-Module-1-Fats, Oils and Detergents
 
Presentacion ingles tecnico (saia)
Presentacion ingles tecnico (saia)Presentacion ingles tecnico (saia)
Presentacion ingles tecnico (saia)
 
 A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...
 A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B... A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...
 A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...
 
Ghee
GheeGhee
Ghee
 

Plus de IJERD Editor

A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksA Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
 
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACE
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACEMEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACE
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACEIJERD Editor
 
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
 
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
 
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding Design
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignReducing Corrosion Rate by Welding Design
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
 
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and Verification
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationRouter 1X3 – RTL Design and Verification
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
 
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
 
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVR
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRMitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVR
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
 
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive Manufacturing
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingStudy on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive Manufacturing
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
 
Spyware triggering system by particular string value
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueSpyware triggering system by particular string value
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
 
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
 
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid Scheme
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeSecure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid Scheme
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
 
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
 
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web Camera
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraGesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web Camera
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
 
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
 
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
 
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF Dxing
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF DxingMoon-bounce: A Boon for VHF Dxing
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF DxingIJERD Editor
 
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
 
Importance of Measurements in Smart Grid
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridImportance of Measurements in Smart Grid
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
 
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderStudy of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
 

Plus de IJERD Editor (20)

A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksA Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
 
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACE
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACEMEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACE
MEMS MICROPHONE INTERFACE
 
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...
 
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’
 
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding Design
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignReducing Corrosion Rate by Welding Design
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding Design
 
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and Verification
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationRouter 1X3 – RTL Design and Verification
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and Verification
 
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...
 
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVR
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRMitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVR
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVR
 
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive Manufacturing
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingStudy on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive Manufacturing
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive Manufacturing
 
Spyware triggering system by particular string value
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueSpyware triggering system by particular string value
Spyware triggering system by particular string value
 
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...
 
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid Scheme
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeSecure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid Scheme
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid Scheme
 
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...
 
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web Camera
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraGesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web Camera
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web Camera
 
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...
 
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...
 
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF Dxing
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF DxingMoon-bounce: A Boon for VHF Dxing
Moon-bounce: A Boon for VHF Dxing
 
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...
 
Importance of Measurements in Smart Grid
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridImportance of Measurements in Smart Grid
Importance of Measurements in Smart Grid
 
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderStudy of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
 

Dernier

Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...Aggregage
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-pyJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024D Cloud Solutions
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...DianaGray10
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPathCommunity
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Brian Pichman
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioChristian Posta
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?IES VE
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Commit University
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureEric D. Schabell
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7DianaGray10
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLRuncy Oommen
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdfPedro Manuel
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAshyamraj55
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopBachir Benyammi
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxGDSC PJATK
 

Dernier (20)

Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
 

Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel and its various Blends

  • 1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development ISSN: 2278-067X, Volume 1, Issue 7 (June 2012), PP.34-37 www.ijerd.com Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel and its various Blends Jagadale S.S., Jugulkar L.M. Department of Automobile Engineering, RIT Sakharale 415414, Sangli, Maharashtra, India, Abstract––This paper represents the Transesterification reaction using heterogeneous base catalyst and analysis of properties of chicken fat based biodiesel and its various blends. we compare here different properties of chicken fat based biodiesel and its various blends. Key words––Biodiesel, chicken fat, alternative fuel, reaction parameters, catalyst, chemical properties of chicken fat based biodiesel. I. INTRODUCTION Waste chicken fat is harmful for human health due to fat contain in the chicken. So there is large amount of chicken fat is waste so we can use that chicken fat for production of chicken fat based biodiesel. After production it is necessary to check various chemical properties of biodiesel to check that properties are within limit or not. In this article we examined the use of solid base CaO catalyst for the production of biodiesel from fats produced from waste chicken fat and determined suitable condition. Calcium oxide catalyst was chosen due to its cheap price, minor toxicity, high availability and high basic strength. II. EXPERIMENTAL 2.1 Materials: waste chicken fat were brought from Baramati Agro chicken centre, Baramati. Methanol, phenolphthalein indicator, calcium oxide powder were all bought from SCR chemicals Pune. Water used was double distilled. 2.2Apparatus with Specification Used for Production: 1] Reactor: Make: Mahavir Electrical, Maximum capacity: 2000ml [2liters], Watt: 400 Watt, Maximum Temperature: 300˚, Volts: 250v, Ampere: 1.7Amp 2] Electronic Weighing Machine: Maximum capacity: 5kg, Minimum capacity: 0.5 gm 3] Serological water Bath: Maximum Temperature Capacity: 110˚c. 4] Separating funnel: Maximum capacity: 1liter, Make: Borosil 5] Electrical Heating Plate: Maximum temperature obtained =110˚c 6] Oswald’s viscometer: Make: Borosil Figure 1: Schematic of Experimental setup for Chicken fat based Biodiesel Production 34
  • 2. Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel and its 2.3Reaction Procedure: Production Process Used: Batch Production Process 1] Raw Material Taken =Fresh waste chicken fat 2] Quantity taken =1500gram [1+1/2 Kg] 4] Per Kg chicken skins [chicken fat] price=35/- per kg Step I: Feedstock Preparation & Oil Expelling: Later the oil from this feedstock is expelled by suitable means. Pretreatment: First 1500gm waste chicken fat is heated to temperature 120˚for 1hour for demoisturing purpose.1000gm oil is expelled after heating and filtration. Step II: Oil pH Balance: This oil primarily consists of many impurities & is chemically imbalanced. Before it can be actually used it has to be pre-treated to make it suitable for the production process. This is done by performing heating for moisture removal, filtering for impurities removal. A pH value of is should between 6 to 7 is suitable for production process. Filtration and separation of solid chicken fat particles and chicken fat oil is done. pH of chicken fat oil= 6.5. Mixing of alcohol and catalyst: The catalyst is typically sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) or calcium oxide (lime). It is dissolved in the alcohol using a standard agitator or mixer. Reaction: The alcohol/catalyst mix is then charged into a closed reaction vessel and the oil or fat is added. The system from here on is totally closed to the atmosphere to prevent the loss of alcohol. The reaction mix is kept just above the boiling point of the alcohol (around 160 °F) to speed up the reaction and the reaction takes place. Recommended reaction time varies from 1 to 8 hours, and some systems recommend the reaction take place at room temperature. Excess alcohol is normally used to ensure total conversion of the fat or oil to its esters. Care must be taken to monitor the amount of water and free fatty acids in the incoming oil or fat. If the free fatty acid level or water level is too high it may cause problems with soap formation and the separation of the glycerin by-product downstream. Reaction I=Esterification 1000ml chicken fat oil +3 ml concentrated H2SO4 +500ml Methanol [CH4OH] Reaction Temperature set = 60˚c, Reaction Time = 1Hour [60Minits] Calculation of Free Fatty Acid: Beurett Reading ×Normality ×28.2 FFA = 2gm (quantity of oil taken ) 0.2 ×0.25 ×28.2 FFA= = 0.705. 