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INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
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INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
EVOLUTION OF OCCLUSION
NATURAL OCCLUSION&ARTIFICIAL
OCCLUSION
REQUIREMENTS OF ‘C D ’OCCLUSION
AXIMS FOR ARTIFICIAL OCCLUSION
POSTERIOR TOOTH FORMS
CONCEPTS OF OCCLUSION
CONCLUSION
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





Occlusion is any contact between the
incising or masticatory surfaces of upper
and lower teeth.
Most important subject in all branches
of dentistry.
Articulation

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Importance of occlusion
1 . Vertical & lateral components of
occlusal stresses
2 . In case of F P D’s harmonious
occlusion
3 . Inharmonious occlusion
4 . Repeated fracture of facings

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caries

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malocclusion


OCCLUSION ( G P T 8 )
“ The static relationship between
incising or masticating surfaces of the
maxillary or mandibular teeth or tooth
analogues . ”

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

CENTRIC
OCCLUSION

“ The occlusion of
opposing teeth
when the
mandible is in
centric relation .
This may or may
not coincide with
the maximal
inter cuspation ”
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

ECCENTRIC
OCCLUSION
“ An occlusion
other than centric
occlusion ”


Articulation
“ the static and dynamic contact
relationship between the occlusal
surfaces of teeth during function . ”

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

Balanced occlusion
“ The bilateral , simultaneous ,
anterior , and posterior occlusal contact
of teeth in centric and eccentric
positions ”

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Maximum intercuspation
“ the complete intercuspation of
opposing teeth independent of condylar
position , sometimes referred to as best
fit of teeth regardless of the condylar
position ”

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

Lingualised articulation ( S. Howard
payne in 1941 )
“ this form of denture occlusion
articulates the maxillary lingual cusps
with the mandibular occlusal surfaces ,
in centric working and non working
mandibular positions . ”

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

Monoplane occlusion
“ an occlusal arrangement where in the
posterior teeth have masticatory
surfaces that lack any cuspal height ”

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BALANCED ARTICULATION by ALFRED
GYSI

1. 33°

cusp form
2. 30° cusp form by
PILKINGTON AND TURNER

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In this concept ,a non anatomic occlusal
scheme is used with a few
modifications.
First one is articulator used
Second one is arrangement of maxillary
and mandibular teeth without any
vertical overlap
After introduction of 0°teeth posterior
teeth are positioned on a flat plane.
Anterior teeth are positioned with a
horizontal and vertical overlap
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He used 30° cusp teeth that were
selectively reshaped to fulfill the
concept of lingualised occlusion
L O allows adaptation to different
types of ridges , greater masticatory
efficiency , elimination of lateral
interferences
L O based on the maxillary lingual cusp
functioning as the main supporting
cusp in harmony with the occlusal
surfaces of the lower teeth.
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•

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According to this concept the stability of
mandibular prosthesis can be improved by
using the linear occlusion and steeper
occlusal plane.
Linear ( non interceptive ) occlusion
consists of following requirements
1 . Zero degree teeth are opposed by
bladed teeth
2 . Mandibular teeth are set to a flat
occlusal plane
3 . There is no anterior tooth interference
to protrusive or lateral movement.
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Study on a clinical trial comparing
anatomic, lingualised , and zero degree
posterior occlusal forms for complete
dentures.
concluded that , lingualised posterior
occlusal forms were superior in reducing
sore spots , ability to eat , meal
interruptions compared to 0° posterior
occlusion.

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BONWILL’S “ Equilateral triangular concept ”
He believed that articulation of teeth guides the mandible
during function.
He postulated that the distance from incisal edges of
lower incisors to each condyle is 4 inches ( 10 cm ) and
the distance between each condyle is also 4 inches.

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Ferdinand Graf Von Spee ( 1890 )
There is a relationship between the curved
arrangements of the occlusal planes of
natural teeth and the corresponding curves
of the condylar paths.
He described the forward movement of
mandible in sagittal plane.
Concentric arcs shows nature of protrusive
movement of mandible.
Total contacts of molar masticatory
surfaces lies on same arc of a circle.
Posteriorly
arc touches most
anterior point of condyle
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F.G.VON SPEE

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Axis of these arcs lies at the level of
horizontal mid orbital plane.
Steeper the path of condyle , more
pronounced the tooth curve would be
because both have same radius.

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“ Carl christensen ”observed the
opening of posterior teeth in mandibular
protrusion .
First to describe an intra oral method of
recording a static protrusive record to
determine condylar inclination.
Ulf Posselt.

