SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  80
COMPUTERS IN ORTHODONTICS

www.indiandentalacademy.com
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.

8.
9.
10 .
11 .
12 .
13 .

Introduction
History of Computer Technology and Systems
Use of computers in dental practice
Classification of appliance
a)Administrative
b)Clinical
c)miscellaneous
Computed Tomography
Digigraph
VTO
Computerised tooth width analysis
Cephalometric applications
Dento facial planner plus
Vistadent image management system
Video imaging
MRI
Invisalign

Application of computers in orthodontics – Contents

www.indiandentalacademy.com

sem1/sb/09-04
INTRODUCTION
When the word "technology" is mentioned, most people think about
computers. Virtually every facet of our lives has some
computerized component.
A few years ago, it was considered a specialized component,
which has now been converted to an everyday appliance. The
computer is basically an automatic
electronic machine that performs calculations or
derives results based on the data fed into it and the software/
program it is designed for. A computer is capable of accepting
data, performing operations according to instructions and
providing the results of these operations in comparatively shorter
duration of time and with greater accuracy as compared to
Manual labor. It is built to perform routine calculations with
speed, www.indiandentalacademy.com ease.
reliability and
. A computer can be described as an automatic
electronic device capable of accepting information
(data), perform operations and calculations
according to the instructions given and supply the
results of the operations.
Dentistry, being that branch of medicine which
relies heavily on technology and which embraces
new techniques with great gusto, was quick to
hitch onto the P.c. bandwagon and employ
computers to enhance not only record keeping,
but practice management, patient education and
motivation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
History of Information Technology and Systems

Four Basic Periods of Information Technology

1.
2.
3.
4.

Pre mechanical
Mechanical
Electromechanical
Electronic

www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. 1450 A.D. The
First Calculators: The Abacus
The First Information Processor

www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Electromechanical Age: 1840
- 1940.
•The discovery of ways to harness electricity by
Benjamin Franklin was the key advance made
during this period.
•Information could now be converted into electrical
impulses.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Alan Mathison Turing
Father of Modern Computer
Science

Concept of algorithm and
computation: the Turing
machine

British mathematician
and cryptographer

Designed one of the
FIRST electronic
programmable digital
computers
THE COLOSSUS

1854 1912

www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Electronic Age: 1940 Present
The Four Generations of Digital Computing
 The First Generation

(1951-1958) Punch Cards
 The Second Generation (1959-1963) Transistors
 The Third Generation (1964-1979) Integrated
Circuits
 The Fourth Generation (1979-Present)
www.indiandentalacademy.com


Uses of computers in dental
practice

classification of applications:
1) Administrative applications













Patient case records
Recall appointments
Patient scheduling
Accounts
Patient correspondence
Billing
Inventory lists
Prescription formats
Post-treatment instructions
Insurance claims
Referral information
Missed appointment www.indiandentalacademy.com
follow up.
2) Clinical applications















Patient photographs-analysis and storage
Patient radiographs-analysis and storage
Inter- specialty referral and opinion
Patient motivation
Appliance design using CAD CAMs
Growth predictions
Visual treatment objectives
Generation of pre- and post-treatment photographs · Patient
interaction and information on the internet Miscellaneous
applications
Survey information/epidemiological data
Presentations
Continuing dental/ medical education
Literature reviews
Entertainment

www.indiandentalacademy.com
3) Miscellaneous application
 Survey information/epidemiological data





Presentations
Continuing dental/ medical education
Literature reviews
Entertainment

www.indiandentalacademy.com


Orthodontists with their love for technology and
miniaturization have not remained untouched. Computers
are practically used in all the facets of any dental
practice today .Computers have become especially useful
to orthodontists for:

Digital photography
Digital radiography
Digital cephalometrics
Video cephalometrics
3-D imaging
Digital study models

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Applications of Computers in Clinics
Conventional









Computerised

Case Paper
Impression & Diagnostic
Casts
Radiographs
Manual Tracing
Cephalometric Analysis
Diagnostic Set-up
Treatment-Preformed
System
Mid Term Evaluation










Data Sheet
3D Photography
RVG, Digital Radiography
Digitised Tracing
Advanced software's
VTO / VTP
Treatment-Customised
Continuous Monitoring

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Computed Tomography
Invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield
who was awarded a Nobel prize in
1979
 CT is an image display of the
anatomy of a thin slice of the body
developed from multiple x- ray
absorption measurements made
around the body’s periphery.


www.indiandentalacademy.com
Parts of the Equipment;
1. Scanner ( movable
x ray table + gantry)
2. Computer system
3. A display console

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Principle;
A x ray source and array of detectors
mounted within the gantry rotate
around the patient during each scan.
Detectors record the attenuation values
of the beam emerging from the
patient
Information from each traverse is a
Profile

www.indiandentalacademy.com
The tube and detectors
are further angled
and another
traverse is made.
A series of Profiles is
built up.
The computer analyses
the data and an
image is produced.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Early scanners
system.

translate and rotate

Recently developed scanners
stationary
detectors and x ray tube rotates around the
patient
both the
detectors and x ray tube rotate in synchrony

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Radiation dosage
for
single section

1.536 rad
a

1.8432 rad for
multiple sections

Estimated dose to the centre of the condyl
with CT is 180mR
www.indiandentalacademy.com





Useful in determining changes
in bone density
Primary imaging method when
internal derangement or
arthrosis is suspected – clinical
diagnosis is not always
sufficient.
Has advantages when planning
treatment or operations on jaws
and TMJ diseases and
deformities.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Microcomputed Tomography
Principally the same as CT, except that
the reconstructed cross sections are
confined to a much smaller area.
Significantly reduces radiation dosage.
Used to measure bone connectivity in all
3 dimensions.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometric Applications







DIGIGRAPH
Introduced by Dolphin imaging systems
Non-radiographic system
‘Digigraph workstation’
Video images also possible
VTO
Reduces time required for records.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
System design:
The DigiGraph Work Station
is about 5 feet long, 3 feet
wide and 7 feet high.
The main cabinet contains
the electronic circuitry, and
the patient sits next to the
cabinet in an adjustable chair
similar to those used with
cephalometers.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
The head holder is suspended from a
beam, supported by a vertical column
attached to the cabinet.
more comfortable than cephalometer head
holders, allowing the patient to remain in
the holder for several minutes.
Ear rods and forehead and posterior head
pieces are used to minimize patient
movement.
The ear rods can be removed so that facial
and intraoral images can also be recorded
while the patient is sitting in the adjustable
www.indiandentalacademy.com
chair.
A model board can be inserted into the
head holder, and images of various
views can be recorded .

www.indiandentalacademy.com
A light box can also be attached to the
head holder for imaging headfilms,
wristfilms, laminagraphic films, and
panoramic x-rays.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
The video monitor is attached that
can be rotated as the operator
moves.
Images are as sharp as those on a
standard color television.
The images, text, and numerical data
can be displayed, stored, and
modified using either a light pen or a
standard computer keyboard.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Any image appearing on the screen can be
reproduced instantaneously with one of three
"hard copy" output devices:
• Sony video imager— makes 5 " x 7 " color
prints in 60 seconds
• Polaroid freeze-frame camera— produces
Polaroid prints in 10 seconds;
• Hewlett Packard Paintjet printer— makes 8
" x 10 " paper color copies in 4 to 8 minutes.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
The digitizing handpiece is used to record
cephalometric data while the patient is in the
head holder.
The removable, sterilizable tip of the
handpiece is placed directly on the patient to
record a series of facial and intraoral
landmarks. As each landmark is located, the
handpiece button is depressed and the
location is recorded in three-dimensional
coordinates (x,y,z). Each time the handpiece
button is depressed, an audible sound is picked
up by an array of four microphones on the
beam. The time it takes the sound to reach
each of the microphones determines the
landmark location.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Three-dimensional digital
modeling and setup
Aldo Macchi,S Gianpaolo Carrafiello,b Vittorio
Cacciafesta,C and Antonio Norcinic Varese, Italy




Obtaining accurate images of the craniofacial
region is critical when developing an
orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plan.
It is a new imaging method that provides
complete 3-dimensional views of the maxilla
and the mandible, and the model setup with
individual anatomic roots. The method uses
computed tomography technology and laser
scanning using computers.

