Dental surveyor /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com


What is Dental surveyor?
Dental surveyor:
A dental cast surveyor has been defined as an
instrument used to determine the relative parallelism
of two or more surfaces of the teeth or other parts of
the cast of a dental arch.
Dr. A.J.Fortunati is thought to be the first person to
employ a mechanical device to determine the
relative parallelism of tooth surfaces. The first such
device to be produced commercially, the Ney
instrument, was made available in 1923; it remains
the most widely used surveyor in the dental field.
The Wills surveyor by Jelenko is second most widely
used.

What are aims and objectives of surveying?
1. Determine the most advantageous path of
insertion/ removal for the RPD.
2. Locate proximal tooth surfaces that are or can
be made parallel to act as guiding surfaces.
3. Locate and measure recesses or undercuts for
mechanical retention.
4. Identify areas of potential hard or soft tissue
interferences.
5. Determine a path of insertion/ dislodgement
consistent with esthetic requirements.

6. Dilineate the height of contour of the abutment
teeth and identify the areas of undercut that must
be avoided, reduced, blocked out or preserved.
7. Help in planning restorative procedures .
8. Record the most ideal cast position for future
reference.
9. Establish a formal plan for RPD design and the
required mouth preparation.


What are the parts of dental surveyor?
1. A level platform that is parallel to the bench top
and on which the cast holder is moved.
2. A vertical arm that supports the superstructure.
3. A horizontal arm that extends at a right angle
form the vertical column from which extends the
other part of the superstructure, the surveying
arm. In the Ney surveyor the horizontal arm is
fixed, whereas in the Wills instrument it may
revolve horizontally around the vertical column.
4. A surveying arm drops vertically from the
horizontal arm. The surveying arm is capable of
movement in a vertical direction. In the Wills
surveyor the surveying arm is spring loaded.

5. A cast holder, or surveying table, to which the
cast to be studied is attached.
The table
equipped with a clamp to lock the cast in place, is
mounted on the ball and socket joint that permits
the cast to be oriented in various horizontal
places so that the axial surfaces of the teeth as
well as other areas of the cast can be analyzed in
relation to the vertical plane.
6. An analyzing rod or paralleling tool. This tool
contacts the convex surface of the object being
studied in the same way a tangent contacts a
curve. In this way, the parallelism of one surface
to another may be determined.

7. Additional tools that may be attached to vertical
surveying arm and used in conjunction with the
surveyor
a) Undercut gauges: These gauges are used to
identify the specific amount and location of desired
retentive undercut on the surface of the abutment tooth.
b) Wax knife: This instrument is used in late stages
of removable partial denture construction to eliminate
or block out areas of undesirable undercuts with wax
on the cast before the framework is made.
c) Carbon marker: The marker may be used to
scribe the survey line and to delineate an undercut
area of the soft tissue or ridge

What are the types of surveyors?
Types of Surveyors
1. Ney Surveyor
2. Jelenko Surveyor
3. Williams Surveyor
4. Retentoscope Surveyor
5. A 2000 – Buchnann Surveyor
6. Micro analyzor
7. Stress – O-Graph
8. Austenal Surveyor
9. Optical surveyor
10. Computerized surveyor
11. Ticonium Surveyor
12. Intra Oral Surveyor

Difference between Ney and Jelenko surveyor
Ney Surveyor
1. Horizontal arm is fixed

Jelenko Surveyor
1. Horizontal arm is movable

2. Vertical arm is retained by 2. Vertical arm is spring mounted
friction
3. The shaft remains in any 3.Vertical arm when released
vertical position until again it
returns to its original position.
is moved
It should be held against
spring tension
4. Cast table is moved around 4.Cast table is fixed with the
surveyor platform
magnet in the surveyor plat
form

Retentoscope: It is equipped with a gauge to
provide exact determination of the undercut being
used and so that it makes it possible to produce
balanced retention
The cast attached on the table can be raised
and lowered vertically and eliminates the need for
movement in the vertical rod.


Williams surveyor:
In this table is
adjustable to any
desired tilt and that
degree of inclination
can be recorded for
positioning the cast
at any time. The
distinct advantage of
this
table
over
universal tilt table is
that the center of
rotation
always
remains constant.