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


George S Monson in 1916
It was based on the concept that the
mandibular teeth move over the
occlusal surfaces of maxillary teeth as
over the external surface of a segment
of an 8 inch sphere and the radius of a
sphere is located in the region of crista
galli

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MONSON’S SPHERICAL
THEORY

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According to this concept if 2 equilateral
triangles ( Bonwill) were placed back to
back they would share a common base
that represented the condylar axis.
Vertex of anterior triangle
incisor
point
posterior triangle
external
occipital protruberance

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Reverse curve will stabilize the lower
denture
Based on observation that occlusion of
dentures and natural dentition were in a
reverse curve fashion i.e. maxillary lingual
and mandibular buccal cusps .
Main draw back

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

Max pleasure in 1937 introduced “
pleasure curve ” which advocates “ anti
-monson curve ” exept for second
molars.
In pleasure curve reverse curve is used
in bicuspid area for lever balance, flat
occlusion is set in first molar area and a
spherical scheme in second molar area.

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PLEASURE CURVE

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Technique involve restoring mandibular
posterior occlusion to a 4 inch sphere.
Maxillary posterior occlusion was fabricated
to mandibular occlusal form by using
maxillary anterior teeth as guide.
According to Schuyler
1.balancing side contacts were eliminated
2.importance of incisal guidance was
elevated
3.concept of long centric was proposed in
which centric occlusion is thought as an
area of contact rather than a point contact.
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Condyles were the determinants of
occlusal schemes, and the side shift of
condyles would greatly affect cuspal
position.
Hinge axis was located by rotational
centers of condyles
3-dimensional envelope of motion of
condyles are recorded by pantographic
tracings
Maximum inter cuspation of teeth when
the condyles are in their hinge position
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NATURAL

vs

ARTIFICIAL OCCLUSION

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Natural
1.Teeth retained by
periodontal tissues
2. Teeth receive
individual pressures
of occlusion.
3.malocclusionuneventfull for years.
4. Non vertical forces
effect only the teeth
involved and
tolerated.
5.Incising


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Artificial
1.Allteeth are on bases
seated on slippery
tissues.
2.Teeth move as a unit
3.Malocclusion causes
immediate response.
4.Involves all teeth on
base and traumatic.
5. Incising affects all
teeth on base.

Natural
6.Second molar –
masticating area
7.Bilateral balance
is rarely found
8.Force necessory
to masticate
food 5-175
pounds.


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Artificial
6. Cuases tilting
of bases
( inclined plane
effect )
7.Bilateral balance
is necessary for
stability
8.11.7 pounds
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Stability of occlusion
Balanced occlusal contacts
Unlocking of cusps mesio distally
Horizontal force controlled by bucco
lingual cusp height reduction
Functional lever balance
Cutting, penetrating, shearing
Anterior incisal clearance
Minimum occlusal contact area
Sharp ridges or cusps
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Shorp incising units
They should not contact during
mastication
Flat incisal guidance
Horizontal over lap
Contact only during protrusive incising

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Efficient in cutting and grinding
Decreased bucco-lingual width
Function as a group with simultaneous
harmoneus contacts
Over the crest of ridge for lever balance
Have a surface to receive and transmit
force of occlusion vertically
Plane of occlusion should be as parallel
as possible

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Contact on 2nd molars when incising
units contacts
Contact at the end of chewing cycle
when working units contacts
Smooth gliding contacts for lateral and
protrusive movements

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Smaller occlusal area– smaller crushing
force
Vertical force on inclined occlusal
surfaces
Vertical force on denture base with
resilient tissues
Vertical force lateral to ridge crest
Vertical force on inclined supporting
tissues

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

Hundreds of years ago teeth were carved
from stone, wood, ivory and metal.



Human teeth
3 types
a) anatomic teeth of 33˚ or more
b)modified anatomic teeth between
3o˚and 0°
c)non anatomic or zero degree



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ANATOMIC

MODIFIED ANATOMIC

NON ANATOMIC
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In 1913 Dr. Alfred Gysi of
Switzerland carved the
first anatomic porcelain
tooth.
Marketed by Dentist
supply company and were
called Trubyte.
They had transverse
ridges for tight inter
digitation
Pilkington and turner’s
30˚
Allow for small degree of
freedom in protrusive but
tight interlocking in
lateral excursions

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In 1927 Gysi also
introduced the
cross-bite teeth.
Maxillary buccal
cusp was almost
eliminated resulting
one prominent
lingual cusp that
occlude into lower
anatomic tooth

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In 1928 Victor
Sears introduced
channel teeth.
Maxillary occlusal
surfaces consists of
deep channel that
run mesio distally.
Lower posteriors
are half of width in
bucco lingually.