Am J Ortho Dentofacial Orthop, MAY 2005

www.indiandentalacademy.com
3D Digital modeling and setup
A

C





B

D

E

3D superimposition of the anatomic teeth, before treatment [A &
B] and after [C & D] the setup to visualize the amount of teeth
movement before and after treatment [ E ] by making use of 3D
setup using computers.
By making use of this set up we can analyse a degree of
correction achieved in malocclusion and discrepensies like
fenestrations.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Am J Ortho Dentofacial Orthop, MAY 2006
Airway volume assessment in pt. with mouth
breathing, adenoid hypertrophy, or sleep
apnoea, by application of transfer function to

3D CT scan

Bone rendering with transparent soft
tissues by application of transfer
function ,which render soft tissue
invisible on 3D CT scan.
Visualization of internal anatomic
structures by removal of cranium by
box cut to peek inside a 3D volume by
use of transfer function.
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Am J Ortho Dentofacial Orthop, MAY 2005
3D Cone-Beam CT virtual models



A. Can be Used In case of Surgical patients and those
with developmental anomalies like hemi facial
microsomia where in case ,if the working condyle is
missing, it can be replaced with costocondral graft by
proper planning of surgery using 3D cone beam CT
virtual models .

B. can be used to evaluate significant facial asymmetry
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Am J and missing articular fossa.
Ortho Dentofacial Orthop, MAY 2006

3D Cone-Beam CT models



Can render bone transparent which allows visualization
of developing permanent teeth & It can also be used to
determine the position of the surgical pins or implants in
bone, that might be impairing tooth eruption .
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Am J Ortho Dentofacial Orthop, MAY 2006
Rapid prototyping as a tool for diagnosis
and treatment planning for maxillary
canine impaction
Jorge Faber,S Patricia Medeiros Berto,b and Marcelo Quaresmas
Treating an impacted maxillary canine requires identifying its
exact position.
 a new method for diagnosis and treatment planning of maxillary
canine impaction is done by using computed tomography
combined with rapid prototyping. .

CT image files of a patient with tooth impaction were edited
to produce, by means of rapid prototyping. An anatomic model
of the maxillary teeth and a single attachment model that was
later used to fabricate a metal attachment to be bonded to the
impacted tooth can be designed using computers. The dental
model was used in the diagnosis and orthodontic treatment
planning. The model will show the exact anatomical relationship
between the impacted tooth and the other teeth; it was the main
aid in intraoperative navigation during surgery to expose the
tooth. The metal attachment built from the prototype will be
bonded to tooth during surgery. Prototyping has become a new
www.indiandentalacademy.com
tool for fabricating brackets and other precision accessories for
specific needs.

3D reconstruction from CT files.
A) CT images placed one on top of another for volume rendring .
B) 3D reconstruction of face using CT files.
C) Lower-density tissues (Hounsfield units) will be eliminated for visualization of part
of soft and hard tissues by making use of transfer function.
D) Hard tissues on CT can be separated from all soft tissues.
E) Only maxillary teeth can be visualized after images of mandibular teeth and lowerdensity tissues are deleted for accurate diagnosis of impacted canine position.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Trays

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Rapid prototyping: A new method of
preparing trays for indirect bonding
Fabio Ciuffolo,a Ettore Epifania,b Gionni Duranti,C Valentina
De Luca,d Daniele Raviglia,d Silvia Rezza,d
Computer-aided technology is used to
design the individualized trays, which are then
produced with a rapid prototyping procedure.
The advantages of application includes time
saving and accurate bracket placement .

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Clinical application of RPT:
A) Bracket in RPT virtual tray with adhesive paste;
B) RPT placed on tooth;
C) RPT removal;
D)and E) RPT placement on adjacent teeth (full arch
bonding can undertaken);
F) Light-curing.

Design process of virtual
tray:
A) scanned mal­occlusion
model;
B) virtual bracket
placement;
C) and D)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
creation of virtual tray.
Computerized tooth width
analysis



Introduced by Christopher T.C. Ho and Terrence
Freer



Named as Ho-Freer Graphical analysis of tooth
width Discrepancy (GATWD)



Base line data obtained from pre treatment
orthodontic casts.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
 Direct input using digital calipers

or manual

input using visual basic 3.0
 Upto 24 tooth width measurements can be
done
 Caliper used is a Mitutoyo 6”/ 150mm , with
tapered beaks
 Connected to a Mitutoyo digimatic mini
processor IBM compatible
computer
www.indiandentalacademy.com

1.
2.
3.
4.

Advantages:
Less time consuming
Use of digital calipers reduces errors
during transfer of measurements
Mathematical calculations done by the
computer
Eliminates reference to standard value
tables

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Classification of Software
•SOFTWARE FOR REGULAR USAGE

 Microsoft Word
 Microsoft Power

 MS DOS
 Microsoft Outlook

point
 Microsoft Access
 Microsoft Excel

 Microsoft Frontpage
 Net Meeting

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Classification of Software

ADVANCED USAGE









Adobe Acrobat Reader
Flash
Corel draw
MS Photo editor
Adobe Photoshop
Microsoft publisher
Anti Virus Norton,
Sophos…

 3d smax
 Maya
 AutoCAD
 WinZip
 Digicam Software
 Nero Express
 MSC Nastran, Patran
 Ortho cad

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Digitalizing study models using OrthoCAD

 OrthoCAD -

It is a digital study model capture,
assessment and storage system.
 It provides a 3D record of the original malocclusion,
any stages during treatment and the outcome of the
treatment.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
VISTADENT Image management
system
VISTADENT COMPLETE™
ability to modify an image that is stored in the program,
as well as the ability to do Visual Treatment Objective
(VTO).
Images can easily be manipulated to show treatment
objectives by using standard editing features such as cut
and paste or more advanced features like the Smile
Library.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Ideal system requirements;
 win 98 operating system or above
 pentium processor II
64 MB RAM
Other attachments:
• digital camera or scanner
• RGB camera
• Printer ( color)
• CD ROM drive

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Easy to calculate cephalometric analysis.
The Ceph program allows one to trace and
identify your points directly from a
scanned X-RAY.
After points and tracings are entered they can
easily be edited for accuracy purposes. Then
Tracings, Analysis and Measurements can all
be printed on one page with the image.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
The VTO feature automatically illustrates
soft tissue changes based on measurements for
most orthodontic treatment as well as many
surgeries.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dentofacial Planner Plus is a powerful treatment
visualization software system.
DFP Plus links digitized lateral cephalograms to digital
facial images - move the skeletal and dental components
of the cephalometric tracing - the cephalometric profile
and the facial image are automatically transformed to
represent the predicted facial form.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometrics
DFP Plus contains all of the cephalometric functionality of
Dentofacial Planner,
A digitized radiograph is used as the starting point for a
wide variety of cephalometric analyses and
superimpositions, growth estimation, orthodontic
treatment planning and surgical prediction.
Soft tissue profile changes are automatically computed and
displayed during treatment planning manipulations.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Flexible Cephalometric Analysis
Dento Facial Planner and DFP Plus share the unique
functionality of Tools(tm), that provides flexibility in
customizing the work.
Tools - mix and match measurements from several
different analyses into one or more personalized
cephalometric analyses.
They easily add new landmarks, measurements and
graphical reference lines.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Image Review:
• simultaneously showing pretreatment and predicted
images:
Other functions;
•Ceph superimposition and narrow review
•Overlay ceph tracing on image
•Semi-transparent image superimposition