2000 Buchnann surveyor: It is used for the
placement of precision attachment parallel to the
path of insertion.
Ticonium Surveyor:
Is one of the modern
instruments for surveying the dental cast. The
marking point will make vertical line on the
abutment tooth until the desired depth of infra
bulge area has been reached.


Microanalyzer: This is a
somewhat
more
sophisticated instrument
than the previous ones
and
is
capable
of
measuring the amount of
undercut electronically in
millimeters.


Stress-o-graph:
It
consists of two vertical
holders. One for measuring
the undercut and one for
measuring the survey line.
This is more elaborate
instrument than either the
Ney
or
the
Jelenko
instrument.


Intra Oral surveyor: “Intra oral surveyor” is
described for checking tooth preparation of
abutment teeth for fixed or removal partial
dentures.
The device quickly and accurately
indicates the planned path of insertion of the
prosthesis intra orally and serves as a visual guide
during the preparation of the teeth.
Aids the dentist in evaluating tooth
preparation before making a final impression.


This intra oral surveyor provides an inexpensive,
practical and readily available method for producing
optimal tooth preparation for fixed and removal partial
dentures.
Optical Surveyor
Cast can be surveyed by parallel light instead of the
vertical rod
a) Parallel light beams are produced by light bulbs with
small dense filaments and condenser lenses
contained in a box.
b) The beams are made parallel with the vertical rod of
the conventional surveyor by fixing the box to an iron
bar.

c) The cast is placed on the table and surveyed in a
dark room using parallel light beam.
d) The survey line is the border of the bright and
dark zones – the line where the light beams are
tangent to the cast creates a shadow
e) By tilting the table to establish various paths of
insertion, undercuts and survey lines may be
inspected without drawing on the cast.
f) After securing the most favorable path of
insertion, the table of the surveyor is locked and
survey lines are marked with lead marker.

What is diagnostic survey?
The diagnostic cast must be surveyed before
the treatment plan for the patient can be formulated.
For example, the relative parallelism of the
abutment teeth must be analyzed to learn whether
modification of the tooth surfaces by either
contouring the enamel surfaces or by placing a
restoration if required. Soft tissue contours must
also be studied to determine what effect they may
have on the partial denture that is being planned.
Undercuts in the soft tissue areas may require
surgical removal before the prosthesis will go to
place in the mouth.

The position of the cast being studied can be changed
on the surveying table to allow the designer to analyze
what effect this changing the tilt will play on the relative
parallelism of the structures. Thus if the anterior of the
cast is lowered, the cast is said to have an anterior tilt if
the posterior is lowered, the cast has a posterior tilt if
the right side is lowered as viewed from the rear, the
cast has a right tilt and if the left side is lowered, a left
tilt.
The surveyor is also used to scribe the survey line on
the teeth after the final tilt of the cast has been
determined. The significance of the survey line is that
all rigid components of the partial denture must be kept
occlusal to it. Normally only the terminal third of the
retentive clasp arm www.indiandentalacademy.com to the survey line.
is placed gingival

What are the procedures to be followed during
diagnostic survey?
Surveying the diagnostic
cast:
a). The cast is placed on the
surveying table with the
occlusal surface parallel to
the horizontal plane.
b). The analyzing table is
initially
given
an
anteroposterior tilt, then left
and right lateral tilt and
analyzed in each position.


c). The degree of tilt is altered while the operator
looks for the maximum number of parallel surfaces
which may act as guides during insertion of the
denture, yet at the same time offer resistance to
displacement of the denture during function.
d). Once analysis is complete, a note is made of the
results of the various possible tilts and the
analyzing rod is exchanged for an undercut gauge,
there are 3 gauges, each with specific use, 0.01” for
cobalt chromium; 0.02” cast gold alloy and 0.03”
wrought alloy clasps.

e). The teeth and tissue are re-analyzed using an
undercut gauge.
f). Final analysis is carried out bearing in mind the
principle of denture design. Once the path of
insertion has been decided the surveying table is
locked in position.
g). Finally tripoding is carried out on the diagnostic
cast.

