This document provides an overview of the evolution and recent advances in all-ceramic dental materials. It discusses early ceramic materials like denture teeth and porcelain jacket crowns from the late 1700s. Key developments include McLean and Hughes' aluminous core porcelain in 1965, In-Ceram in the 1980s using slip casting, and machinable ceramics in the 1990s using CAD/CAM. The document also examines methods to strengthen porcelain, all-ceramic systems like In-Ceram, castable ceramics including Di-Cor and Cerestore, and machinable ceramics. It provides details on the composition, fabrication process, properties and clinical performance of various ceramic materials.
Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...
Evolution of all ceramics&recent advances (2)
1. Om Ganeshaya NamahaOm Ganeshaya Namaha
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2. Evolution of All-Ceramics
&
Recent advances
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
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3. contentscontents 1.Introduction
2.Evolution & history
3.Methods to strengthen porcelain
4.Alluminous core porcelain
5.In-ceram
6.Castable ceramics
7.Machinable ceramics
8.Scope of all ceramics
9.Conclusion
10.References
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5. DEFINITIONS
Ceramics : compounds of one or more metals with a non metallic element(usually
silicon,boron,oxygen) that may be used as a single structural component or as one of
the several layers that are used in the fabrication of a ceramic based prosthesis .
(G.P.T 7, Anusavice)
Porcelain : a ceramic material formed of infusible elements joined by lower fusing
materials.Most dental porcelains are glasses and are used in fabrication of teeth for
dentures, pontics & facings, crowns, inlays, onlays and other restorations. (G.P.T 7)
Ceramic is derived from Sanskrit word meaning Burnt earth
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14. 2 Options
1. Strong Core ( Unaesthetic )
Layered with Veneering Porcelain
2. Esthetic as well as
strong Core
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15. 1965 Mc lean and Hughes
40 t0 50 wt% of Al2O3
Flexural strength 131 Mpa
Platinum foil technique
ALUMINOUS CORE PORCELAINALUMINOUS CORE PORCELAIN
Finished CoresMaster model
with dies Platinum foil
adapted to die
(Hi-Ceram)
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16. Unsintered CrownsDentin Ceramic
additions
Finished Crowns on dies
Post-Cementation
Mc lean 1979 Five year failure rate 2% for anteriors 15% for posteriors
Large sintering shrinkage
Seiber et al 1981 :light reflection better than porcelain fused to metalwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
17. IN-CERAMIN-CERAM
A process used to form green ceramic shape by applying a
slurry of ceramic particles and water or a special liquid to a porous
substrate Such as a die material, there by allowing capillary action
to remove water and densify the mass of deposited particles
Flexural
strength
350 MPa 500 MPa 700 MPa
In-ceram
Alumina
In-ceram
Spinell
In-ceram
Zirconia
Crack deflection is the main Phenomenon
( Slip casting technique )
Saadoun 1989
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20. Application of body
and incisal porcelain
Postoperative veiw of
In-Ceram crowns
Finished In-Ceram
copings
(Air abraded)
Finished crowns
Preoperative veiw
Probster et al : Strength of In-Ceram > IPS Empress < PFMwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
22. CASTABLE CERAMICSCASTABLE CERAMICS
A glass ceramic material that combines the properties of a
restorative material for function with the capability to be cast
using the lost wax process
Di-Cor
Cerestore
IPS Empress
New types
1968 Mc Culloch
Cera pearl
Canasite glass ceramic
Optimal pressable ceramic
Olympus castable ceramics
Castable phosphate glass ceramic
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23. DI-CORDI-COR
Non porous, homogenous, microstructure with uniform
crystal size which is derived from the controlled growth of crystals
within an amorphous matrix of glass.
Ancestry Fredrick carter corning glass works
Composition : SiO2, K2O and MgO, MgF2, Al2O3, ZrO2 and
flourescing agent – TETRA SILICIC FLUOROMICA GLASS
CERAMIC.
Mica crystals Feldspathic porcelainwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Ceramming Ceramming oven Crystallised glass coping
Conventional porcelain application & Firing Finished crown
Cerramming done from room temparature- 19000
f for 1½ hrs and
sustained for 6hrs inorder to form tetra silicic flouro mica crystals
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26. Properties :
Flexural strength 81 ± 6.8 Mpa
Marginal adaptation :
Weaver et al 1988 – conducted a study on 10 dicor crowns
Marginal opening – 57 ± 9 µm
Due to less seating pressure, increase in density of ceramic
after ceramming.
Biocompatibility :
Less bacterial counts
Reason : smooth surface, low surface tension, flouride content,
Low thermal conductivity
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27. Esthetics :
Gross man and adiar : Hue and chroma of metal ceramics
and castable ceramics matched natural teeth.
Value of only castable ceramics matched natural teeth.
Presence of mica crystals scatter light similar to enamel rods.