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Specifications
Recommended hardware:
Pentium computer, Windows 95, MS-DOS 5.0 or
higher

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Video Imaging.
With the integration of
computers and
cephalometric technology in
the 1970s, complex
statistical analyses of growth
patterns and dentoskeletal
relations were established.
The speed of computerized
cephalometric programs has
helped streamline the
laborious manual
measurement of patient
cephalograms and the
creation of the visualization
treatment objective (VTO).
www.indiandentalacademy.com
In the VTO of an
orthognathic surgery
case, the clinician
classically has used
acetate templates of the
teeth and jaws to predict
orthodontic and surgical
movements and the final
profile is determined by
the reaction of the soft
tissue to the hard tissue
movements.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Video imaging technology
allows the orthodontist to
gather frontal and profile
images and modify them to
project overall esthetic
treatment goals
The video image is much
more realistic than
photograph simulation and it
is much easier for the patient
to comprehend than just the
soft tissue profile of a
cephalometric tracing.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tracing Display
Tracings - displayed immediately;
include planes relevant to the selected
cephalometric analysis;
An advantage - is that the nonlinear
distortion associated with radiographs is
eliminated.
- all points are recorded in a direct, oneto-one manner, allowing precise
superimposition of patient tracings over
video images .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Visual Treatment Objective
• To move part of the picture, simply touch
the light pen to two points on the screen, at
opposite extremes of the area to be moved.
• The computer draws a box with the two
points at opposite corners.
• Then, by touching the light pen to another
spot on the screen, the boxed image is
moved to that spot .
• Boxes can be moved vertically,
horizontally, or diagonally, or they can be
rotated about any point.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The software automatically blends
skin tones and smoothes profile
lines so they are consistent with the
surrounding tissue.
"before and after" format.
The light pen can also be used for
freehand drawing over any video
image.
www.indiandentalacademy.com







Coordinating images and cephalogram:
Digitizing the ceph and then matching the
size of the video image to it
Digitizing the ceph and then sizing the
ceph to an existing video image (loss of
calibration)
Gathering the video image of a ceph
through a calibrated video camera and
matching it to an existing video image
Simultaneous image gathering and ceph.
radiography.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cephalometric Applications
•Ricketts lateral
• Ricketts frontal
• Vari-Simplex
• Holdaway
• Alabama
• Jarabak
• Steiner

 Downs

•
•
•
•
•
•

Burstone
McNamara
Tweed
Grummons frontal
Standard lateral
Standard frontal

www.indiandentalacademy.com
What is Invisalign®?
•Invisalign® is the invisible
way to straighten teeth
without braces.
• uses a series of clear
removable aligners to
straighten teeth without metal
wires or brackets.
www.indiandentalacademy.com







co-founded by Zia Chishti and Kelsey Wirth in
1997
Based in Sunnyvale, California.*
Align Technology
the treatment procedure is handled by the
computer technicians in Pakistan - process
takes 3 weeks to a month.
After approval from the orthodontist,
specifications are transmitted to the
manufacturing plant in Mexico

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Procedure

Impressions
are made
using
Polyvinyl
Siloxane

After wearing all of
the aligners in the
series,

Impression and
bite send along
with a detailed
treatment plan.

advanced imaging
technology
transforms plaster
models into a
highly accurate 3-D
digital image.

customized set of
aligners are made from
From the approved file,
these models, sent to the
laser scanning to build a
doctor, and given to the
set Invisalign® uses of
patient. Pt to www.indiandentalacademy.commodels that reflect
wear each
actual
aligner for about two
each stage of the
weeks.
treatment plan.

A computerized movie called ClinCheck® depicting the movement
of teeth from the
beginning to the final
position is created.

Using the Internet, the
doctor reviews the
ClinCheck file - if
necessary, adjustments
to the depicted plan are
made.
 Patient gets the first aligner 6 weeks after

the 1st visit
 Most treatments require 20 – 60 aligners
 worn for 2 weeks each
 Should be taken off only for eating and
brushing

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Contraindications;
 patients with severe malocclusions
 All children – growing jaws and erupting
teeth too complicated for the computer to
model

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Principles:
Magnetism is a dynamic
invisible phenomenon
consisting of discrete
fields of forces.
Magnetic fields are caused
by moving electrical
charges or rotating
electric charges.
Images generated from
protons of the hydrogen
nuclei.
Essentially imaging of the
water in the tissue.www.indiandentalacademy.com
Equipment;
1. The Gantry ;houses the
patient. Patient is
surrounded by magnetic
coils
2. Operating console ; where
the operator controls the
computer and scanning
procedure
3. Computer room network.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
The technique is based on the presence of
specific magnetic properties found within
atomic nuclei containing protons and
neutrons.
Inherent property of rotating about their axis
Causes a small magnetic field to be generated
around the electrically charged nuclei.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The dipoles exposed within a strong electric
field
Cause Orientation in response to the field
Depending on density and spatial relation
Signal is interpreted and image produced
www.indiandentalacademy.com
When images are displayed; intense signals
show as white and weak ones as black .
Intermediate as shades of gray.
Cortical bone and teeth with low presence of
hydrogen are poorly imaged and appear
black.

www.indiandentalacademy.com
The objectives of MRI imaging of the TMJ are;

Determine relationship between the disc and
Temporal and mandibular components of the TMJ

Detect inflammation, hematoma and effusion for the
soft tissue components.

MRI clearly differentiates the soft tissue components .
Short and long echo imaging of the TMJ enables
identification of the positional relationships between
the disc and the condyl.

www.indiandentalacademy.com







Indications
Assessing diseases of the TMJ
Cleft lip and palate
Tonsillitis and adenoiditis
Cysts and infections
Tumors

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Contraindications;
 Patients with cardiac pacemakers.
 Patients with cerebral metallic
aneurysm clips. Slight movement of
the clip could produce bleeding
 Stainless steel and other metals
produce artifacts ; obliterate image
details of the facial area.*


www.indiandentalacademy.com
Short comings;
 Inability to identify ligament tears or
perforations
 Dynamics of tissue joint not possible
 Cannot be used in patients suffering
from claustrophobia.


www.indiandentalacademy.com
BIBLIOGRAPHY










•
•

C urrent

principles and techniques in
orthodontics- by
Thomas.M.Graber & Robert.L.Vanarsdall.
Contemporory Orthodontics – by William.R.Proffit
Gurukeerat Singh, Text Book of Orthodontics, First
Edition, 2004 – Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi
AJODO 2006; August ,volume130 ,no 2 : 257-65
AJODO 2006: may, volume 129 ,no 5; 605-617
AJODO 2005volume 128: 157-60
AJODO 2006 volume 127: 627-637
AJODO 2005 volume 127 no 5
World journal of orthodontics December 2006
OrthoCAD Bracket Placement Solution W. R. Redmond et al,
AJO/DO, May 2004
Comparison of measurements made on digital and plaster models
M. Santoro et al, AJO/DO July 2003

www.indiandentalacademy.com
T

A
H

K
N

Y

U
O

www.indiandentalacademy.com
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Contenu connexe

Tendances

craniofacial imaging-Recent advances
craniofacial imaging-Recent advances craniofacial imaging-Recent advances
craniofacial imaging-Recent advances Tony Pious
 
Digital Removable Complete Denture—an Overview.pptx
Digital Removable Complete Denture—an Overview.pptxDigital Removable Complete Denture—an Overview.pptx
Digital Removable Complete Denture—an Overview.pptxNishu Priya
 
MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...
MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...
MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
 
Aesthetics in ortho/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...
Aesthetics in ortho/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Aesthetics in ortho/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...
Aesthetics in ortho/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
 
Clinical digital photography in orthodontics
Clinical digital photography  in orthodonticsClinical digital photography  in orthodontics
Clinical digital photography in orthodonticsFaizan Ali
 
Smile analysis and digital smile design
Smile analysis and digital smile designSmile analysis and digital smile design
Smile analysis and digital smile designSherif Sultan
 