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Avery bros in 1930
introduced the
Scissor bite teeth.
Posterior
occlusal
surfaces
locked
antero posteriorly
and free in lateral
excursion

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In 1936 Mc
Grane marketed a
tooth which he called
the
curved
cusp
posterior tooth.
This
design
lock
antero posteriorly but
free in laterally in an
arc corresponding to
an orbitary radius
from
vertical
rotational
axis
of
condyles

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

In 1937 Max Pleasure
proposed to modify the
lower posterior teeth
occlusal surfaces to a
reverse curve by tilting
the tooth buccally.



Reverse curve in pre
molars , flat occlusal
surface on 1st molars
and a monson curve on
2nd molar for balance.

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John Vincent in
1942 introduced a
change in materials
by using metal
inserts in resin
posteriors.
Originally gold
solder wire and
later stain less
steel.

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Sosin
in
1961
replaced
maxillary
second bicuspid and
first & second molars
with cleat shaped
vitallium forms called
cross-blades.



Levin modified this
scheme by reducing
the size of the crossblade
to
the
maxillary
lingual
cusp.

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HALL’S inverted
cusp teeth
In 1929 Hall was
the first to design
cuspless teeth he
called inverted cusp
tooth.
Tooth was flat with
concentric cone
shaped depressions
on occlusal surfaces
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Had a series of
transverse buccolingual ridges
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In 1934 Nelson
described teeth he
called chopping
blocks, which were
flat occlusal
surfaces with
numerous ridges.
Ridges on
mandibular teeth
ran transversely
and on maxillary
they ran mesio
distally.

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

In 1946 Hardy designed
a metal insert upper
and lower posterior
which he called
Vitallium occlusal.
Marketed by Austenal
Company and are still in
use



Produced in resin blocks
of 3 posterior teeth



A narrow vitallium
ribbon

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In 1951 Myerson Tooth
Corporation introduced
the first cross-linked
acrylic teeth in a flat
occlusal scheme called
the Shear cusp tooth.



Sears and myerson
proposed a
combination of
porcelain and acrylic
occlusal scheme.

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

In 1952 Coe
Masticators designed
by Cook



2nd premolars and 1st
molars were flat
stainless steel castings
with holes on the
occlusal surfaces
diagonally



These teeth occlude
with flat upper
porcelain teeth

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In 1957 Bader
introduced cutter bar
scheme by opposing
upper porcelain cusp
less teeth with a metal
cutting bar replacing 2nd
premolar, 1st & 2nd
molar.



Similar to sears
channel tooth exept the
maxillary molars were
flat

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Adjustable articulators
Eccentric records
Harmonious occlusion is lost when bases
are not stable
Bases need frequent refitting
Presence of cusps generates more
horizontal forces

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occlude only in 2-dimension
Less shearing efficiency
Bilateral and protrusive balance is not
possible
Esthetically poor.

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“ The bilateral , simultaneous , anterior and
posterior occlusal contact of teeth in centric
and eccentric positions ”
Cusp form posterior teeth.
Purpose of B O .
Balance in natural teeth.

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Wider , larger the ridge and closer the
teeth to the ridge.
Wider the ridge and narrower the teeth
bucco lingually
More lingual the teeth in relation to
ridge crest
More centered the force of occlusion
antero posteriorly.

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Tooth size and position in relation to
ridge size and shape.
Denture base coverage
Occlusal balance at retruded contact
position
Right and left eccentric occlusal balance

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Inclination of condylar guidance
The prominence of the compensating
curve
The inclination of the plane of
occlusion–orientation of occlusal plane
The inclination of incisal guidance
The heights of the cusps – inclination of
cusps.

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CONDYLOR INCLINATION
(GUIDANCE )




Determined on the
patient by a
protrusive record
and set on the
instrument.
Under the influence
of anterior slope of
glenoid fossa.

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SAGITTAL
CONDYLOR
GUIDANCE ANGLE


Average path
taken by the
condyle during a
farward
movement from
centric relation
position when
viewed in a
sagittal plane.

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

: Is the influence of the
contacting surfaces of the
mandibular and maxillary
anterior teeth on
mandibular movement.



It can be set by dentist in
accordance with esthetics
and phonetics.