Cementation :
zinc phosphate, light activated urethane resin
Bailey&Bennet 1988 etching with ammonium biflouride for 2 min
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28. Survival rate :
Kenneth et al 1999 - 14yr study
Crowns 82%
Cores 100%
Inlay and onlay 90%
Partial coverage 92%
Posterior 70% anterior 82.7% Expenstein et al 2000www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
30. TECHNIQUE :
Tooth preparation :
1.25 – 1.5 mm (Labial-lingual,interproximal)
1.5 – 2.mm (occlusal)
900 (
full shoulder ) Conventional wax-up on
heat stable Epoxy dies
Investing Ceramic pellet in flask for pressing
1600
Cwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Ceramic injected into mold
Plaster removal from
pressed coping
Refining green state
coping
Coping on master die fired
at 13000
C
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32. Tooth preparation and impression
Cerestore epoxy die
Wax up and invest with master die
Boil out
Heat flask to 1800
C
Transfer mould ceramic into lost wax
cavity directly on master die
Retrieve master die
Refine coping, add veneer porcelainwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
33. Properties :
• Flexural strength : 225 Mpa
• Fit : exceptional fit because of direct moulding process.
• Low thermal conductivity
• Radio density similar to enamel
• Biocompatible
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35. LEUCITE REINFORCED IPS EMPRESS
Feldspar Leucite + glass phase
In congruent
Melting
Resistance to crack propagation
Pre cerammed Ingots
Processing :
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36. Wax pattern
Ceramic ingot &
Al plunger
Investing
Pressing under vaccum
11500
C
Sprue removal
Edward B Goldin 2005 compared leucite IPS Empress with PFM
Mean marginal discrepancy 94 + 41 PFM
81 +25 IPS
Burn out 8500
C
26 min hold
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37. Properties :
Flexural strength : 117.3 - 167 Mpa
Ion exchange method used to strengthen IPS empress (KnO3)
204 Mpa 11 hr immersion
Esthetics : high esthetic value
Clinical survival : Deniz G in 2002
95% survival → 2-4 years
Marginal adaptation : Shearer et al in 1996 : better marginal adaptation
with hot pressed ceramics than aluminous core material.
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38. LITHIUM DISILICATE REINFORCED
Base glass Melted with raw materials
1400 to 16000
C
Poured into water
Glass grains 20-30 µ Cylindrical ingots obtained
Pressed into mold at 9000
Cin
Vaccum for 10 minutes
Automatic molding cycle
200 to 300 N
Manufacturing :
Mainly for post and core purposes Flexural strength :164+26 Mpa
Cosmo glass Ceramic
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39. Full contouring Cut back
Sprued pattern
Investing Ingot pressingwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
40. CERAPEARLCERAPEARL
CaO – P2O5 – MgO – SiO2 – Hobo and Kyocera bioceram group 1985
Crystalline microstructure similar to natural enamel
Mechanical properties superior to enamel
Laboratory steps :
Tooth preparation, die preparation
Wax patterns
2 stage burn out (8000
C final temperature)
Melted ceramic at 14600
C casted under vaccum
(special ring liners required {1.2mm} )
Reheating -870 0
C– Crystalline oxy apatite - moisture exposure – hydroxy apatitewww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
41. Clinical success : Nahara Y et al (1991)
2 year success rate – 100%
Burn out chamber Centrifugal casting machine
Ceramming unit and shading
A) Pretreatment
B) 3 months after
cementation
C) 2 yrs post-
cementation
Mainly indicated for inlays and full crowns
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42. FLUORCANASITEFLUORCANASITE
Multiple chain silicate glass ceramic that exhibits high strength
and fracture toughness.
Al2O3 – CaO – F – K2O – SiO2
CaF2 → Nucleating agent
Procedure :
Wax pattern invested in Crystoballite investment
Burn out at 7000
C Heat soak for 0.5 hours
Temperature drop to 5900
C
Centrifugal casting machine used at 12000
C
Direct ceramming Heat soaking
5200
C
Heating at
8600
C CANASITEwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
43. Properties :
Flexural strength : 116 ± 12 MPa
Johnson et al in 2000 : Biaxial flexural strength 280.4 Mpa
Fracture toughness : 660 Mpa
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44. OLYMPUS CASTABLE CERAMICOLYMPUS CASTABLE CERAMIC
It consists of
Glass phase of LiO2 – Na2O – ZnO – Al2O3 – TiO2 – SiO2 and
Crystalline phase of Na Mg3 (SiO3AlO10) F2 and Li2OAl2O3 – 4SiO2
Procedure :
Burn out 3000
C 30 min → 8000
C for 30 min
Casting at 5500
C → Ceramming at 7500
C for 2 hrs.
