1. Lingga Wardhana (11P2155) M Farhan Lucky (11P2156)
Novita Vilianty (11P2160) Prasasti Rinta Dewi (11P2161)

2. Business
Theory Model
Problem
Conclusion Methodology Hypothesis
Business
Impact
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

3. “Before doing your research I want to share my dogmas.
Methodology is there to make it credible to the reader that
you have planned and carried through your study as well as
analysed and drawn conclusions in a way that we can rely on
what you write.”
Professor Christer Karlsson
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

4. Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

5. The collection of information from individuals about
themselves or about the social units to which they
belong (Rossi et al., 1983)
Exploratory survey research:
Early stages of research into a phenomenon to gain preliminary
insight on a topic, and provides the basis for more in-depth survey.
Confirmatory (or theory testing or explanatory) survey research
Knowledge of a phenomenon has been articulated in a theoretical
form using well-defined concepts, models and propositions.
Descriptive survey research
Understanding the relevance of a certain phenomenon and
describing the distribution of the phenomenon in a population.
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

6. Advantages : Disadvantages :
a. Relatively short period of a. Poor survey can undermine
time otherwise well-designed
b. Less expensive studies.
c. Created quickly & b. May be not accurate
administered easily depend on participant feels
d. Wide range of things : c. Response rates can bias in
personal facts, attitudes, random sampling
past behaviors and
opinions
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

7.  Mail - An example might include an alumni survey
distributed via direct mail by your almamater.
 Telephone - An example of a telephone survey would
be a market research call about your experiences with
a certain consumer product.
 Online - Online surveys might focus on your
experience with a particular retailer, product or website.
 At home interviews - The U.S. Census is a good
example of an at-home interview survey administration.
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

8. Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

9.  Exploration: To build new theory
 Theory Building: To identify linkage between
variables, to find out “why” the relationships
exist
 Theory Testing: Testing theories in previous
stage to predict future outcomes
 Theory extension/refinement: To better
structure the theories in light of the observed
results
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

10.  When to use case research : when researcher wants to seek
phenomenon happen in the past or current with primary or
secondary data mining
 Developing the research framework, construct, and
questions : Building a conceptual framework will force the
researcher to think carefully and selectively about the construct
and variables to be included in study
 Choosing cases : What is the ideal number of cases,
longitudinal or retrospectives cases, case selection and
sampling, sample controls
 Developing research instruments and protocols : broad
open ended questions for interviews, single or multiple
respondents and viewpoints
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

11.  Conducting the field research : who to contact: better be
senior in organizations for easy access to information, field data
collection: usage of different methods to study same
phenomenon, conducting interviews, single or multiple
investigators, collecting objective data, administering
questionnaires, recording the data, seeking convergence and
clarification, determining sequence (cause and
effects), challenges of observers bias, when to stop, summary.
 Data documentation and coding : Documentations, coding
 Data analysis, hypotesis development and testing : Analysis
data within cases , hypothesis development and
testing, shaping hypotheses, testing hypotheses, enfolding
literature
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

12. Reliability and Validity in Case Research
 Construct Validity : establishment of correct operational measures for the
concept being studied
 Discriminant Validity : If the construct as measured can be differentiated
from other construct
 Internal Validity: The extent to which we can establish a causal
relationship, where by certain condition are shown to lead to other
conditions, as distinguished from spurious relationship
 External Validity: Knowing whether a study’s finding can be generalized
beyond the immediate case study
 Reliability: The extend to which a study’s operations can be repeated, with
the same result
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

13. Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

14. An interactive inquiry process that
balances problem solving actions
implemented in a collaborative context with
data-driven collaborative analysis or
research to understand underlying causes
enabling future predictions about personal
and organizational change
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

15. Positivist Science Action Research
Aim of research Universal knowledge, theory Knowledge in action, Theory
building and testing building and testing in action
Type of knowledge acquired Universal Covering law Particular
Situational, Praxis
Nature of data Context free Contextually embedded
Validation Logic, measurement Experiential
Consistency of prediction and
control
Researcher's role Observer Actor
Agent of change
Researcher's relationship to Detached neutral Immersed
setting
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

16. Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

17. 1. Action researchers take action
2. AR always involves two goals : solve a problem and
contribute to science
3. AR is interactive : the researchers and personnel co-
operation
4. AR needs holistic understanding
5. AR is fundamentally about change
6. AR requires an understanding of the ethical framework
7. AR can include all types of data gathering methods
(Qualitative, Quantitative, Interviews and Surveys)
8. AR requires a breadth of pre-undersatnding
9. AR should be conducted in real time
10.The AR paradigm requires its own quality criteria
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

18. 1. Consultant in AR mode required to be more rigorous in their inquiry
and documentation
2. Researchers require theoretical justifications, while consultants
require empirical justifications
3. Consultant work under tighter time and budget constraints
4. Consultation is frequently linear - engage, analyse, act and disengage
In contrast, AR is cyclical
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

19. Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

20.  For teaching purpose problem in real life were simplified and
formulated, we call it idealized problems e.g. inventory
control problems, sequencing and scheduling problems,
routing problems, statistical quality control problems and
maintenance problem
 Idealized Problem Imperfection :
• Not the complete reality is included
• Cannot be considered as predictive scientific models of operational
processes
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

21. Quantitative Model Research : Survey Research :
a. Rational knowledge generation approach a. Variables is not always defined explicitly
b. Based on the assumption that we can build b. Relationship between the variables is not
objective model from real life operational causal and not quantitative
processes
c. Relationship between the variables are
described as causal
d. Models can be used to predict the future
state
Axiomatic Modeling Research : Empirical Modeling Research:
a. Driven by idealized model (normative a. Driven by empirical findings and
research) measurements (descriptive and normative
b. Explain about the behaviour of certains research)
variables in the models b. Creating a model that adequately describes
c. Explain about how to manipulate certains the causal relationships that may exist in
variables in the models reality
d. Assuming desired behaviour of still other
variables in the models
e. Heavily leans on mathematics, statistics
and computer science
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

22.  Conceptaulization : design variables in the model
 Modeling : defining relationships between the variables
 Model Solving
 Implementation
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta

23.  Please just doing your thesis! And get
graduated
Research Method in Operations Management – Class 21 B Group 7 MM UGM Jakarta