If the incisal guidance is
steep it calls for steep
cusps, steep occlusal
plane or a steep
compensating curve to
effect an occlusal balance



Incisal guidance should be
as flat as possible.
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SIGA


Sagittal incisal
guidance angle
is formed by
vertical overlap
between teeth.
It is only
dependent on
amount of
horizontal
overlap.
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ORIENTATION OF OCCLUSAL
PLANE




Is established in
the anterior by
height of the lower
cuspid and in the
posterior by the
height of the
retromolar pad.
Occlusal plane
should be similar to
the natural teeth.

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COMPENSATING CURVE


compensating curve is
one of the most important
factors in establishing a
balanced occlusion. The
compensating curves
eliminate Christensen’s
phenomenon to achieve
balance.



It is determined by the
inclination of the posterior
teeth and their vertical
relationship to the
occlusal plane. A steep
condylar path requires a
steep compensating
curve for occlusal balance.
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INCLINATION OF THE CUSPS
OF THE TEETH





Refers to the angle
between the total
occlusal surface of
tooth and the
inclination of the cusp
in relation to that
surface.
33° tooth inclination.
The basic inclination of
cusps can be made
steeper

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FACTORS OF BALANCED OCCLUSION
RELATED TO A BALANCE BEAM


If the incisal guidance is made steeper
the beam is out of balance.

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Equation for determining
degree of inclination




Cuspal inclination=incisal
inclination+1/2(condylar inclinationincisal inclination)
For e.g. c.g is 40°and i.g is 30°
Cuspal inclination=30˚+1/2(40˚-30˚)
=35°

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Factors of lateral balance
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The inclination of the condylar path on the
balancing side.
The inclination of the incisal guidance and
cuspid lift.
The inclination of the plane of occlusion on the
balancing side and working side.
The compensating curve on the balancing side
and working side.
The buccal cusp heights or inclinations on the
balancing side.
The lingual cusp heights or inclination on the
working side.
The Bennett side shift on the working side.
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An occlusion for all reasons

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LINGUALIZED OCCLUSION


First described by S.
Howard Payne, DDS, in
1941,



This form of denture
occlusion articulates the
maxillary lingual cusps
with the mandibular
occlusal surfaces in
centric, working and
nonworking mandibular
positions. The term is
attributed to Earl Pound.



Maxillary Lingual Cusps
acts as the
centric
holding cusps

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LINGUALIZED OCCLUSION
•





No contact of the
maxillary buccal
cusps with
mandibular buccal
or lingual cusps.
Anatomic teeth are
used in maxillary
arch.
Semi Anatomic or
non anatomic teeth
can be selected for
mandibular arch.
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MOLDS FOR LINGUALISED OCCLUSION




Maxillary teeth
are anatomic
Mandibular
occlusal forms
require some
minor reshaping

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RATIONALE FOR LINGUALISED
OCCLUSION


Maximum intercuspation must occur at the
centric jaw relation position



An absence of deflective occlusal contacts
or tooth interferences must be observed
between opposing teeth



The arrangement and articulation of
artificial tooth forms must provide enough
cusp height to permit selective occlusal
reshaping to achieve an absence of
interferences



A natural and pleasing appearance must
be achievable with the tooth arrangement
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Factors in the tooth molds
for lingualized articulation


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The mandibular arch offers the most
recognizable anatomic landmarks used
for arranging artificial teeth.
The number of teeth selected
Anterior and posterior reference
points.
Bucco-lingual positioning of the teeth.
Antero-posterior compensating curve.
Medio-lateral compensating curve.

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


Flat planes in all directions
Balance was unnecessary and
undesirable.

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






Eliminates antero-posterior and mediolateral inclines of teeth.
Horizontal condylar guidance set at 0.
Lateral condylar guidance set at 0.
Bucco lingual width of teeth is reduced.
No of teeth is reduced.

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






In 1966 J. F .FRUSH described
occlusion in 3 geometric terms .
One dimensional-linear occlusion
Two dimensional – flat plane
Three dimensional – cuspid.
This scheme increases stabllity.

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•

Linear ( non interceptive ) occlusion
consists of following requirements
1 . Zero degree teeth are opposed by
bladed teeth
2 . Mandibular teeth are set to a flat
occlusal plane
3 . There is no anterior tooth
interference to protrusive or lateral
movement.

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



Mandibular
prosthesis
stability can be
analyzed with
anatomic teeth ,
zero degree ,and
linear teeth .
ANATOMIC
TEETH

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

ZERO DEGREE
TEETH WITH
MONOPLANE
OCCLUSAL
SCHEME.

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

Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients—
Boucher’s 9th edi.



Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics— Sheldon
winklers 2nd edi



Text book of complete dentures– Rahn & Heartwell 5th edi



Complete denture occlusion-D C N A .2004 ;641-665



Maximising mandibular prosthesis stability utilising linear
occlusion, occlusal plane selection and centric recording
( JPD 2004;13;55-61)



A randamised clinical trial comparing anatomic, lingualised
,and zero-degree posterior occlusal forms for complete
dentures.( JPD 2007;97;292-8)



History of articulators;a critical history of articulators
based on geometric theories of mandibular
movement;part 1(JP,JUNE 2002 ;134-146 )
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Occlusion in cd /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

  • 1. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY Leader in continuing dental education www.indiandentalacademy.com www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 3. • • • • • • • • • • INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS REVIEW OF LITERATURE EVOLUTION OF OCCLUSION NATURAL OCCLUSION&ARTIFICIAL OCCLUSION REQUIREMENTS OF ‘C D ’OCCLUSION AXIMS FOR ARTIFICIAL OCCLUSION POSTERIOR TOOTH FORMS CONCEPTS OF OCCLUSION CONCLUSION www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 4.    Occlusion is any contact between the incising or masticatory surfaces of upper and lower teeth. Most important subject in all branches of dentistry. Articulation www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 5. • Importance of occlusion 1 . Vertical & lateral components of occlusal stresses 2 . In case of F P D’s harmonious occlusion 3 . Inharmonious occlusion 4 . Repeated fracture of facings www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 7.  OCCLUSION ( G P T 8 ) “ The static relationship between incising or masticating surfaces of the maxillary or mandibular teeth or tooth analogues . ” www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 8.  CENTRIC OCCLUSION “ The occlusion of opposing teeth when the mandible is in centric relation . This may or may not coincide with the maximal inter cuspation ” www.indiandentalacademy.com  ECCENTRIC OCCLUSION “ An occlusion other than centric occlusion ”
  • 9.  Articulation “ the static and dynamic contact relationship between the occlusal surfaces of teeth during function . ” www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 10.  Balanced occlusion “ The bilateral , simultaneous , anterior , and posterior occlusal contact of teeth in centric and eccentric positions ” www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 11.  Maximum intercuspation “ the complete intercuspation of opposing teeth independent of condylar position , sometimes referred to as best fit of teeth regardless of the condylar position ” www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 12.  Lingualised articulation ( S. Howard payne in 1941 ) “ this form of denture occlusion articulates the maxillary lingual cusps with the mandibular occlusal surfaces , in centric working and non working mandibular positions . ” www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 13.  Monoplane occlusion “ an occlusal arrangement where in the posterior teeth have masticatory surfaces that lack any cuspal height ” www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 15. • BALANCED ARTICULATION by ALFRED GYSI 1. 33° cusp form 2. 30° cusp form by PILKINGTON AND TURNER www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 16.      In this concept ,a non anatomic occlusal scheme is used with a few modifications. First one is articulator used Second one is arrangement of maxillary and mandibular teeth without any vertical overlap After introduction of 0°teeth posterior teeth are positioned on a flat plane. Anterior teeth are positioned with a horizontal and vertical overlap www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 17. • • • He used 30° cusp teeth that were selectively reshaped to fulfill the concept of lingualised occlusion L O allows adaptation to different types of ridges , greater masticatory efficiency , elimination of lateral interferences L O based on the maxillary lingual cusp functioning as the main supporting cusp in harmony with the occlusal surfaces of the lower teeth. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 18. • • According to this concept the stability of mandibular prosthesis can be improved by using the linear occlusion and steeper occlusal plane. Linear ( non interceptive ) occlusion consists of following requirements 1 . Zero degree teeth are opposed by bladed teeth 2 . Mandibular teeth are set to a flat occlusal plane 3 . There is no anterior tooth interference to protrusive or lateral movement. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 19.   Study on a clinical trial comparing anatomic, lingualised , and zero degree posterior occlusal forms for complete dentures. concluded that , lingualised posterior occlusal forms were superior in reducing sore spots , ability to eat , meal interruptions compared to 0° posterior occlusion. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 20. BONWILL’S “ Equilateral triangular concept ” He believed that articulation of teeth guides the mandible during function. He postulated that the distance from incisal edges of lower incisors to each condyle is 4 inches ( 10 cm ) and the distance between each condyle is also 4 inches. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 21.       Ferdinand Graf Von Spee ( 1890 ) There is a relationship between the curved arrangements of the occlusal planes of natural teeth and the corresponding curves of the condylar paths. He described the forward movement of mandible in sagittal plane. Concentric arcs shows nature of protrusive movement of mandible. Total contacts of molar masticatory surfaces lies on same arc of a circle. Posteriorly arc touches most anterior point of condyle www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 23.   