Invisalign in pediatric dentistry
Invisalign in pediatric dentistryInvisalign in pediatric dentistry
Invisalign in pediatric dentistryDr Ramesh R
 
Dental practice management
Dental practice managementDental practice management
Dental practice managementDocdhingra
 
Instrumental functional analysis / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...
Instrumental functional analysis  / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Instrumental functional analysis  / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...
Instrumental functional analysis / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
 
Visualised treatment objective /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Visualised treatment objective  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Visualised treatment objective  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Visualised treatment objective /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
 
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusion
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusionAckerman & proffit classification of malocclusion
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusionAli Waqar Hasan
 
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment  planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment  planning1 /certified fixed orthod...
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Indian dental academy
 

Tendances (20)

craniofacial imaging-Recent advances
craniofacial imaging-Recent advances craniofacial imaging-Recent advances
craniofacial imaging-Recent advances
 
CAD/CAM & 3D printing
 CAD/CAM & 3D printing CAD/CAM & 3D printing
CAD/CAM & 3D printing
 
Facebow 1
Facebow 1Facebow 1
Facebow 1
 
Computers in orthodontics
Computers in orthodonticsComputers in orthodontics
Computers in orthodontics
 
Digital Removable Complete Denture—an Overview.pptx
Digital Removable Complete Denture—an Overview.pptxDigital Removable Complete Denture—an Overview.pptx
Digital Removable Complete Denture—an Overview.pptx
 
Digital orthodontics
Digital orthodontics Digital orthodontics
Digital orthodontics
 
Dentoalveolar compensation
Dentoalveolar compensationDentoalveolar compensation
Dentoalveolar compensation
 
MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...
MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...
MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...
 
CBCT IN ORTHODONTICS
CBCT IN ORTHODONTICSCBCT IN ORTHODONTICS
CBCT IN ORTHODONTICS
 
Aesthetics in ortho/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...
Aesthetics in ortho/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Aesthetics in ortho/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...
Aesthetics in ortho/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...
 
Cephalometrics for orthodontics
Cephalometrics for orthodonticsCephalometrics for orthodontics
Cephalometrics for orthodontics
 
Clinical digital photography in orthodontics
Clinical digital photography  in orthodonticsClinical digital photography  in orthodontics
Clinical digital photography in orthodontics
 
Smile analysis and digital smile design
Smile analysis and digital smile designSmile analysis and digital smile design
Smile analysis and digital smile design
 
Invisalign in pediatric dentistry
Invisalign in pediatric dentistryInvisalign in pediatric dentistry
Invisalign in pediatric dentistry
 
Classification of facebow
Classification of facebowClassification of facebow
Classification of facebow
 
Dental practice management
Dental practice managementDental practice management
Dental practice management
 
Instrumental functional analysis / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...
Instrumental functional analysis  / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Instrumental functional analysis  / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...
Instrumental functional analysis / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...
 
Visualised treatment objective /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Visualised treatment objective  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Visualised treatment objective  /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Visualised treatment objective /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
 
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusion
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusionAckerman & proffit classification of malocclusion
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusion
 
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment  planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment  planning1 /certified fixed orthod...
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...
 

Similaire à Computers in Orthodontics - A Concise History and Guide to Key Applications

Digital imaging in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Digital imaging in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Digital imaging in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Digital imaging in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
 
Recent advances in diagnostic aids /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...
Recent advances in diagnostic aids /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...Recent advances in diagnostic aids /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...
Recent advances in diagnostic aids /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...Indian dental academy
 
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment  planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment  planning1 /certified fixed orthod...
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Indian dental academy
 
Computer aid in medical instrument term paper PPT
Computer aid in medical instrument term paper PPTComputer aid in medical instrument term paper PPT
Computer aid in medical instrument term paper PPTKoushik Sarkar
 
Dental Digital Scanners: Intraoral and Extraoral 3D Scanners
Dental Digital Scanners: Intraoral and Extraoral 3D ScannersDental Digital Scanners: Intraoral and Extraoral 3D Scanners
Dental Digital Scanners: Intraoral and Extraoral 3D Scannersassem awad
 
IRJET- Biometric based Medical Record System
IRJET- Biometric based Medical Record SystemIRJET- Biometric based Medical Record System
IRJET- Biometric based Medical Record SystemIRJET Journal
 
3 d printing of pharmaceuticals by nishu
3 d printing of pharmaceuticals by nishu3 d printing of pharmaceuticals by nishu
3 d printing of pharmaceuticals by nishunishuyadav17
 

Similaire à Computers in Orthodontics - A Concise History and Guide to Key Applications (20)

Computers in ortodontics.ppt
Computers in ortodontics.pptComputers in ortodontics.ppt
Computers in ortodontics.ppt
 
Digital imaging in orthodontics
Digital imaging in orthodontics Digital imaging in orthodontics
Digital imaging in orthodontics
 
Digital imaging in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Digital imaging in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Digital imaging in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
Digital imaging in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...
 
Digital imaging in orthodontics
Digital imaging in orthodontics Digital imaging in orthodontics
Digital imaging in orthodontics
 
Recent advances in diagnostic aid
Recent advances in diagnostic aidRecent advances in diagnostic aid
Recent advances in diagnostic aid
 
Recent advances in diagnostic aids /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...
Recent advances in diagnostic aids /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...Recent advances in diagnostic aids /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...
Recent advances in diagnostic aids /certified fixed orthodontic courses by In...
 
Digital imaging in orthodontics
Digital imaging in orthodontics Digital imaging in orthodontics
Digital imaging in orthodontics
 
Dental informatics
Dental informatics Dental informatics
Dental informatics
 
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment  planning1 /certified fixed orthod...Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment  planning1 /certified fixed orthod...
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment planning1 /certified fixed orthod...
 
CT Scanner Trends
CT Scanner TrendsCT Scanner Trends
CT Scanner Trends
 
Computers in Orthodontics
Computers in OrthodonticsComputers in Orthodontics
Computers in Orthodontics
 
TOMOGRAFIA
TOMOGRAFIATOMOGRAFIA
TOMOGRAFIA
 
Digital imaging
Digital imagingDigital imaging
Digital imaging
 
Computer aid in medical instrument term paper PPT
Computer aid in medical instrument term paper PPTComputer aid in medical instrument term paper PPT
Computer aid in medical instrument term paper PPT
 
Dental Digital Scanners: Intraoral and Extraoral 3D Scanners
Dental Digital Scanners: Intraoral and Extraoral 3D ScannersDental Digital Scanners: Intraoral and Extraoral 3D Scanners
Dental Digital Scanners: Intraoral and Extraoral 3D Scanners
 
Computerized cephalometric systems
Computerized cephalometric systemsComputerized cephalometric systems
Computerized cephalometric systems
 
Computerised cephalometric systems
Computerised cephalometric systemsComputerised cephalometric systems
Computerised cephalometric systems
 
IRJET- Biometric based Medical Record System
IRJET- Biometric based Medical Record SystemIRJET- Biometric based Medical Record System
IRJET- Biometric based Medical Record System
 
3 d printing of pharmaceuticals by nishu
3 d printing of pharmaceuticals by nishu3 d printing of pharmaceuticals by nishu
3 d printing of pharmaceuticals by nishu
 
06.12.07
06.12.0706.12.07
06.12.07
 

Plus de Indian dental academy

Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdom
Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdomIndian Dentist - relocate to united kingdom
Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdomIndian dental academy
 
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
 
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india Indian dental academy
 
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics pratice
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics praticeInvisible aligners for your orthodontics pratice
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics praticeIndian dental academy
 
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant courses
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant coursesDevelopment of muscles of mastication / dental implant courses
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
 
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
 
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental courses
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesDiagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental courses
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
 
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic courses
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesProperties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic courses
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
 
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...
Use of modified  tooth forms  in  complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Use of modified  tooth forms  in  complete denture occlusion / dental implant...
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
 
Dental luting cements / oral surgery courses  
Dental   luting cements / oral surgery courses  Dental   luting cements / oral surgery courses  
Dental luting cements / oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic courses
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic coursesDental casting investment materials/endodontic courses
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
 
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic courses
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic coursesDental ceramics/prosthodontic courses
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
 
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry courses
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry coursesDental perspective/cosmetic dentistry courses
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry coursesIndian dental academy
 
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  Indian dental academy
 

Plus de Indian dental academy (20)

Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdom
Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdomIndian Dentist - relocate to united kingdom
Indian Dentist - relocate to united kingdom
 
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...
 