2 Reaction II = Transesterification 5gm CaO [Base catalyst] + 150ml methanol + 1503[first reaction Proceed] =1658ml Reaction Temperature set = 60˚c, Reaction Time = 1Hour [60Minits] Indicator Used =Phenolphthalein Quantity taken =1to2 drops Quantity we get pure chicken fat biodiesel after Transterification from 1500gram chicken fat=1000 ml Quantity of methanol recovery is done after esterification is done = 50 ml 2.4Separation Process of Glycerin and Biodiesel: 2.4.1Separation: Once the reaction is complete, two major products exist: glycerin and biodiesel. Each has a substantial amount of the excess methanol that was used in the reaction. The reacted mixture is sometimes neutralized at this step if needed. The glycerin phase is much denser than biodiesel phase and the two can be gravity separated with glycerin simply drawn off the bottom of the settling vessel. In some cases, a centrifuge is used to separate the two materials faster. A successful reaction produces two liquid phases: ester and crude glycerol. The entire mixture then settles and glycerol is left on the bottom and methyl esters (Biodiesel) is left on top. Crude glycerol, the heavier liquid will collect at the bottom after several hours of settling. Phase separation can be observed within 10 min and can be complete within 2 h after stirring has stopped. Complete settling can be taken as long as 18 hours. The more nearly neutral the pH, the quicker the glycerol phase will coalesce. This is one reason to minimize the total catalyst use. In some batch systems the reaction mixture is neutralized at the beginning of the glycerol/ester phase separation step. There are three categories of equipment used to separate the ester and glycerol phases. Decanter systems rely solely on the density difference and residence time to achieve the separation. For relatively small throughput, or batch processes, the 1 to 8 hours required for complete separation of the phases may be acceptable. For lower extent of reaction, the separation is slower, and the decanter will have to be much larger. The primary determinant for designing a decanter for biodiesel production is the desired residence time. This, plus the product mixture flow rate determines the size of the unit. Decanter units should be rather tall and narrow to allow physical separation between the ester and the glycerol withdrawal points. L/D ratios of 5 to 10 can work well. The temperature in the decanter affects the solubility of the alcohol in both phases, and the viscosity of the two liquids. The increased viscosity will slow the coalescence rate in the system. An alternative method is to allow the reactants to sit for at least an hour after mixing while keeping the brew above 100 deg F (38 deg C), which keeps the glycerin semi-liquid (it solidifies below 100 deg F). Then carefully decant the biodiesel. This can be done by draining the reactants out of the bottom of the container through a transparent hose. The semi-liquid glycerin has a dark brown color; the biodiesel is honey-colored. Keep a watch on what flows through the sight tube: when the lighter-colored biodiesel appears divert it to a separate container. If any biodiesel 35
  • 3. Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel and its stays with the glycerin it is easy to retrieve it later once the glycerin has solidified. If you left the mixture in the tank until the glycerin gelled, reheat the tank just enough to liquefy the glycerin again. Don't stir it! 2.4.2 Alcohol Removal: Once the glycerin and biodiesel phases separated, the excess alcohol in each phase is removed with a flash evaporation process or by distillation. In others systems, the alcohol is removed and the mixture neutralized before the glycerin and esters have been separated. Care must be taken to ensure no water accumulates in the recovered alcohol stream. 2.4.3 Glycerin Neutralization: The glycerin by-product contains unused catalyst and soaps that are neutralized with an acid and sent to storage as crude glycerin. In some cases the salt formed during this phase is recovered for use as fertilizer. In most cases the salt is left in the glycerin. Water and alcohol are removed to produce 80-88% pure glycerin that is ready to be sold as crude glycerin. In more sophisticated operations, the glycerin is distilled to 99% or higher purity and sold into the cosmetic and pharmaceutical markets. 2.4.4 Methyl Ester Wash: Once separated from the glycerin, the biodiesel is sometimes purified by washing gently with warm water to remove residual catalyst or soaps, dried, and sent to storage. In some processes this step is unnecessary. This is normally the end of the production process resulting in a clear amber-yellow liquid with a viscosity similar to petro diesel. In some systems the biodiesel is distilled in an additional step to remove small amounts of color bodies to produce a colorless biodiesel. 