Leader in Dental Education: Indian Dental Academy

INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com

ARTICULATORS
Definition: Articulator may bedefined asamechanical
device that represents human Temporomandibular
joint and jaw members to which maxillary ands
mandibular cast are attached to simulate jaw
movements.
GPT

FUNCTIONS
The primary function of the articulator is to act
asarepresentativein patients
It is used to simulate the patients
Temporomandibular joint, muscles of
mastication, mandibular ligaments, maxilla and
mandible and the complex neuromuscular
mechanism that programmes the mandibular
movements.

The articulator is made to simulate the equivalent
movements of the TMJ but does not duplicate or
produce identical movements as in the human
mouth
It forms an important instrument to the dentist as it
can be programmed with certain patients records
allowing the operator and laboratory technician to
fabricate a restoration that will be physiologically
and psychologically acceptable.

ADVANTAGES
Properly mounted cast allow the operated to better
visualizethepatient occlusion from thelingual side.
Patient’s co-operation is not required once the
Interocclusal recordsareobtained from thepatients
Refinement of thecompletedenturesin thepatient’s
mouth is extremely difficult because of shifting of
denture bases and resiliency of the supporting
tissues. Thisdoesnot takeplacein thearticulator.

Chair sideappointment isreduced and more
work can bedesignated to theauxiliary
personnel.
Patient’stonguesaliva, check etc. arenot a
factorsof hinderenceunder using the
articulator

LIMITATIONS
An articulator is a mechanical device made by
metal hence is subjected to error in tooling and
thereby resulting from fatigueand bear
Articulator will not duplicate but simulates the
condylar movementsof TMJ

REQUIREMENTS
It should hold casts in correct horizontal and vertical
relationshipsi.e., centric relations.
It should provideapositiveanterior vertical stop.
It should accept a face bow transfer record. It should open
and closein ahingemovement.
It should allow protrusiveand lateral jaw motions
Moving partsshould movefreely and accurately
Moving partsshould beoften rigid construction
Should be easy to fix and attach the maxillary and
mandibular cast to thearticulator and also to attach from the
articulators www.indiandentalacademy.com

Additional Requirements
Adjustable horizontal, lateral condylar guide element &
allow protrusive movements
A mechanism to accept the 3rd
point of reference from
a face bow
A terminal hinge locking positional device
Removable mounting plates that can be positioned
accurately
An adjustable incisal guide table
Adjustable intercondylar width of the condylar element

Classification of Articulators
An articulator classification was
developed based on the instruments
function, instrument capability, intent,
registration procedure and registration
acceptance were considered.

Classification based on Theories of
Occlusion
BONWILLS THEORY OF OCCLUSION
CONICAL THEORY OF OCCLUSION
 ( R.E.Hall )
SPHERICAL THEORY OF OCCLUSION
(G.S.Monson 1918 )

BONWILLS THEORY OF
OCCLUSION
Also know as THEORY
OF EQUILATERAL
TRIANGLE.
It stated that a 4"
(10 cm ) distance occurs
between the condyles
and between each
condyle & the incisal
point
E.g. Bonwills
articulator

CONICAL THEORY OF OCCLUSION
R.E.HALL proposed that the lower teeth move over the
surface of the upper teeth as over the surface of a cone
with an angle of 45° with the central axis of the cone
tipped at 45°
Angle to the occlusal plane
E.g. Hall automatic articulator.
teeth with 45° cusp are necessary to construct dentures
on these articulators.

SPHERICAL THEORY OF
OCCLUSION (Monson 1918)
Monson proposed that lower
teeth moves over the surface
of the upper teeth as over the
surface of a sphere with a
diameter of 8 " (20cm). the
center of the sphere is located
in the region of Glabella & the
surfaces of the sphere passes
through the Glenoid fossa
along the articulating
eminences.
E.g. Maxillomandibular
instrument. www.indiandentalacademy.com

Drawbacks
Articulators based on theories of occlusion
was that they made no provision for
variation from the theoretical relationships
that occurs in different people.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE TYPES
OF RECORDS USED FOR THEIR
ADJUSTMENT
 INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD ADJUSTMENT
 GRAPHIC RECORD ADJUSTMENT
 HINGE AXIS LOCATION FOR ADJUSTING
ARTICULATORS

INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
ADJUSTMENT
These records may be made in wax, dental
plaster ZnOE paste or cold-cure acrylic resin.
Each of these records are of only one positional
relationship of the lower jaw to the upper jaw
Either centric or to protrusive
OR
Centric or to lateral record
E.g. Hanau articulatorswww.indiandentalacademy.com

GRAPHIC RECORD ADJUSTMENT
The graphic records consists of records of the
extreme border positions of mandibular
movement which are curved and the
articulators must be capable of producing at
least the equivalent of curved movements
simple procedure if natural teeth exists in both
jaws & it becomes difficult and unreliable in
edentulous patientswww.indiandentalacademy.com

HINGE AXIS LOCATION FOR ADJUSTING
ARTICULATOR
Correct location of the opening axis of
mandibular hinge axis is essential for the
correct adjustment of instrument

CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICULATORS
USING NEW SYSTEMS
FULLY ADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS
SEMI ADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS
NON ADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS

FULLY ADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS
Articulators which can accept all the following 5
records
1).Face bow transfer
2) Centric jaw relation record
3) Protrusive record
4) Lateral records
5) Intercondylar distance record
E.g.. Hanau kinescope(1923)
Mc Collum Gnathoscope(1935)
Granger Gnatholator (1950)
Stuarticulator(1955)
Ney-Depietro(1962)
Hanau 130-21 (1953)
Simulator (1968)
Dentar D4-A (1968)

SEMIADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS
Articulators which can accept the following
3 record

E.g.
Snow Acme (1910)
Gysi Adaptable (1910)
(does not accept lateral record )
Wadsworth (1924)
Hanau H (1922)
Gysi Trubyte (1926)
(does not accept intercondylar records )
House(1927)
(does not accept intercondylar records & satisfies
Bonwills principle)
Dentatus (1944)
Bergstorm Arcon(1950)
Hanau 130-28 (1963)
Whip-mix (1968) www.indiandentalacademy.com

NONADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS
Articulators which can accept 1 OR 2 of the following 3
records
Gariot (1805)
Evans (1840)
Barn door hinge (1858)
Bonwill (1858)
Walker (1896)
Has adjustable condylar guidance but does not accept
face bow record

Gritman (1899)
Snow (1906)
Gysisimplex (1912 ) Monson (1918)
Stansbery (1929)
 Based on Tripod theory (no condylar control )
Phillips Occlusoscope (1931) (tripod theory &
does not accept face bow record )
Kile Dentograph (1945 ) ( tripod principle )
Transograph (1952 ) ( contains 2 face
bows & no condylar guidance )
Pankey-Mann (1955) (Based on spherical
theory ) www.indiandentalacademy.com

BASED ON INSTRUMENT FUNCTION
International Prosthodontics workshop
Class I – Simple
holding instruments
capable of accepting
a single static
registration. Vertical
motion is possible,
but only for
convenience E.g..
Slab articulator,
barn door hinge
articulator www.indiandentalacademy.com

Class II – Instrument that
permit horizontal as well
as vertical motion but do
not orient the motion to
the TMJ via, a face bow
transfer.
Class II A- These
articulators permit
eccentric motion based on
average or arbitrary
values.
E.g.. – GYSI Simplex
articulators.

Class II B- Articulators
permit only eccentric
movements based on
theories of arbitrary
motion.
E.g..-Monson
Maxillomandibular
articulators

Class IIC -
Articulators permit
eccentric motion
determined by the
patient using
engraving methods
E.g..-House
articulator

Class III – Instrument can
accept a face bow
transfer.
Class III A- Instrument
that accept a static
protrusive registration and
use equivalents for the
rest of the motion
E.g.: Hanau Model-H
Articulator

Class III B- Instrument in
this class accept a face
bow transfer, protrusive
Interocclusal records, and
some lateral Interocclusal
records
E.g.: Trubyte articulator