Shimida et al 2000 : prior to cementation : Silane coupling agent +Primer
increases bond strength
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45. OPTIMAL PRESSABLE CERAMICOPTIMAL PRESSABLE CERAMIC
1996 Janeric Pentron Company
Optimally pressable
ceramic system
Glass ceramic with leucite phase
Crystalline compacted ceramic
on heating
Die fabrication Wax pattern
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46. Sprued wax patterns ready for
investing
Paper casting ring is closed from top
as the material sets
Paper casting ring is peeled Investment placed in burnout furnace
850 c -90min
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47. Colored pellets
used for casting
Hot mold placed in optimal
auto press machine
Pressed molds cooled
to room temperature
mold is scored and broken apart Recovering of casting
Removal of remaining investment
1150 0
C -20min hold
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48. CASTABLE PHOSPHATE GLASS CERAMICCASTABLE PHOSPHATE GLASS CERAMIC
Contains :
Natural phosphate as natural teeth
Marketed as ‘Crys-Cera’
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50. Luthy et al 1991
Kelly et al 1991
Strength > Laboratory fabricated Ceramic
CEREC SYSTEMS PROCERA SYSTEM
CELAY SYSTEM
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51. CEREC SYSTEMSCEREC SYSTEMS
Materials involved :
Vita mart II, Dicor MGC and Pro Cad
Sanidine
KAlSi3O8
Mica
crystals
70%
Leucite containing
ceramic
CERamic REConstruction,
Optical scanningwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
52. The compact, mobile unit consists of three components: a
small camera, a computer screen and a three – axis – of – rotation
milling machine.
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53. The cad/cam cerec system has evolved from the: cerec-
1,which fabricated only marginally fitting single and dual surface
ceramic inlays.
Cerec-2,which showed advances in computing, upgraded
software and expanded form of grinding technique.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
54. Cerec-3 that can design well-fitting inlays, onlays, crowns,
veneers etc., in a single visit.
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55. 3D cerec
Scanning and designing
3 dimensional viewing Milling
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56. CELAY SYSTEMCELAY SYSTEM
Uses copy milling technique
Resin pattern fabricated directly on master die and pattern is used
for milling porcelain restorations
Jacot et al 1998 : in ceram blanks in celay system.
Inlay pattern mounted
(copy side)
Copy milling pattern out
of ceramic material
(milling side)
Sorenson 1994 : marginal fit of CELAY > CEREC
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57. PROCERA SYSTEMPROCERA SYSTEM
Dies are enlarged to compensate for sintering shrinkage.
Scanning
Milling machine
Shape on computer screen
Contact scanner
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59. Tooth color gradation reproducibility : CCM ( computer color matching )
Shigemi Ishikawa et al 2005
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61. CAPTEK SYSTEM :CAPTEK SYSTEM :
Duplicated refractory die
Metal
impregnated
wax sheet
Final coping
Porcelain veneering
CAPTEK is the answer for the most challenging situation because of
its strength and excellent esthetics
Captek G-97.5
gold, 2.5 silver
Au-Pt-pd
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62. (HELIO FORM HF 600 SYSTEM)
Equipment Polyurethane dies
Completed restorations
ELECTRO FORMEDELECTRO FORMED
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66. Porcelain laminate veneers
Laminate : Is an extremely thin shell of porcelain applied directly to tooth structure
1930-1940 Charles Pincus used thin porcelain shells,denture adhesives were used
1970-1980 Composite resin laminate veneers
Monochromatic appearance
Staining
Loss of luster
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67. 1980s Bonding porcelain to etched surfaces
Hsu et al 1985 - Mechanical retention increased by etching porcelain
Shear bond strength of etched 4 > Unetched
Calamia et al 1984 - Application of silane coupling agent-
Improved bond strength
*min thickness of laminate: 0.3 – 0.5 mm
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68. All ceramic F P D
Two part build up
Pre (PFM)
Post (All Ceramic)3 unit FPD
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69. DC – ZIRKON technique : Vult von steyern et al in 2004
< 5% flaws, flexural strength : 900 Mpa
Used for posterior FPD’s
DC-Zirkon Blocks Milled Block
FPD framework tried on Working Castwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
70. All ceramic Resin bonded fixed partial dentures
Introduced 1986-1988 Ibsen et al and Garber et al
Matthias kern 2005 :Cantilever all-ceramic resin bonded FPDwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
71. Ceramic veneer F P D
Ceramic inlay metal reinforced F P D
Ceramic veneer / Composite substructure F P D
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72. All ceramic Posts
1993 Luthy et al – Post made of TZP-ZrO2
High flexural strength 1400 Mpa
1994 Sandhaus – Zirconia post with composite core
1995 Akagawa et al - Castable ceramic attached to zirconia post
1997 Ivoclar – introduced Ceramic core directly pressed onto Zirconia post
IPS Empress Cosmo ingot
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80. Thought for the Day
There are two kinds of failures
One who thought and never did
One who did but never thought
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81. Thank you
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