What is tilt? Why tilt should be given?
Tilt is referred to as ‘changing the long axis of each
tooth relative to the horizontal plane’.
Tilting is used to obtain the most advantageous path
of insertion. Tilting may be used to increase desirable
undercuts and to decrease undesirable undercuts.
Through tilting, it is possible to increase the undercuts
on one side of the tooth while decreasing them on the
other side of the tooth. Thus it is remember that while
tilting one must examine the effect of any tilt to
establish a more desirable undercut on other teeth
involved in the design. Tilting can also be used to
distribute available undercuts to produce more
uniform retention throughout the available teeth.

Tilting is also used to develop a path of insertion
that will permit the most effective use of an anterior
space for replacement. Tilting can also minimize
unfavorable undercuts both on the teeth and soft
tissues to facilitate better position of major and
minor connectors. It should be remembered that if a
cast does not have usable undercuts, tilting in it
would not produce them.


Basic cast tilts
The basic position or tilt of the cast on the surveyor
should be the horizontal tilt or zero degree tilt.
In the horizontal tilt, occlusal surfaces of the teeth are at
or nearly parallel to the horizontal plane. This is the
standard reference position from which further tilts
originate. The four basic tilts from the horizontal or
reference position are
1. The anterior tilt in which the anterior teeth are tilted
downward.
2. The posterior tilt in which the posterior portion of the
cast is tilted downward.
3. The right lateral tilt in which the right portion of the
cast is tilted downward.
4. The left lateral tilt in which the left portion of the cast
is tilted downward.

In most situations the tilt to be selected will be
at or near the horizontal tilt with minor modifications
in one direction or another to optimize certain
undercuts. It must be remembered that if cast does
not have the usual undercuts tilting in it would not
produce it.


What is survey line?
It is the line which is marked on the abutment
tooth by the surveyor spindle to indicate its greatest
circumference in a given horizontal plane.
Significance of the survey line is that all rigid
components of the partial denture must be kept
occlusal to it. Normally only the terminal third of the
retentive clasp arm is placed gingival to the survey
line. The survey line also helps to locate areas of
undesirable tooth undercut that must be avoided or
eliminated by contouring or placing restorations on the
teeth. Survey line divides the tooth into Supra bulge
and Infra bulge area. The area occlusal to the survey
line is supra bulge area and the area gingival to the
survey line is infra bulge area.

How do you classify survey lines?
According to Blatterfein, survey lines can be divided
into
1. High survey Line
2. Medium Survey Line
3. Low Survey line
4. Diagonal Survey Line


High Survey Line:
High Survey line is
found near the occlusal
surface of a tooth often
being parallel to the
gingival margin.
It
results from abnormal
inclination of the tooth
and is frequently found
on the lingual surfaces
of the lower teeth and
buccal surfaces of the
upper teeth.

Medium Survey Line:
Medium Survey line is
situated across the
center of the tooth and
exhibits
a
slight
occlusogingival incline
from the near zone to
the far zone.


Low Survey Line:
Low Survey Line is
situated close to and
parallel to the gingival
margin. It frequently
occurs as a result of
marked inclination of
the tooth and may also
occur on conically
shaped tooth.

Diagonal
Survey
Line:
Diagonal
Survey line travels
diagonally from near
the occlusal surface in
the near zone to the
gingiva in the far
zone.


Ney classification of survey lines: 3 basic survey
lines are described along with appropriate clasp for
each.
Class I: Survey line runs
diagonally across the
tooth surface. The type
of clasp indicated is
occlusally approaching
cast clasp with terminal
third
engaging
the
undercut.

Class II: Survey line also
runs diagonally across the
tooth surface but as a
mirror image of Class I
line. Here a gingivally
approaching clasp arm is
suggested.


Class III: Survey line is
parallel
to
the
occlusal surface and
lies just below it.


What is the influence of survey line in designing the
direct retainers and path of insertion and removal?
High survey line
A wrought wire is the clasp of choice in an occlusally
approaching clasp design. Such an arm is brought
immediately below the survey line and greater part
of its length engages in the undercut. However,
the bracing arm should be rigid. Other clasp arms
which may be used include the Back action clasp
and the ring clasp.