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india
Invisalign -invisible aligners course in india
 
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics pratice
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics praticeInvisible aligners for your orthodontics pratice
Invisible aligners for your orthodontics pratice
 
online fixed orthodontics course
online fixed orthodontics courseonline fixed orthodontics course
online fixed orthodontics course
 
online orthodontics course
online orthodontics courseonline orthodontics course
online orthodontics course
 
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant courses
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant coursesDevelopment of muscles of mastication / dental implant courses
Development of muscles of mastication / dental implant courses
 
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  
Corticosteriods uses in dentistry/ oral surgery courses  
 
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...
 
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental courses
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesDiagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental courses
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental courses
 
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic courses
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesProperties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic courses
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic courses
 
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...
Use of modified  tooth forms  in  complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Use of modified  tooth forms  in  complete denture occlusion / dental implant...
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...
 
Dental luting cements / oral surgery courses  
Dental   luting cements / oral surgery courses  Dental   luting cements / oral surgery courses  
Dental luting cements / oral surgery courses  
 
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting alloys/ oral surgery courses  
 
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic courses
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic coursesDental casting investment materials/endodontic courses
Dental casting investment materials/endodontic courses
 
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  
Dental casting waxes/ oral surgery courses  
 
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic courses
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic coursesDental ceramics/prosthodontic courses
Dental ceramics/prosthodontic courses
 
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  
Dental implant/ oral surgery courses  
 
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry courses
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry coursesDental perspective/cosmetic dentistry courses
Dental perspective/cosmetic dentistry courses
 
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses  
 

Dernier

(Part 2) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf
(Part 2) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf(Part 2) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf
(Part 2) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdfMJDuyan
 
Self directed Learning - SDL, introduction to SDL
Self directed Learning - SDL, introduction to SDLSelf directed Learning - SDL, introduction to SDL
Self directed Learning - SDL, introduction to SDLspmdoc
 
DORA, ISO/IEC 27005, and the Rise of AI: Securing the Future of Cybersecurity
DORA, ISO/IEC 27005, and the Rise of AI: Securing the Future of CybersecurityDORA, ISO/IEC 27005, and the Rise of AI: Securing the Future of Cybersecurity
DORA, ISO/IEC 27005, and the Rise of AI: Securing the Future of CybersecurityPECB
 
DBMSArchitecture_QueryProcessingandOptimization.pdf
DBMSArchitecture_QueryProcessingandOptimization.pdfDBMSArchitecture_QueryProcessingandOptimization.pdf
DBMSArchitecture_QueryProcessingandOptimization.pdfChristalin Nelson
 
The Emergence of Legislative Behavior in the Colombian Congress
The Emergence of Legislative Behavior in the Colombian CongressThe Emergence of Legislative Behavior in the Colombian Congress
The Emergence of Legislative Behavior in the Colombian CongressMaria Paula Aroca
 
Sarah Lahm In Media Res Media Component
Sarah Lahm  In Media Res Media ComponentSarah Lahm  In Media Res Media Component
Sarah Lahm In Media Res Media ComponentInMediaRes1
 
Paul Dobryden In Media Res Media Component
Paul Dobryden In Media Res Media ComponentPaul Dobryden In Media Res Media Component
Paul Dobryden In Media Res Media ComponentInMediaRes1
 
(Part 3) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf
(Part 3) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf(Part 3) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf
(Part 3) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdfMJDuyan
 
Supply agency market - aiming high 2.pdf
Supply agency market - aiming high 2.pdfSupply agency market - aiming high 2.pdf
Supply agency market - aiming high 2.pdftomeskell101
 
LEVERAGING SYNERGISM INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA PARTNERSHIP FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF NAT...
LEVERAGING SYNERGISM INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA PARTNERSHIP FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF  NAT...LEVERAGING SYNERGISM INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA PARTNERSHIP FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF  NAT...
LEVERAGING SYNERGISM INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA PARTNERSHIP FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF NAT...pragatimahajan3
 
PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFEPART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFEMISSRITIMABIOLOGYEXP
 
Executive Directors Chat Initiating Equity for Impact.pdf
Executive Directors Chat  Initiating Equity for Impact.pdfExecutive Directors Chat  Initiating Equity for Impact.pdf
Executive Directors Chat Initiating Equity for Impact.pdfTechSoup
 
Sulphonamides, mechanisms and their uses
Sulphonamides, mechanisms and their usesSulphonamides, mechanisms and their uses
Sulphonamides, mechanisms and their usesVijayaLaxmi84
 
How to create _name_search function in odoo 17
How to create _name_search function in odoo 17How to create _name_search function in odoo 17
How to create _name_search function in odoo 17Celine George
 
Transdisciplinary Pathways for Urban Resilience [Work in Progress].pptx
Transdisciplinary Pathways for Urban Resilience [Work in Progress].pptxTransdisciplinary Pathways for Urban Resilience [Work in Progress].pptx
Transdisciplinary Pathways for Urban Resilience [Work in Progress].pptxinfo924062
 
16. Discovery, function and commercial uses of different PGRS.pptx
16. Discovery, function and commercial uses of different PGRS.pptx16. Discovery, function and commercial uses of different PGRS.pptx
16. Discovery, function and commercial uses of different PGRS.pptxUmeshTimilsina1
 
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptxCLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptxAnupam32727
 

Dernier (20)

(Part 2) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf
(Part 2) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf(Part 2) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf
(Part 2) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf
 
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design" - Introduction to Machine Learning"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design" - Introduction to Machine Learning"Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design" - Introduction to Machine Learning"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design" - Introduction to Machine Learning"
 
Self directed Learning - SDL, introduction to SDL
Self directed Learning - SDL, introduction to SDLSelf directed Learning - SDL, introduction to SDL
Self directed Learning - SDL, introduction to SDL
 
Chi-Square Test Non Parametric Test Categorical Variable
Chi-Square Test Non Parametric Test Categorical VariableChi-Square Test Non Parametric Test Categorical Variable
Chi-Square Test Non Parametric Test Categorical Variable
 
DORA, ISO/IEC 27005, and the Rise of AI: Securing the Future of Cybersecurity
DORA, ISO/IEC 27005, and the Rise of AI: Securing the Future of CybersecurityDORA, ISO/IEC 27005, and the Rise of AI: Securing the Future of Cybersecurity
DORA, ISO/IEC 27005, and the Rise of AI: Securing the Future of Cybersecurity
 
DBMSArchitecture_QueryProcessingandOptimization.pdf
DBMSArchitecture_QueryProcessingandOptimization.pdfDBMSArchitecture_QueryProcessingandOptimization.pdf
DBMSArchitecture_QueryProcessingandOptimization.pdf
 
The Emergence of Legislative Behavior in the Colombian Congress
The Emergence of Legislative Behavior in the Colombian CongressThe Emergence of Legislative Behavior in the Colombian Congress
The Emergence of Legislative Behavior in the Colombian Congress
 
Sarah Lahm In Media Res Media Component
Sarah Lahm  In Media Res Media ComponentSarah Lahm  In Media Res Media Component
Sarah Lahm In Media Res Media Component
 
Paul Dobryden In Media Res Media Component
Paul Dobryden In Media Res Media ComponentPaul Dobryden In Media Res Media Component
Paul Dobryden In Media Res Media Component
 
(Part 3) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf
(Part 3) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf(Part 3) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf
(Part 3) CHILDREN'S DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES.pdf
 
Supply agency market - aiming high 2.pdf
Supply agency market - aiming high 2.pdfSupply agency market - aiming high 2.pdf
Supply agency market - aiming high 2.pdf
 
Israel Genealogy Research Assoc. April 2024 Database Release
Israel Genealogy Research Assoc. April 2024 Database ReleaseIsrael Genealogy Research Assoc. April 2024 Database Release
Israel Genealogy Research Assoc. April 2024 Database Release
 
LEVERAGING SYNERGISM INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA PARTNERSHIP FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF NAT...
LEVERAGING SYNERGISM INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA PARTNERSHIP FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF  NAT...LEVERAGING SYNERGISM INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA PARTNERSHIP FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF  NAT...
LEVERAGING SYNERGISM INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA PARTNERSHIP FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF NAT...
 
PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFEPART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
PART 1 - CHAPTER 1 - CELL THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
 
Executive Directors Chat Initiating Equity for Impact.pdf
Executive Directors Chat  Initiating Equity for Impact.pdfExecutive Directors Chat  Initiating Equity for Impact.pdf
Executive Directors Chat Initiating Equity for Impact.pdf
 
Sulphonamides, mechanisms and their uses
Sulphonamides, mechanisms and their usesSulphonamides, mechanisms and their uses
Sulphonamides, mechanisms and their uses
 
How to create _name_search function in odoo 17
How to create _name_search function in odoo 17How to create _name_search function in odoo 17
How to create _name_search function in odoo 17
 
Transdisciplinary Pathways for Urban Resilience [Work in Progress].pptx
Transdisciplinary Pathways for Urban Resilience [Work in Progress].pptxTransdisciplinary Pathways for Urban Resilience [Work in Progress].pptx
Transdisciplinary Pathways for Urban Resilience [Work in Progress].pptx
 
16. Discovery, function and commercial uses of different PGRS.pptx
16. Discovery, function and commercial uses of different PGRS.pptx16. Discovery, function and commercial uses of different PGRS.pptx
16. Discovery, function and commercial uses of different PGRS.pptx
 
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptxCLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI - CANCER DRUGS.pptx
 