Axis of these arcs lies at the level of horizontal mid orbital plane. Steeper the path of condyle , more pronounced the tooth curve would be because both have same radius. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 24.    “ Carl christensen ”observed the opening of posterior teeth in mandibular protrusion . First to describe an intra oral method of recording a static protrusive record to determine condylar inclination. Ulf Posselt. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 25.   George S Monson in 1916 It was based on the concept that the mandibular teeth move over the occlusal surfaces of maxillary teeth as over the external surface of a segment of an 8 inch sphere and the radius of a sphere is located in the region of crista galli www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 28.    According to this concept if 2 equilateral triangles ( Bonwill) were placed back to back they would share a common base that represented the condylar axis. Vertex of anterior triangle incisor point posterior triangle external occipital protruberance www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 29.    Reverse curve will stabilize the lower denture Based on observation that occlusion of dentures and natural dentition were in a reverse curve fashion i.e. maxillary lingual and mandibular buccal cusps . Main draw back www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 30.   Max pleasure in 1937 introduced “ pleasure curve ” which advocates “ anti -monson curve ” exept for second molars. In pleasure curve reverse curve is used in bicuspid area for lever balance, flat occlusion is set in first molar area and a spherical scheme in second molar area. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 32.    Technique involve restoring mandibular posterior occlusion to a 4 inch sphere. Maxillary posterior occlusion was fabricated to mandibular occlusal form by using maxillary anterior teeth as guide. According to Schuyler 1.balancing side contacts were eliminated 2.importance of incisal guidance was elevated 3.concept of long centric was proposed in which centric occlusion is thought as an area of contact rather than a point contact. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 33.     Condyles were the determinants of occlusal schemes, and the side shift of condyles would greatly affect cuspal position. Hinge axis was located by rotational centers of condyles 3-dimensional envelope of motion of condyles are recorded by pantographic tracings Maximum inter cuspation of teeth when the condyles are in their hinge position www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 35. Natural 1.Teeth retained by periodontal tissues 2. Teeth receive individual pressures of occlusion. 3.malocclusionuneventfull for years. 4. Non vertical forces effect only the teeth involved and tolerated. 5.Incising  www.indiandentalacademy.com Artificial 1.Allteeth are on bases seated on slippery tissues. 2.Teeth move as a unit 3.Malocclusion causes immediate response. 4.Involves all teeth on base and traumatic. 5. Incising affects all teeth on base. 
  • 36. Natural 6.Second molar – masticating area 7.Bilateral balance is rarely found 8.Force necessory to masticate food 5-175 pounds.  www.indiandentalacademy.com Artificial 6. Cuases tilting of bases ( inclined plane effect ) 7.Bilateral balance is necessary for stability 8.11.7 pounds 
  • 37.          Stability of occlusion Balanced occlusal contacts Unlocking of cusps mesio distally Horizontal force controlled by bucco lingual cusp height reduction Functional lever balance Cutting, penetrating, shearing Anterior incisal clearance Minimum occlusal contact area Sharp ridges or cusps www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 38.      Shorp incising units They should not contact during mastication Flat incisal guidance Horizontal over lap Contact only during protrusive incising www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 39.       Efficient in cutting and grinding Decreased bucco-lingual width Function as a group with simultaneous harmoneus contacts Over the crest of ridge for lever balance Have a surface to receive and transmit force of occlusion vertically Plane of occlusion should be as parallel as possible www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 40.    Contact on 2nd molars when incising units contacts Contact at the end of chewing cycle when working units contacts Smooth gliding contacts for lateral and protrusive movements www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 41.      Smaller occlusal area– smaller crushing force Vertical force on inclined occlusal surfaces Vertical force on denture base with resilient tissues Vertical force lateral to ridge crest Vertical force on inclined supporting tissues www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 43.  Hundreds of years ago teeth were carved from stone, wood, ivory and metal.  Human teeth 3 types a) anatomic teeth of 33˚ or more b)modified anatomic teeth between 3o˚and 0° c)non anatomic or zero degree  www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 45.      In 1913 Dr. Alfred Gysi of Switzerland carved the first anatomic porcelain tooth. Marketed by Dentist supply company and were called Trubyte. They had transverse ridges for tight inter digitation Pilkington and turner’s 30˚ Allow for small degree of freedom in protrusive but tight interlocking in lateral excursions www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 46.   In 1927 Gysi also introduced the cross-bite teeth. Maxillary buccal cusp was almost eliminated resulting one prominent lingual cusp that occlude into lower anatomic tooth www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 47.    