Back action clasp - the portion of the arm lying on the
non-undercut surface is above the survey line and is
rigid by virtue of its thickness. The portion contacting
the proximal surface is variable in position, lying either
in or out of the undercut. The arm tapers gradually
towards the terminal part which contacts the third
surface and is resilient lying below the survey line
throughout its whole length. Attachment to the denture
may be by a strut, which is joined to the thicker
extremity of the arm.
Ring clasp – The ring clasp is very similar to the back
action clasp. It completely encircles the tooth, its
termination being in the near zone of the undercut
surface.

Medium survey line
This class of survey line often indicates the use
of an occlusally approaching arm, sometimes
described as circumferential arm. Depending upon the
bracing effect required this may be made of cobalt
chromium, cast gold or wrought gold wire. A ginigvally
approaching arm may be used on a tooth having a
medium survey line. The various forms of bar clasps
are appropriate, the length of the bar used depending
upon the resilience required in the arm. If a larger
degree of undercut is to be engaged, more resilience
is required and the length of the bar is increased.

Low survey line
A tooth surface having a low survey line cannot
bear a retentive clasp arm. In first place, in sufficient
undercut exists to be effective in retaining the
denture and second, a clasp arm placed in such an
undercut will be situated dangerously near the
gingival margin. Two dangers exists in bringing the
arm too near the gingival margin. First if the arm is
thick, a non self cleansing area is liable to exist
immediately adjacent to the gingival edge. Second if
there has been gingival recession or if gingivectomy
has been done, it is necessary to keep the clasp arm
well above the cemento enamel junction because
cementum is liable to caries.

Devan’s Clasp: The Devan’s clasp makes use of
near proximal undercuts and has a small head which
bears on the tooth entirely below the survey line. The
Devan’s clasp should be reciprocated by a lingual or
palatal strut, which contacts the tooth at the junction
of its lingual or palatal and far proximal surfaces. The
Devan’s clasp gives little bracing effect and some
other means such as a deep square rest seat
preparation must be used.


Extended clasp arm: The extended clasp arm is
similar to cast circumferential arm but it covers two
teeth. It remains above the survey line of the first
tooth, which in this case is low, and crosses into the
undercut of the adjacent tooth. This type of clasp
has a splinting action and distributes the lateral load
over two teeth.
Crowning the tooth: When the abutment teeth are all
conically shaped, it may be necessary to crown
them, at the same time developing desirable
undercut surfaces.

Diagonal survey line
If an occlusally approaching arm is preferred,
there are two possible clasp that can be used.
In the first the rigid part of the clasp arm crosses
from the near zone to the far zone above the survey
line and sweeps round to return in to the undercut of
the near zone. One disadvantage of this clasp is that
it has no application when there is short clinical crown
as insufficient space exists to accommodate the clasp
arm. Since the diagonal survey line is often found on
the buccal or labial surfaces of teeth that are shown
in smiling, the conspicuous double arm may
constitute a serious disadvantage.

The second approach into the undercut is by a
clasp arm that encircles the tooth on three surfaces.
It first transfers the opposite surface of the tooth and
then runs in the embrasure and finally crosses the
surface from far to the near zone.
When the survey line is a combination of diagonal
and high, the ring clasp is always preferred to
circumferential clasp arm.
When a gingival approaches is preferred, L or
T bar clasps are useful usually having the esthetic
advantage over the occlusally approaching types.

What is parallel blocking, shaped blocking, arbitrary
blocking and relief?
After the establishment of the path of placement and
the location of the undercut areas on the master cast, any
undercut areas that will be crossed by rigid parts of the
denture (which is every part of the denture framework but
the retentive clasp terminals) must be eliminated by block
out.
In the broader sense the term blockout includes not
only the areas crossed by the denture framework during
seating and removal, but also those areas not involved that
are blocked out for convenience.
Ledges on which clasp patterns are to be placed.
Relief beneath connectors to avoid tissue impingement,
and Relief to provide for later attachment of the denture
base to the framework.