Computers in Orthodontics - A Concise History and Guide to Key Applications

  • 2. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY Leader in continuing dental education www.indiandentalacademy.com www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 3. Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 8. 9. 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . Introduction History of Computer Technology and Systems Use of computers in dental practice Classification of appliance a)Administrative b)Clinical c)miscellaneous Computed Tomography Digigraph VTO Computerised tooth width analysis Cephalometric applications Dento facial planner plus Vistadent image management system Video imaging MRI Invisalign Application of computers in orthodontics – Contents www.indiandentalacademy.com sem1/sb/09-04
  • 4. INTRODUCTION When the word "technology" is mentioned, most people think about computers. Virtually every facet of our lives has some computerized component. A few years ago, it was considered a specialized component, which has now been converted to an everyday appliance. The computer is basically an automatic electronic machine that performs calculations or derives results based on the data fed into it and the software/ program it is designed for. A computer is capable of accepting data, performing operations according to instructions and providing the results of these operations in comparatively shorter duration of time and with greater accuracy as compared to Manual labor. It is built to perform routine calculations with speed, www.indiandentalacademy.com ease. reliability and
  • 5. . A computer can be described as an automatic electronic device capable of accepting information (data), perform operations and calculations according to the instructions given and supply the results of the operations. Dentistry, being that branch of medicine which relies heavily on technology and which embraces new techniques with great gusto, was quick to hitch onto the P.c. bandwagon and employ computers to enhance not only record keeping, but practice management, patient education and motivation. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 6. History of Information Technology and Systems Four Basic Periods of Information Technology 1. 2. 3. 4. Pre mechanical Mechanical Electromechanical Electronic www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 7. The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. 1450 A.D. The First Calculators: The Abacus The First Information Processor www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 8. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940. •The discovery of ways to harness electricity by Benjamin Franklin was the key advance made during this period. •Information could now be converted into electrical impulses. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 9. Alan Mathison Turing Father of Modern Computer Science Concept of algorithm and computation: the Turing machine British mathematician and cryptographer Designed one of the FIRST electronic programmable digital computers THE COLOSSUS 1854 1912 www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 10. The Electronic Age: 1940 Present The Four Generations of Digital Computing  The First Generation (1951-1958) Punch Cards  The Second Generation (1959-1963) Transistors  The Third Generation (1964-1979) Integrated Circuits  The Fourth Generation (1979-Present) www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 11.  Uses of computers in dental practice classification of applications: 1) Administrative applications             Patient case records Recall appointments Patient scheduling Accounts Patient correspondence Billing Inventory lists Prescription formats Post-treatment instructions Insurance claims Referral information Missed appointment www.indiandentalacademy.com follow up.
  • 12. 2) Clinical applications              Patient photographs-analysis and storage Patient radiographs-analysis and storage Inter- specialty referral and opinion Patient motivation Appliance design using CAD CAMs Growth predictions Visual treatment objectives Generation of pre- and post-treatment photographs · Patient interaction and information on the internet Miscellaneous applications Survey information/epidemiological data Presentations Continuing dental/ medical education Literature reviews Entertainment www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 13. 3) Miscellaneous application  Survey information/epidemiological data     Presentations Continuing dental/ medical education Literature reviews Entertainment www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 14.  Orthodontists with their love for technology and miniaturization have not remained untouched. Computers are practically used in all the facets of any dental practice today .Computers have become especially useful to orthodontists for: Digital photography Digital radiography Digital cephalometrics Video cephalometrics 3-D imaging Digital study models www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 15. Applications of Computers in Clinics Conventional         Computerised Case Paper Impression & Diagnostic Casts Radiographs Manual Tracing Cephalometric Analysis Diagnostic Set-up Treatment-Preformed System Mid Term Evaluation         Data Sheet 3D Photography RVG, Digital Radiography Digitised Tracing Advanced software's VTO / VTP Treatment-Customised Continuous Monitoring www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 16. Computed Tomography Invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield who was awarded a Nobel prize in 1979  CT is an image display of the anatomy of a thin slice of the body developed from multiple x- ray absorption measurements made around the body’s periphery.  www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 17. Parts of the Equipment; 1. Scanner ( movable x ray table + gantry) 2. Computer system 3. A display console www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 18. Principle; A x ray source and array of detectors mounted within the gantry rotate around the patient during each scan. Detectors record the attenuation values of the beam emerging from the patient Information from each traverse is a Profile www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 19. The tube and detectors are further angled and another traverse is made. A series of Profiles is built up. The computer analyses the data and an image is produced. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 20. Early scanners system. translate and rotate Recently developed scanners stationary detectors and x ray tube rotates around the patient both the detectors and x ray tube rotate in synchrony www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 21. Radiation dosage for single section 1.536 rad a 1.8432 rad for multiple sections Estimated dose to the centre of the condyl with CT is 180mR www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 22.    Useful in determining changes in bone density Primary imaging method when internal derangement or arthrosis is suspected – clinical diagnosis is not always sufficient. Has advantages when planning treatment or operations on jaws and TMJ diseases and deformities. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 23. Microcomputed Tomography Principally the same as CT, except that the reconstructed cross sections are confined to a much smaller area. Significantly reduces radiation dosage. Used to measure bone connectivity in all 3 dimensions. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 24. Cephalometric Applications       DIGIGRAPH Introduced by Dolphin imaging systems Non-radiographic system ‘Digigraph workstation’ Video images also possible VTO Reduces time required for records. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 25. System design: The DigiGraph Work Station is about 5 feet long, 3 feet wide and 7 feet high. The main cabinet contains the electronic circuitry, and the patient sits next to the cabinet in an adjustable chair similar to those used with cephalometers. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 26. The head holder is suspended from a beam, supported by a vertical column attached to the cabinet. more comfortable than cephalometer head holders, allowing the patient to remain in the holder for several minutes. Ear rods and forehead and posterior head pieces are used to minimize patient movement. The ear rods can be removed so that facial and intraoral images can also be recorded while the patient is sitting in the adjustable www.indiandentalacademy.com chair.
  • 27. A model board can be inserted into the head holder, and images of various views can be recorded . www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 28. A light box can also be attached to the head holder for imaging headfilms, wristfilms, laminagraphic films, and panoramic x-rays. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 29. The video monitor is attached that can be rotated as the operator moves. Images are as sharp as those on a standard color television. The images, text, and numerical data can be displayed, stored, and modified using either a light pen or a standard computer keyboard. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 30. Any image appearing on the screen can be reproduced instantaneously with one of three "hard copy" output devices: • Sony video imager— makes 5 " x 7 " color prints in 60 seconds • Polaroid freeze-frame camera— produces Polaroid prints in 10 seconds; • Hewlett Packard Paintjet printer— makes 8 " x 10 " paper color copies in 4 to 8 minutes. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 31. The digitizing handpiece is used to record cephalometric data while the patient is in the head holder. The removable, sterilizable tip of the handpiece is placed directly on the patient to record a series of facial and intraoral landmarks. As each landmark is located, the handpiece button is depressed and the location is recorded in three-dimensional coordinates (x,y,z). Each time the handpiece button is depressed, an audible sound is picked up by an array of four microphones on the beam. The time it takes the sound to reach each of the microphones determines the landmark location. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 32. Three-dimensional digital modeling and setup Aldo Macchi,S Gianpaolo Carrafiello,b Vittorio Cacciafesta,C and Antonio Norcinic Varese, Italy   Obtaining accurate images of the craniofacial region is critical when developing an orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plan. It is a new imaging method that provides complete 3-dimensional views of the maxilla and the mandible, and the model setup with individual anatomic roots. The method uses computed tomography technology and laser scanning using computers. Am J Ortho Dentofacial Orthop, MAY 2005 www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 33. 3D Digital modeling and setup A C   B D E 3D superimposition of the anatomic teeth, before treatment [A & B] and after [C & D] the setup to visualize the amount of teeth movement before and after treatment [ E ] by making use of 3D setup using computers. By making use of this set up we can analyse a degree of correction achieved in malocclusion and discrepensies like fenestrations. www.indiandentalacademy.com Am J Ortho Dentofacial Orthop, MAY 2006
  • 34. Airway volume assessment in pt. with mouth breathing, adenoid hypertrophy, or sleep apnoea, by application of transfer function to 3D CT scan Bone rendering with transparent soft tissues by application of transfer function ,which render soft tissue invisible on 3D CT scan. Visualization of internal anatomic structures by removal of cranium by box cut to peek inside a 3D volume by use of transfer function. www.indiandentalacademy.com Am J Ortho Dentofacial Orthop, MAY 2005
  • 35. 3D Cone-Beam CT virtual models  A. Can be Used In case of Surgical patients and those with developmental anomalies like hemi facial microsomia where in case ,if the working condyle is missing, it can be replaced with costocondral graft by proper planning of surgery using 3D cone beam CT virtual models . B. can be used to evaluate significant facial asymmetry www.indiandentalacademy.com Am J and missing articular fossa. Ortho Dentofacial Orthop, MAY 2006 
  • 36. 3D Cone-Beam CT models  Can render bone transparent which allows visualization of developing permanent teeth & It can also be used to determine the position of the surgical pins or implants in bone, that might be impairing tooth eruption . www.indiandentalacademy.com Am J Ortho Dentofacial Orthop, MAY 2006
  • 37. Rapid prototyping as a tool for diagnosis and treatment planning for maxillary canine impaction Jorge Faber,S Patricia Medeiros Berto,b and Marcelo Quaresmas Treating an impacted maxillary canine requires identifying its exact position.  a new method for diagnosis and treatment planning of maxillary canine impaction is done by using computed tomography combined with rapid prototyping. .  CT image files of a patient with tooth impaction were edited to produce, by means of rapid prototyping. An anatomic model of the maxillary teeth and a single attachment model that was later used to fabricate a metal attachment to be bonded to the impacted tooth can be designed using computers. The dental model was used in the diagnosis and orthodontic treatment planning. The model will show the exact anatomical relationship between the impacted tooth and the other teeth; it was the main aid in intraoperative navigation during surgery to expose the tooth. The metal attachment built from the prototype will be bonded to tooth during surgery. Prototyping has become a new www.indiandentalacademy.com tool for fabricating brackets and other precision accessories for specific needs. 