Class IV – Instruments
that will accepts three
dimensional dynamic
registration
Class IV A- Instruments
in this class will accept
three dimensional
dynamic registrations
and utilize a face bow
transfer
E.g.: TMJ articulators

Class IV B – Instrument in
this class will accept three
dimensional dynamic
registrations and utilize a
face bow transfer
E.g.:- Denar

Posselt Classification
Plane line or simple hinge type
Mean value type with fixed condylar part
Adjustable type
In the first two types no control mechanism
exists. Only the Interocclusal centric relation
can be recorded. They lack individualized
information concerning spatial relationship and
occlusal arrangement of artificial teeth. So may
not resemble patient actual jaw movementswww.indiandentalacademy.com

Arcon and Non-Arcon articulators
Arcon Type: Instruments with condyles in the
lower member and condylar guides on the
upper. i.e., lower member is movable.
Non-Arcon type: Condyles are on the upper
member and condylar guides on the lower
member

MEAN VALUE ARTICULATOR OR FIXED
ARTICULATOR OR THREE POINT ARTICULATOR
It consists an upper and lower member representing
the maxilla and mandible
Opens and closes around a axis i.e., the condylar
shaft
Shaft is engaged in the condylar slot representing
glenoid fossa
Vertical Separation is done by vertical pin
Vertical pin consists of a mid incisal pin
Condylar slot is inclined at the angulation of 330
to the
horizontal plane

Distance between the two condyle slots is fixed and
is 110 mm
Vertical pin rests on incisal table
Incisal table has an angulation of 50
into the
horizontal plane
The distance between the centre of the centre of
the condyle shaft and mid incisive pin is again.110
mm.
Based on Bonwill equilateral triangle

HISTORY OF ARTICULATORS
UPTO 1940

PLASTER ARTICULATORS
It was 1st described by
Phillips Pfaff (1756)
A plaster extension on the
distal portion of the
mandibular cast was grooved
to serve as a guide for a
plaster extension of the
maxillary cast.
The extended casts together
constituted the 1st articulator,
commonly called a SLAB
ARTICULATOR

BARN DOOR HINGE
Its hinge is modified by
bending each arm 90°
 FORM L-shaped upper &
lower members.

ADAPTABLE BARN DOOR HINGE
It is capable of opening &
closing only in a hinge
movement. It has an
anterior vertical stop,
which is usually a
machine bolt.

GARIOT HINGE JOINT
ARTICULATOR
(J.B.GARIOT (1805)
It consists of 2 metal
frames to which the
casts are attached with
a simple hinge & a set
screw to hold the
frames in fixed vertical
position.

BOWILLS
ARTICULATOR(1858
)
It’s the 1st articulator
developed to imitate
the movements of the
mandible in eccentric
position.
Based on Bonwills
theory of equilateral
triangle

KERR ARTICULATOR
(1902)
It has fixed protrusive &
lateral movements
Hinge is located on
approximately the same
plane as the occlusal
plane of the mounted
cast.

NEW CENTURY ARTICULATOR (1906)
George B.Snow
It has a tension spring which allows a greater range of
movement
Rotation centers placed 4" apart in accordance with
Bonwills theory
Modified articulator has an incisal pin & post
extension added to lower member to prevent tipping

ACME ARTICULATOR (1910)
George B.Snow
Its an elaboration of New
Century Instrument (1910)
3 models of different widths
that accommodate 3 ranges of
intercondylar distance
Condylar paths are straight &
adjustable condylar inclinations
Provided Bennett movement
Posterior adjustment is
possible to increse the distance
between upper & lower
members
Guiding mechanisms are on
the upper member

GYSI ADAPTABLE & GYSI SIMPLEX ARTICULATOR (1910)
Alfred Gysi
It was beyond the technical ability & finances of most dentists
Extra oral tracing & parallel Condylar path plates accepted
Gysi simplex (1914)was introduced as a mean value articulator
It does not require great technical ability to operate &
competitively priced
Condylar guidance is fixed at 33° & is shaped like the ogee
path (S shaped curve in profile)
Incisal guide is not adjustablewww.indiandentalacademy.com

MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
INSTRUMENT (1918)
George Monson
Based on spherical theory
It has set screws to vary
the instruments radius

HAGMAN BALANCER (1920)
Based on Spherical theory of occlusion
It opens & closes on a hinge that is in the center of the upright
support
It doesnot require facebow & interocclusal records for mounting
This technique directs reconstruction of the mandibular teeth to
the curve of Spee using a balanced occlusal guide
The maxillary teeth are constructed secondarily to conform to
the mandibular teeth www.indiandentalacademy.com

STEPHANS ARTICULATOR
(1921)
Simiar to gariots hinge
articulator
It has fixed condylar
inlination & allows for an
arbitrary lateral movement
A posterior set screw holds
the upper & lower members
of the articulator at a fixed
vertical dimension

HANAU MODEL M
KINOSCOPE (1923)
Rudolph L.Hanau an
engineer was influenced by
Dr.Rupert E.Hall to study the
design of articulators
It has double condylar posts
on each side
Inner posts serve 2
purposes: they act as
horizontal condylar guides &
they have variable rotation
centers when the posts are
moved inward or outward.
Outer post- it helps to adjust
the Bennett angle www.indiandentalacademy.com

HOMER RELATOR (1923)
Joseph Homer
Plastic material rather than
mechanical guides is used
to preserve articulator
position
3 cups in lower member
filled with plastic material
(impression compound)
capture the record &
record the tripoded upper
member into the recorded
positions
Same principle is used in
Irish Duplifunctional & TMJ
instruments www.indiandentalacademy.com

WADSWORTH
ARTICULATOR (1924)
Frank Wadsworth
Based on Monson's
spherical theory
Casts are mounted with
a face bow & Wadsworth
T-attachment which
determines the 3rd point
of reference
It does not accept
bilateral condylar
symmetry
 It has adjustable
intercondylar distances

HANAU MODEL H110 (1922)
It has individual condylar
guidance adjustments in both
sagittal & horizontal planes
It has incisal guide cup with
its fixed curvature could be
moved only as a unit & it did
not have calibrations for
resetting
Lateral setting is calculated by
dividing the horizontal
condylar inclination by 8 and
adding 12
L = H8 + 12 www.indiandentalacademy.com

HANAU MODEL H110 MODIFIED (1927)
It has incisal guide table with calibrations instead of
the incisal guide cup

PHILIPS STUDENT (PANTOGRAPHIC )
ARTICULATOR (1929)
George P.Philips
It’s a fully adaptable articulator because it follows any
graphic record
It was designed to trace Gothic arch (needlepoint )
tracing & inclination of the glenoid fossa in one step

STANBERY TRIPOD
INSTRUMENT (1929)
C.J.STANSBERY
It was designed without a hinge to
facilitate the reproduction of any
positional relationship
In this instrument there is no
mechanical equivalent or
representation of condyles
The articulator reproduces
positions not movements

HOUSE ARTICULATOR
(1930)
M.M.HOUSE in early
1930s
It was adjusted with
maxillomandibular
relation record that use
the needle house method
It has a milling device for
occlusal adjustment after
denture processing
Intercondylar guidance,
lateral condylar guidance
are controlled by Bennett
guide

PRECISION CO-ORDINATOR
W.H.Terrell (1930)
Its an arcon type of articulator that has curvilinear condylar
guides
Twin parabolic cams control vertical & horizontal anterior
guidance
Incisal pin is curved to allow for changes in the vertical
dimension
A milling device, in the articulator can be varied from 0 to 0.04".
It mills circularly in the molar region, elliptically in the premolar
region and laterally in the incisal region

HANAU CROWN &
BRIDGE ARTICULATOR
(1934)
It’s a small articulator & it
doesnot require face bow
transfer
It has a posterior pin &
cam guidance mechanism
ti stimulate working &
balancing side excursions
of 15°
It has a fixed protrusive
movement of 30°

PHILLIPS
OCCLUSOSCOPE (1938)
George Phillips
No face bow transfer
required
Its adjusted by either intra
or extra oral tracing
Lower member has 2
adjustable units
representing the TMJs
which control the working
inclination & balancing
inclinations
There is no adjustable
incisal guide

Thank you
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