2.4.5 Product Quality: Prior to use as a commercial fuel, the finished biodiesel must be analyzed using sophisticated analytical equipment to ensure it meets ASTM specifications. The most important aspects of biodiesel production to ensure trouble free operation in diesel engines are: * Complete Reaction * Removal of Alcohol * Removal of Glycerin * Removal of Catalyst * Absence of Free Fatty Acid III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Sr. Characteristics Unit Test B100 B10 B15 B20 B25 B30 No. Method 1 Density gm/cc ASTM D1448 0.87 0.837 0.837 0.839 0.839 0.840 2 Calorific value Mj/kg ASTM D6751 39.34 44.96 44.16 44.33 43.23 43.60 3 Content of % ASTM 94 90 90 90 91 91 hydrocarbon 4 Content of oxygen % ASTM 11 - - - - - 5 viscosity Cst ASTM 5.4 3.6 3.68 3.71 3.8 3.98 D445 6 Flash point ˚c ASTM 174 78 78 79.5 80.5 82 D93 7 Pour point ˚c ASTM 12.3 -20 -20 -20 -18.5 -17 D2500 8 Cloud point ˚c ASTM D2500 14 -16 -16 -16 -13 -12 9 Calcium and mg/kg EN14538 2 0.3 0.3 0.36 0.46 0.83 magnesium combine 10 Methanol content % EN14110 0.06 - - - - - 11 Water and sediment Vol.% ASTM 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 D2709 12 Sulfated ash Wt.% ASTM 0.03 1.0 0.9 0.82 0.85 0.88 D874 13 Cetane number - ASTMD 58.4 47.8 47.87 47.98 48.34 48.76 613 14 Carbon residue % ASTM 0.024 0.045 0.045 0.041 0.038 0.035 D4530 15 Acid number - ASTM D664 0.8 0.35 0.35 0.32 0.320 0.325 16 Free glycerin Wt.% GC 0.004 - - - - - 17 Phosphorus content Wt.% ASTM D4951 0.010 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 18 Sodium and mg/kg EN14538 5 0.9 0.92 1.2 1.6 1.9 potassium combined 19 Oxidation stability Hrs. EN14112 6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.56 2.59 20 Cold soak filtration seconds ASTM 360 160 162 165 171 183 D 6751 36
  • 4. Production and Analysis of Chemical Properties of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel and its IV. CONCLUSION The CaO catalyst is good heterogeneous catalyst for the production of biodiesel from oil of waste chicken skin. When the reaction was carried out with a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 6:1, a reaction time of 60 minute, catalyst concentration of 0.5% wt., and reaction temperature of 60°C, the conversion of skin-chicken oil was 67 % over the catalyst. The easy preparation, low cost of CaO, high basic strength as well as the easy removal of a heterogeneous catalyst underline the advantage of CaO as catalyst comparing to the homogeneous alkali base catalysts such as KOH and NaOH. Calorific value of B10 of chicken fat biodiesel blend is more than other four blends, density of B10 and B15 is less than other four blends. According to Bharat stage III viscosity Should be within range 2-4.5 which is fulfill by all the four blends, flash point of B100 is more than other four Blends, pour point of B10, B15 and B20 is more than other blends, cloud point of B10, B15 and B20 is more than other blends, According to Bharat stage III Cetane number should minimum 51 which is fulfill by of B100 is 58.4 .oxidation stability of B100 is maximum than other four chicken fat biodiesel blends. Carbone residue of B100 is less than other blends. Cold soak filtration point of B100 is maximum than other five blends. REFERENCES 1. Amir Awaluddin, Saryono, Adhy Prayitno and Tearful Amri, “Transesterification of Waste Chicken Fats for Synthesizing Biodiesel by CaO as Heterogeneous Base Catalyst” , International Conference on Energy and Sustainable Development: Issues and Strategies, (2010), Pp.1-5. 2. Awaluddin A., “Production of Biodiesel from a Used Frying Oil and Crude Palm Oil Using Heterogeneous Catalyst CaO”, In Proceedings of the Fifth Riau University and UKM Malaysia, Indonesia, August 2008 Pp. 272- 280. 3. Meher L.C., Sagar D.V., Naik S.N., “Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Production by Transesterification-a Review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10 (3) Pp. 248-268. 4. Anjana Srivastava, Ram Prasad, “Triglycerides –Based Diesel fuels”, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews (2002).Pp.111-133. 5. Formo M.W., 1954, “Ester reactions of fatty materials”, J Am Oil Chern Soc 31:548-559. 6. Metin Guru, Atilla Koca, Ozer Can, Can Cinar, Fatih Sahin, “Biodiesel production from waste chicken fat based sources and evaluation with Mg based additive in a diesel engine”, Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 637–643. 37