  • 38. 3D reconstruction from CT files. A) CT images placed one on top of another for volume rendring . B) 3D reconstruction of face using CT files. C) Lower-density tissues (Hounsfield units) will be eliminated for visualization of part of soft and hard tissues by making use of transfer function. D) Hard tissues on CT can be separated from all soft tissues. E) Only maxillary teeth can be visualized after images of mandibular teeth and lowerdensity tissues are deleted for accurate diagnosis of impacted canine position. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 40. Rapid prototyping: A new method of preparing trays for indirect bonding Fabio Ciuffolo,a Ettore Epifania,b Gionni Duranti,C Valentina De Luca,d Daniele Raviglia,d Silvia Rezza,d Computer-aided technology is used to design the individualized trays, which are then produced with a rapid prototyping procedure. The advantages of application includes time saving and accurate bracket placement . www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 41. Clinical application of RPT: A) Bracket in RPT virtual tray with adhesive paste; B) RPT placed on tooth; C) RPT removal; D)and E) RPT placement on adjacent teeth (full arch bonding can undertaken); F) Light-curing. Design process of virtual tray: A) scanned mal­occlusion model; B) virtual bracket placement; C) and D) www.indiandentalacademy.com creation of virtual tray.
  • 42. Computerized tooth width analysis  Introduced by Christopher T.C. Ho and Terrence Freer  Named as Ho-Freer Graphical analysis of tooth width Discrepancy (GATWD)  Base line data obtained from pre treatment orthodontic casts. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 43.  Direct input using digital calipers or manual input using visual basic 3.0  Upto 24 tooth width measurements can be done  Caliper used is a Mitutoyo 6”/ 150mm , with tapered beaks  Connected to a Mitutoyo digimatic mini processor IBM compatible computer www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 44.  1. 2. 3. 4. Advantages: Less time consuming Use of digital calipers reduces errors during transfer of measurements Mathematical calculations done by the computer Eliminates reference to standard value tables www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 45. Classification of Software •SOFTWARE FOR REGULAR USAGE  Microsoft Word  Microsoft Power  MS DOS  Microsoft Outlook point  Microsoft Access  Microsoft Excel  Microsoft Frontpage  Net Meeting www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 46. Classification of Software  ADVANCED USAGE        Adobe Acrobat Reader Flash Corel draw MS Photo editor Adobe Photoshop Microsoft publisher Anti Virus Norton, Sophos…  3d smax  Maya  AutoCAD  WinZip  Digicam Software  Nero Express  MSC Nastran, Patran  Ortho cad www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 47. Digitalizing study models using OrthoCAD  OrthoCAD - It is a digital study model capture, assessment and storage system.  It provides a 3D record of the original malocclusion, any stages during treatment and the outcome of the treatment. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 48. VISTADENT Image management system VISTADENT COMPLETE™ ability to modify an image that is stored in the program, as well as the ability to do Visual Treatment Objective (VTO). Images can easily be manipulated to show treatment objectives by using standard editing features such as cut and paste or more advanced features like the Smile Library. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 49. Ideal system requirements;  win 98 operating system or above  pentium processor II 64 MB RAM Other attachments: • digital camera or scanner • RGB camera • Printer ( color) • CD ROM drive www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 50. Easy to calculate cephalometric analysis. The Ceph program allows one to trace and identify your points directly from a scanned X-RAY. After points and tracings are entered they can easily be edited for accuracy purposes. Then Tracings, Analysis and Measurements can all be printed on one page with the image. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 51. The VTO feature automatically illustrates soft tissue changes based on measurements for most orthodontic treatment as well as many surgeries. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 52. Dentofacial Planner Plus is a powerful treatment visualization software system. DFP Plus links digitized lateral cephalograms to digital facial images - move the skeletal and dental components of the cephalometric tracing - the cephalometric profile and the facial image are automatically transformed to represent the predicted facial form. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 53. Cephalometrics DFP Plus contains all of the cephalometric functionality of Dentofacial Planner, A digitized radiograph is used as the starting point for a wide variety of cephalometric analyses and superimpositions, growth estimation, orthodontic treatment planning and surgical prediction. Soft tissue profile changes are automatically computed and displayed during treatment planning manipulations. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 54. Flexible Cephalometric Analysis Dento Facial Planner and DFP Plus share the unique functionality of Tools(tm), that provides flexibility in customizing the work. Tools - mix and match measurements from several different analyses into one or more personalized cephalometric analyses. They easily add new landmarks, measurements and graphical reference lines. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 55. Image Review: • simultaneously showing pretreatment and predicted images: Other functions; •Ceph superimposition and narrow review •Overlay ceph tracing on image •Semi-transparent image superimposition www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 56. Specifications Recommended hardware: Pentium computer, Windows 95, MS-DOS 5.0 or higher www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 57. Video Imaging. With the integration of computers and cephalometric technology in the 1970s, complex statistical analyses of growth patterns and dentoskeletal relations were established. The speed of computerized cephalometric programs has helped streamline the laborious manual measurement of patient cephalograms and the creation of the visualization treatment objective (VTO). www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 58. In the VTO of an orthognathic surgery case, the clinician classically has used acetate templates of the teeth and jaws to predict orthodontic and surgical movements and the final profile is determined by the reaction of the soft tissue to the hard tissue movements. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 59. Video imaging technology allows the orthodontist to gather frontal and profile images and modify them to project overall esthetic treatment goals The video image is much more realistic than photograph simulation and it is much easier for the patient to comprehend than just the soft tissue profile of a cephalometric tracing. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 60. Tracing Display Tracings - displayed immediately; include planes relevant to the selected cephalometric analysis; An advantage - is that the nonlinear distortion associated with radiographs is eliminated. - all points are recorded in a direct, oneto-one manner, allowing precise superimposition of patient tracings over video images . www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 61. Visual Treatment Objective • To move part of the picture, simply touch the light pen to two points on the screen, at opposite extremes of the area to be moved. • The computer draws a box with the two points at opposite corners. • Then, by touching the light pen to another spot on the screen, the boxed image is moved to that spot . • Boxes can be moved vertically, horizontally, or diagonally, or they can be rotated about any point. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 62. The software automatically blends skin tones and smoothes profile lines so they are consistent with the surrounding tissue. "before and after" format. The light pen can also be used for freehand drawing over any video image. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 63.     Coordinating images and cephalogram: Digitizing the ceph and then matching the size of the video image to it Digitizing the ceph and then sizing the ceph to an existing video image (loss of calibration) Gathering the video image of a ceph through a calibrated video camera and matching it to an existing video image Simultaneous image gathering and ceph. radiography. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 64. Cephalometric Applications •Ricketts lateral • Ricketts frontal • Vari-Simplex • Holdaway • Alabama • Jarabak • Steiner  Downs • • • • • • Burstone McNamara Tweed Grummons frontal Standard lateral Standard frontal www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 65. What is Invisalign®? •Invisalign® is the invisible way to straighten teeth without braces. • uses a series of clear removable aligners to straighten teeth without metal wires or brackets. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 66.      co-founded by Zia Chishti and Kelsey Wirth in 1997 Based in Sunnyvale, California.* Align Technology the treatment procedure is handled by the computer technicians in Pakistan - process takes 3 weeks to a month. After approval from the orthodontist, specifications are transmitted to the manufacturing plant in Mexico www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 67. Procedure Impressions are made using Polyvinyl Siloxane After wearing all of the aligners in the series, Impression and bite send along with a detailed treatment plan. advanced imaging technology transforms plaster models into a highly accurate 3-D digital image. customized set of aligners are made from From the approved file, these models, sent to the laser scanning to build a doctor, and given to the set Invisalign® uses of patient. Pt to www.indiandentalacademy.commodels that reflect wear each actual aligner for about two each stage of the weeks. treatment plan. A computerized movie called ClinCheck® depicting the movement of teeth from the beginning to the final position is created. Using the Internet, the doctor reviews the ClinCheck file - if necessary, adjustments to the depicted plan are made.
  • 68.  Patient gets the first aligner 6 weeks after the 1st visit  Most treatments require 20 – 60 aligners  worn for 2 weeks each  Should be taken off only for eating and brushing www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 69. Contraindications;  patients with severe malocclusions  All children – growing jaws and erupting teeth too complicated for the computer to model www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 70. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Principles: Magnetism is a dynamic invisible phenomenon consisting of discrete fields of forces. Magnetic fields are caused by moving electrical charges or rotating electric charges. Images generated from protons of the hydrogen nuclei. Essentially imaging of the water in the tissue.www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 71. Equipment; 1. The Gantry ;houses the patient. Patient is surrounded by magnetic coils 2. Operating console ; where the operator controls the computer and scanning procedure 3. Computer room network. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 72. The technique is based on the presence of specific magnetic properties found within atomic nuclei containing protons and neutrons. Inherent property of rotating about their axis Causes a small magnetic field to be generated around the electrically charged nuclei. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 73. The dipoles exposed within a strong electric field Cause Orientation in response to the field Depending on density and spatial relation Signal is interpreted and image produced www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 74. When images are displayed; intense signals show as white and weak ones as black . Intermediate as shades of gray. Cortical bone and teeth with low presence of hydrogen are poorly imaged and appear black. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 75. The objectives of MRI imaging of the TMJ are;  Determine relationship between the disc and Temporal and mandibular components of the TMJ  Detect inflammation, hematoma and effusion for the soft tissue components.  MRI clearly differentiates the soft tissue components . Short and long echo imaging of the TMJ enables identification of the positional relationships between the disc and the condyl. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 76.       Indications Assessing diseases of the TMJ Cleft lip and palate Tonsillitis and adenoiditis Cysts and infections Tumors www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 77. Contraindications;  Patients with cardiac pacemakers.  Patients with cerebral metallic aneurysm clips. Slight movement of the clip could produce bleeding  Stainless steel and other metals produce artifacts ; obliterate image details of the facial area.*  www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 78. Short comings;  Inability to identify ligament tears or perforations  Dynamics of tissue joint not possible  Cannot be used in patients suffering from claustrophobia.  www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 79. BIBLIOGRAPHY          • • C urrent principles and techniques in orthodontics- by Thomas.M.Graber & Robert.L.Vanarsdall. Contemporory Orthodontics – by William.R.Proffit Gurukeerat Singh, Text Book of Orthodontics, First Edition, 2004 – Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi AJODO 2006; August ,volume130 ,no 2 : 257-65 AJODO 2006: may, volume 129 ,no 5; 605-617 AJODO 2005volume 128: 157-60 AJODO 2006 volume 127: 627-637 AJODO 2005 volume 127 no 5 World journal of orthodontics December 2006 OrthoCAD Bracket Placement Solution W. R. Redmond et al, AJO/DO, May 2004 Comparison of measurements made on digital and plaster models M. Santoro et al, AJO/DO July 2003 www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 80. T A H K N Y U O www.indiandentalacademy.com Leader in continuing dental education www.indiandentalacademy.com

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Gfgtfklyu