Ledges or shelves (shaped block out) for locating the
clasp patterns may or may not be used. However, this
should not be confused with the actual blocking out of
undercut area that would offer interference to the
placement of the denture framework. Only the latter is
made on the surveyor, with the surveyor blade or the
diagnostic stylus being used as a paralleling device.
Block out material may be purchased, or it may be
made according to the following formula:
Melt and mix together:
4 ½ sheets of base plate wax
4 ½ sticks of temporary gutta-percha stopping
3 sticks of sticky wax
½ tsp Kaolin
Add ½ tube lipstick for color.

PARALLEL BLOCK OUT, SHAPED BLOCK
OUT, ARBITARY BLOCK OUT AND RELIEF
The differences between paralleled block
out, shaped block out, arbitrary block out, and
relief are given below in a tabular form. The same
factors apply to both the maxillary and mandibular
arches, except that relief is ordinarily not used
beneath palatal major connectors, as it is with
mandibular lingual bar connectors, except when
maxillary tori cannot be circumvented or when
resistive median palatal raphes are encountered.

PARALLEL BLOCK OUT
SITE

MATERIAL

THICKNESS

Proximal tooth surfaces to be Hard base plate wax or block out Only
undercut
remaining
used as guiding planes
material
gingival to contact of
surveyor blade with tooth
surface
Beneath all minor connectors

Hard base plate wax or block out Only
undercut
remaining
material
surveyor blade with tooth
surface

Tissue undercuts to be crossed Hard base plate wax or block out Only
undercut
remaining
by rigid connectors
material
surveyor blade with surface
of cast
Tissue undercuts to be crossed Hard base plate wax or block out Only
undercut
remaining
by origin of bar clasps
material
of cast
Deep interproximal surfaces to Hard base plate wax or block out Only
undercut
remaining
be covered by minor
material
connectors or linguoplates
of cast
Beneath bar clasp
gingival crevice

arms

to Hard base plate wax or block out Only undercut area involved in
material
attachment of clasp arm to
minor connector

SHAPE BLOCK OUT
SITE

MATERIAL

On buccal and lingual Hard base plate wax
surfaces
to
locate
plastic or wax patterns
for clasp arms


THICKNESS
Ledges for location of
reciprocal clasp arms
to follow height of
convexity so that they
may be placed as
cervical as possible
without
becoming
retentive
Ledges for location of
retentive clasp arms to
be placed as cervical as
tooth contour permits;
point of origin of clasp
to be occlusal or incisal
to height of convexity,
crossing survey line at
terminal fourth, and to
include under cut area
previously selected in
keeping with flexibility
of clasp type being used

ARBITRARY BLOCK OUT
SITE
All gingival crevices

MATERIAL
Hard base plate wax

THICKNESS
Enough to just eliminate
gingival crevice

Gross tissue undercuts Hard base plate wax or Leveled arbitrary with
situated below areas
oil-base clay
wax spatula
involved in design of
denture framework
Tissue undercuts distal to Hard base plate wax or Smoothed arbitrary with
cast framework
oil-base clay
wax spatula
Labial and buccal tooth Hard base plate wax or Filled and tapered with
and tissue undercuts
oil-base clay
spatula
to
within
not
involved
in
upper third of crown
denture design


RELIEF AREAS
SITE

MATERIAL

THICKNESS

Beneath lingual bar connectors Adhesive wax sealed to cast; 32-gauge wax if slope of
or the bar portion of
should be wider than
lingual alveolar ridge is
linguoplates
when
major connector to be
parallel
to
path
of
indicated
placed on it
placement
32-gauge wax after parallel
block out of undercuts if
slope of lingual alveolar
ridge is undercut to path of
placement
Areas
in
which
major Hard base plate wax
connectors will contact
thin tissue, such as hard
areas so frequently found
on lingual of mandibular
ridges and elevated median
palatal raphes

Thin layer flowed on with hot
wax spatula; however, if
maxillary torus must be
covered, the thickness of
the relief must represent
the difference in the degree
of displacement of the
tissues covering the torus
and the tissues covering
the residual ridges