In 1928 Victor Sears introduced channel teeth. Maxillary occlusal surfaces consists of deep channel that run mesio distally. Lower posteriors are half of width in bucco lingually. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 48.   Avery bros in 1930 introduced the Scissor bite teeth. Posterior occlusal surfaces locked antero posteriorly and free in lateral excursion www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 49.   In 1936 Mc Grane marketed a tooth which he called the curved cusp posterior tooth. This design lock antero posteriorly but free in laterally in an arc corresponding to an orbitary radius from vertical rotational axis of condyles www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 50.  In 1937 Max Pleasure proposed to modify the lower posterior teeth occlusal surfaces to a reverse curve by tilting the tooth buccally.  Reverse curve in pre molars , flat occlusal surface on 1st molars and a monson curve on 2nd molar for balance. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 51.   John Vincent in 1942 introduced a change in materials by using metal inserts in resin posteriors. Originally gold solder wire and later stain less steel. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 52.  Sosin in 1961 replaced maxillary second bicuspid and first & second molars with cleat shaped vitallium forms called cross-blades.  Levin modified this scheme by reducing the size of the crossblade to the maxillary lingual cusp. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 53.    HALL’S inverted cusp teeth In 1929 Hall was the first to design cuspless teeth he called inverted cusp tooth. Tooth was flat with concentric cone shaped depressions on occlusal surfaces www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 54.  www.indiandentalacademy.com Had a series of transverse buccolingual ridges
  • 55.   In 1934 Nelson described teeth he called chopping blocks, which were flat occlusal surfaces with numerous ridges. Ridges on mandibular teeth ran transversely and on maxillary they ran mesio distally. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 56.  In 1946 Hardy designed a metal insert upper and lower posterior which he called Vitallium occlusal. Marketed by Austenal Company and are still in use  Produced in resin blocks of 3 posterior teeth  A narrow vitallium ribbon www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 57.  In 1951 Myerson Tooth Corporation introduced the first cross-linked acrylic teeth in a flat occlusal scheme called the Shear cusp tooth.  Sears and myerson proposed a combination of porcelain and acrylic occlusal scheme. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 58.  In 1952 Coe Masticators designed by Cook  2nd premolars and 1st molars were flat stainless steel castings with holes on the occlusal surfaces diagonally  These teeth occlude with flat upper porcelain teeth www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 59.  In 1957 Bader introduced cutter bar scheme by opposing upper porcelain cusp less teeth with a metal cutting bar replacing 2nd premolar, 1st & 2nd molar.  Similar to sears channel tooth exept the maxillary molars were flat www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 61.      Adjustable articulators Eccentric records Harmonious occlusion is lost when bases are not stable Bases need frequent refitting Presence of cusps generates more horizontal forces www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 62.     occlude only in 2-dimension Less shearing efficiency Bilateral and protrusive balance is not possible Esthetically poor. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 64. “ The bilateral , simultaneous , anterior and posterior occlusal contact of teeth in centric and eccentric positions ” Cusp form posterior teeth. Purpose of B O . Balance in natural teeth. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 65.     Wider , larger the ridge and closer the teeth to the ridge. Wider the ridge and narrower the teeth bucco lingually More lingual the teeth in relation to ridge crest More centered the force of occlusion antero posteriorly. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 67.     Tooth size and position in relation to ridge size and shape. Denture base coverage Occlusal balance at retruded contact position Right and left eccentric occlusal balance www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 70.      Inclination of condylar guidance The prominence of the compensating curve The inclination of the plane of occlusion–orientation of occlusal plane The inclination of incisal guidance The heights of the cusps – inclination of cusps. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 71. CONDYLOR INCLINATION (GUIDANCE )   Determined on the patient by a protrusive record and set on the instrument. Under the influence of anterior slope of glenoid fossa. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 72. SAGITTAL CONDYLOR GUIDANCE ANGLE  Average path taken by the condyle during a farward movement from centric relation position when viewed in a sagittal plane. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 73.  : Is the influence of the contacting surfaces of the mandibular and maxillary anterior teeth on mandibular movement.  It can be set by dentist in accordance with esthetics and phonetics.  If the incisal guidance is steep it calls for steep cusps, steep occlusal plane or a steep compensating curve to effect an occlusal balance  Incisal guidance should be as flat as possible. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 74. SIGA  Sagittal incisal guidance angle is formed by vertical overlap between teeth. It is only dependent on amount of horizontal overlap. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 75. ORIENTATION OF OCCLUSAL PLANE   Is established in the anterior by height of the lower cuspid and in the posterior by the height of the retromolar pad. Occlusal plane should be similar to the natural teeth. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 76. COMPENSATING CURVE  compensating curve is one of the most important factors in establishing a balanced occlusion. The compensating curves eliminate Christensen’s phenomenon to achieve balance.  It is determined by the inclination of the posterior teeth and their vertical relationship to the occlusal plane. A steep condylar path requires a steep compensating curve for occlusal balance. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 77. INCLINATION OF THE CUSPS OF THE TEETH    Refers to the angle between the total occlusal surface of tooth and the inclination of the cusp in relation to that surface. 33° tooth inclination. The basic inclination of cusps can be made steeper www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 78. FACTORS OF BALANCED OCCLUSION RELATED TO A BALANCE BEAM  If the incisal guidance is made steeper the beam is out of balance. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 79. Equation for determining degree of inclination   Cuspal inclination=incisal inclination+1/2(condylar inclinationincisal inclination) For e.g. c.g is 40°and i.g is 30° Cuspal inclination=30˚+1/2(40˚-30˚) =35° www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 80. Factors of lateral balance        The inclination of the condylar path on the balancing side. The inclination of the incisal guidance and cuspid lift. The inclination of the plane of occlusion on the balancing side and working side. The compensating curve on the balancing side and working side. The buccal cusp heights or inclinations on the balancing side. The lingual cusp heights or inclination on the working side. The Bennett side shift on the working side. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 81. An occlusion for all reasons www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 82. LINGUALIZED OCCLUSION  First described by S. Howard Payne, DDS, in 1941,  This form of denture occlusion articulates the maxillary lingual cusps with the mandibular occlusal surfaces in centric, working and nonworking mandibular positions. The term is attributed to Earl Pound.  Maxillary Lingual Cusps acts as the centric holding cusps www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 83. LINGUALIZED OCCLUSION •   No contact of the maxillary buccal cusps with mandibular buccal or lingual cusps. Anatomic teeth are used in maxillary arch. Semi Anatomic or non anatomic teeth can be selected for mandibular arch. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 84. MOLDS FOR LINGUALISED OCCLUSION   Maxillary teeth are anatomic Mandibular occlusal forms require some minor reshaping www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 86. RATIONALE FOR LINGUALISED OCCLUSION  Maximum intercuspation must occur at the centric jaw relation position  An absence of deflective occlusal contacts or tooth interferences must be observed between opposing teeth  The arrangement and articulation of artificial tooth forms must provide enough cusp height to permit selective occlusal reshaping to achieve an absence of interferences  A natural and pleasing appearance must be achievable with the tooth arrangement www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 87. Factors in the tooth molds for lingualized articulation  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The mandibular arch offers the most recognizable anatomic landmarks used for arranging artificial teeth. The number of teeth selected Anterior and posterior reference points. Bucco-lingual positioning of the teeth. Antero-posterior compensating curve. Medio-lateral compensating curve. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 91.   Flat planes in all directions Balance was unnecessary and undesirable. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 92.      Eliminates antero-posterior and mediolateral inclines of teeth. Horizontal condylar guidance set at 0. Lateral condylar guidance set at 0. Bucco lingual width of teeth is reduced. No of teeth is reduced. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 94.      In 1966 J. F .FRUSH described occlusion in 3 geometric terms . One dimensional-linear occlusion Two dimensional – flat plane Three dimensional – cuspid. This scheme increases stabllity. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 95. • Linear ( non interceptive ) occlusion consists of following requirements 1 . Zero degree teeth are opposed by bladed teeth 2 . Mandibular teeth are set to a flat occlusal plane 3 . There is no anterior tooth interference to protrusive or lateral movement. www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 96.   Mandibular prosthesis stability can be analyzed with anatomic teeth , zero degree ,and linear teeth . ANATOMIC TEETH www.indiandentalacademy.com
  • 100.  Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients— Boucher’s 9th edi.  Essentials of complete denture prosthodontics— Sheldon winklers 2nd edi  Text book of complete dentures– Rahn & Heartwell 5th edi  Complete denture occlusion-D C N A .2004 ;641-665  Maximising mandibular prosthesis stability utilising linear occlusion, occlusal plane selection and centric recording ( JPD 2004;13;55-61)  A randamised clinical trial comparing anatomic, lingualised ,and zero-degree posterior occlusal forms for complete dentures.( JPD 2007;97;292-8)  History of articulators;a critical history of articulators based on geometric theories of mandibular movement;part 1(JP,JUNE 2002 ;134-146 ) www.indiandentalacademy.com