Beneath framework extensions Adhesive wax, well adapted 20-gauge wax
onto ridge areas for
and sealed to cast beyond
attachment of resin bases
involved area

What is tripoding? How is the surveyor used for
tripoding?
After the final tilt of the cast has been selected, it
must be recorded so that the cast may later be
repositioned precisely. This procedure is referred to
as tripoding.
The
simplest
method
consists of placing 3 cross
marks on the tissue position of
the
cast,
lingual
to
the
remaining teeth at widely
separated points while the cast
and the vertical arm of the
surveyor are held at fixed
position. This will establish 3
points on the same horizontal
plane.

Method of vertical lines on the side of the cast.


The cemented pin method.
a). A hole about 10 mm in diameter and 10 mm
deep is prepared in the lingual land area of the
mandible cast with a large acrylic finishing bur.
b). On the maxillary cast a hole is made in the
area not included in the removal partial denture.
c). The cast is oriented on the surveyor with the
selected path of insertion.
d). The pin is locked in the vertical spindle and
lowered to the bottom of the hole.
e). The vertical spindle with the pin is then locked
in this position.
f). Then the hole is filled with dental plaster.
g). Once the plaster is set, vertical spindle is
released from cemented pin.

How do you survey the master cast?
After the surveying of the diagnostic cast
mouth preparation is done and the master cast is
obtained. The master cast is placed on the surveyor
table. The 3 points selected from the diagnostic cast
must be identified with the analyzing rod held at the
fixed vertical position; the cast is tilted in various
ways until the tip of the analyzing rod contacts the
points on the same horizontal plane. The tilt of the
diagnostic cast and the master cast will be same
now

Measuring the degree of retentive undercut on the
master cast.
Undercuts may be measured with the use of
• Undercut gauge such as in Ney and Jelenko
surveyor.
• By dial gauge such as incorporated in saddle lock
retentoscope, ticonium, stress-o-graph.
• Austenal microanalyzer.


Ney gauges
Ney gauges has three series of metal disc
attached to the end of analyzing rod and vary in
diameter that is 0.01”, 0.02”, and 0.03” and
measured horizontally from the shank of the gauge
to the rim of the gauge head.
To measure an undercut, it is brought into
contact with the height of contour and then rod is
raised until the disc has made contact in the infra
bulge area. The undercut may thus be shown to be
from 0.01” to 0.03” depending on the size of the disc
used.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Schmidt AH in 1953 stated that principles of
surveying, significance of survey line, relation of
clasp to the survey line and the opportunity
presented by tilting the cast to control the location
of undercuts are basic factors which enable the
prosthodontist to solve any removable partial
denture problem.
Boitel RH in 1962 advocated Bachmann’s
Parallelometer for prosthetic laboratories for its
wide features such as
1. Surveying of diagnostic cast.
2. Seating precision instruments
3. Drilling pinholes into casting and porcelain facing
4. Waxing and carving precision attachments.

RICHARD E COY in 1974 evaluated the
importance of survey and design of diagnostic casts
for removable partial dentures. The author
summarizes the procedure of cast surveying and the
features that are to be analyzed on a diagnostic cast.
GOKHAN YILMAZ in 1975 presented the use of
optical surveying of casts for removable partial
dentures. Parallel light beams are produced by light
bulbs with small dense filaments and condensed
lenses contained in a box. The beams are made
parallel with the vertical rod of the conventional
surveyor by fixing the box firmly to an iron bar. Since
the basic principles of the mechanical surveyor and
this instrument are alike, the term optical surveyor
has been selected. The border of the bright and dark
zones indicates the survey line.

Yilmaz G in 1976 presented optical surveying of cast
of removable partial dentures and concluded that
optical and conventional surveyors are based on the
same principals. The cast is illuminated by parallel
light beams, which are also parallel to the marker
rod. The border of light and dark zones indicate the
survey line.


ARTHUR M LAVERE in 1977 in his article presented
a simple procedure for survey
and design of
diagnostic casts. He concludes that survey and
design should be done in a sequential manner as
follows:
• Locate a path by fitting the cast.
• Mark the survey lines and tripod the cast.
• Outline the rests and guide planes.
• Draw minor connectors.
• Draw major connectors.
• Draw retention mesh for acrylic resin.
• Draw acrylic resin base extension
• Draw direct retainers.

JOHN G KNAPP in 1979 et al narrated a
technique for recording dental cast surveyor
relations. Of the different techniques of
tripodization the author emphasizes on using the
cemented pin technique as an aid to the dental
laboratory
technician
in
relocating
the
predetermined survey position for master cast.
ANTONY D STEAS in 1987 described a new
method of recording and reproducing the tilt of a
cast by means of a simple homemade instrument
that attaches to a surveyor. This method allows the
three selected points to be positioned on one
movement, unlike other methods in which each of
the three points are repositioned separately.

CONCLUSION
Surveying is the procedure of locating, delineating
and appraising the contour and position of the teeth and
associated structures before any removable or fixed partial
denture is designed. Thus surveyor is a diagnostic tool
which should be used by every practicing prosthodontist in
order to establish a treatment plan that will be
biomechanically sound while fulfilling functional and esthetic
requirements.
Dental cast surveyor, a mechanical instrument, is of
great use for the prosthodontist in achieving the mechanical
requirements of the removable partial denture which are
biologically acceptable. It helps the prosthodontist in
establishing the path of placement, removal and designing
of the denture framework in such a way that it will allow the
fabrication of biologic, biofunctional and bioesthetic
prosthesis.

So dental cast surveyor is an instrument every
student and clinician should possess. Use of this
instrument will not only make the job of technician simple,
but also precise. Hours of time spent in the laboratory in
guessing the interferences to the path of placement is
also saved and the chair side time required to adjust
those is also saved.


REFERENCES
1. Textbook of clinical removable partial prosthodontics by
Stewart, Rudd, Kuebker 2 edition.
2. Mc Cracken’s removable partial prosthodontics, ninth
edition.
3. An introduction to removable denture prosthetics by Alan A
Grant, Wesler Johnson.
4. Removable partial prosthodontics by Joseph E Grasso and
Ernest L Miller
5. Partial denture by John Osborne / Atkinson (Pg 145- 147).
6. Essentials of RPD prosthesis by Applegate (Pg 103-107).
7. Knapp J.G Technique for recording the cast surveyor
relations, J. Prosthet Dent 1979; 41:352-354.
8. Wagner A.G. A study of four methods of recording the path
of insertion of removable partial dentures J. Prosthet
Dent.1976; 35:267-272.
9. Yilmaz. G Optical surveying of casts for removable partial
dentures J. Prosthet Dent.1975; 34:292-296.

10.R.H. Biotel- The parallelometer, a precision instrument for the
prosthetic laboratory. J. Prosthet Dent.1962; 12:732.
11.Richard E Coy. Survey and design of diagnostic casts for
removable partial dentures J. Prosthet Dent.1974; 32:103.
12.Sergio Reinaldo De Fiori. Transferring the path of insertion
from the diagnostic cast to multiple master casts. J. Prosthet
Dent.1983; 50:733.
13.Thanos M Kaloyannides. Reproduction of tilt of a cast on a
surveyor. J. Prosthet Dent.1973; 30:465.
14.E.M. Katulski. Biologic concept of the use of the mechanical
cast surveyor. J. Prosthet Dent.1959; 9:629-634.
15.Roberto Von Krammer. Accurately positioning a duplicate cast
on the surveying table. J. Prosthet Dent.1989.
16.Michael F Mc carthy. An intra oral surveyor. J. Prosthet
Dent.1989; 61:462-464.
17.Antony D Steas. Recording and reproducing the tilt of the cast
on a surveyor. . J. Prosthet Dent.1987.
18.Arthur M La Vere. A www.indiandentalacademy.com for survey and design
simplified procedure
of diagnostic casts. J. Prosthet Dent.1977; 37:680.

Dental surveyor /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

Similaire à Dental surveyor /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

Similaire à Dental surveyor /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)

Plus de Indian dental academy

Plus de Indian dental academy (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Dental surveyor /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy